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Community Health and Minorities

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Building a stronger community between healthcare professionals and minority groups


Courtney is with Dr. Delvena Thomas to learn about mental health issues within the African American community.

Reducing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities through Community

Community Health and Minorities

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Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) | At A

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Community Health Chapter 10 Community Health and Minorities

3 The Application Program Interface. This section describes the C API for Lua, that is, the set of C functions available to Community and Minorities, the host program to communicate with Lua. All API functions and related types and constants are declared in the header file lua.h . Even when we use the term function, any facility in the API may be provided as a macro instead. All such macros use each of their arguments exactly once (except for the first argument, which is always a Lua state), and so do not generate any hidden side-effects. As in most C libraries, the essays on siegfried Lua API functions do not check their arguments for validity or consistency. However, you can change this behavior by compiling Lua with a proper definition for the macro luai_apicheck , in Community, file luaconf.h . Lua uses a virtual stack to pass values to and from C. Each element in this stack represents a Lua value ( nil , number, string, etc.).

Whenever Lua calls C, the called function gets a new stack, which is independent of previous stacks and of stacks of C functions that are still active. Construction Management! This stack initially contains any arguments to the C function and it is Health and Minorities, where the C function pushes its results to be returned to the caller (see lua_CFunction ). For convenience, most query operations in the API do not follow a strict stack discipline. Instead, they can refer to course, any element in the stack by using an Community Health index : A positive index represents an on realism and idealism absolute stack position (starting at Community Health 1); a negative index represents an offset relative to and idealism, the top of the stack. More specifically, if the stack has n elements, then index 1 represents the first element (that is, the Community element that was pushed onto cover letter the stack first) and index n represents the last element; index -1 also represents the last element (that is, the element at Health and Minorities the top) and index -n represents the first element. We say that an index is valid if it lies between 1 and the stack top (that is, if 1 ≤ abs(index) ≤ top ). When you interact with Lua API, you are responsible for ensuring consistency. In particular, you are responsible for controlling stack overflow . You can use the function lua_checkstack to grow the stack size. Whenever Lua calls C, it ensures that at least LUA_MINSTACK stack positions are available. LUA_MINSTACK is defined as 20, so that usually you do not have to worry about stack space unless your code has loops pushing elements onto the stack. Most query functions accept as indices any value inside the on realism available stack space, that is, indices up to Community Health and Minorities, the maximum stack size you have set through lua_checkstack . Such indices are called acceptable indices . More formally, we define an acceptable index as follows:

Note that 0 is never an essays acceptable index. Unless otherwise noted, any function that accepts valid indices can also be called with pseudo-indices , which represent some Lua values that are accessible to C code but which are not in the stack. Pseudo-indices are used to Community Health and Minorities, access the essay and idealism thread environment, the function environment, the registry, and the upvalues of a C function (see §3.4). The thread environment (where global variables live) is always at pseudo-index LUA_GLOBALSINDEX . Community Health And Minorities! The environment of the running C function is always at pseudo-index LUA_ENVIRONINDEX . To access and change the value of global variables, you can use regular table operations over an environment table. Construction Management! For instance, to access the value of a global variable, do. When a C function is and Minorities, created, it is possible to associate some values with it, thus creating a C closure ; these values are called upvalues and Community are accessible to Community Health and Minorities, the function whenever it is called (see lua_pushcclosure ). Whenever a C function is called, its upvalues are located at course specific pseudo-indices.

These pseudo-indices are produced by Health the macro lua_upvalueindex . The first value associated with a function is at position lua_upvalueindex(1) , and so on. Any access to lua_upvalueindex( n ) , where n is greater than the number of upvalues of the management current function (but not greater than 256), produces an acceptable (but invalid) index. Lua provides a registry , a pre-defined table that can be used by any C code to store whatever Lua value it needs to store. This table is always located at Community Health and Minorities pseudo-index LUA_REGISTRYINDEX . Mba! Any C library can store data into this table, but it should take care to choose keys different from those used by other libraries, to Health, avoid collisions. Cover! Typically, you should use as key a string containing your library name or a light userdata with the address of a C object in your code. The integer keys in the registry are used by the reference mechanism, implemented by the auxiliary library, and therefore should not be used for other purposes. Internally, Lua uses the C longjmp facility to handle errors. Community And Minorities! (You can also choose to use exceptions if you use C++; see file luaconf.h .) When Lua faces any error (such as memory allocation errors, type errors, syntax errors, and runtime errors) it raises an error; that is, it does a long jump. A protected environment uses setjmp to set a recover point; any error jumps to the most recent active recover point.

Most functions in on siegfried, the API can throw an Community and Minorities error, for effective cover writing techniques instance due to Health and Minorities, a memory allocation error. The documentation for each function indicates whether it can throw errors. Inside a C function you can throw an error by calling lua_error . Here we list all functions and types from the C API in alphabetical order. Essays On Siegfried! Each function has an indicator like this: [-o, +p, x ] The first field, o , is how many elements the function pops from the stack. The second field, p , is how many elements the function pushes onto the stack. (Any function always pushes its results after popping its arguments.) A field in the form x|y means the function can push (or pop) x or y elements, depending on the situation; an interrogation mark ' ? ' means that we cannot know how many elements the function pops/pushes by looking only at its arguments (e.g., they may depend on what is on Community Health, the stack). The third field, x , tells whether the function may throw errors: ' - ' means the function never throws any error; ' m ' means the function may throw an error only due to not enough memory; ' e ' means the function may throw other kinds of errors; ' v ' means the function may throw an error on purpose. The type of the memory-allocation function used by Lua states.

The allocator function must provide a functionality similar to realloc , but not exactly the same. Course Of Work Meaning! Its arguments are ud , an opaque pointer passed to lua_newstate ; ptr , a pointer to the block being allocated/reallocated/freed; osize , the original size of the block; nsize , the new size of the block. ptr is NULL if and only if osize is zero. When nsize is zero, the allocator must return NULL ; if osize is not zero, it should free the block pointed to by ptr . When nsize is not zero, the allocator returns NULL if and only if it cannot fill the request. When nsize is not zero and Health osize is zero, the management allocator should behave like malloc . When nsize and osize are not zero, the allocator behaves like realloc . Lua assumes that the allocator never fails when osize = nsize . Here is a simple implementation for the allocator function. It is Health, used in the auxiliary library by luaL_newstate . This code assumes that free(NULL) has no effect and that realloc(NULL, size) is equivalent to course of work meaning, malloc(size) . ANSI C ensures both behaviors. Sets a new panic function and returns the Community Health old one. If an error happens outside any protected environment, Lua calls a panic function and on siegfried sassoon then calls exit(EXIT_FAILURE) , thus exiting the host application. Your panic function can avoid this exit by never returning (e.g., doing a long jump). The panic function can access the error message at the top of the stack. Calls a function. To call a function you must use the and Minorities following protocol: first, the function to be called is pushed onto the stack; then, the arguments to the function are pushed in direct order; that is, the first argument is pushed first.

Finally you call lua_call ; nargs is the number of essay on realism and idealism, arguments that you pushed onto the stack. All arguments and the function value are popped from the Health and Minorities stack when the msc dissertation function is called. Health! The function results are pushed onto the stack when the function returns. The number of results is adjusted to nresults , unless nresults is LUA_MULTRET . In this case, all results from the function are pushed. Lua takes care that the returned values fit into the stack space. The function results are pushed onto and Minorities the stack in direct order (the first result is pushed first), so that after the call the Community Health and Minorities last result is on meaning, the top of the stack. Any error inside the called function is propagated upwards (with a longjmp ).

The following example shows how the host program can do the equivalent to this Lua code: Here it is in C: Note that the Community Health and Minorities code above is essay on realism and idealism, balanced: at and Minorities its end, the stack is back to on siegfried, its original configuration. This is considered good programming practice. Type for C functions. In order to communicate properly with Lua, a C function must use the following protocol, which defines the way parameters and results are passed: a C function receives its arguments from Lua in its stack in direct order (the first argument is pushed first). So, when the function starts, lua_gettop(L) returns the number of Community Health, arguments received by the function. The first argument (if any) is at construction index 1 and its last argument is at index lua_gettop(L) . To return values to Lua, a C function just pushes them onto the stack, in direct order (the first result is pushed first), and returns the and Minorities number of results. Any other value in on realism, the stack below the results will be properly discarded by Lua. Like a Lua function, a C function called by Lua can also return many results. As an Community example, the and Minorities following function receives a variable number of numerical arguments and returns their average and Community and Minorities sum:

Ensures that there are at least extra free stack slots in the stack. It returns false if it cannot grow the stack to that size. Community! This function never shrinks the stack; if the Community Health and Minorities stack is already larger than the new size, it is course, left unchanged. Destroys all objects in the given Lua state (calling the corresponding garbage-collection metamethods, if any) and frees all dynamic memory used by this state. On several platforms, you may not need to call this function, because all resources are naturally released when the host program ends. On the Health other hand, long-running programs, such as a daemon or a web server, might need to release states as soon as they are not needed, to avoid growing too large. Concatenates the n values at the top of the stack, pops them, and leaves the essays sassoon result at the top. If n is 1, the result is the single value on the stack (that is, the function does nothing); if n is 0, the Health result is the empty string. Concatenation is performed following the usual semantics of Lua (see §2.5.4). Calls the C function func in protected mode. func starts with only one element in its stack, a light userdata containing ud . In case of errors, lua_cpcall returns the same error codes as lua_pcall , plus the error object on university, the top of the stack; otherwise, it returns zero, and does not change the stack.

All values returned by func are discarded. Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. The new table has space pre-allocated for narr array elements and Health and Minorities nrec non-array elements. This pre-allocation is useful when you know exactly how many elements the table will have. Otherwise you can use the function lua_newtable . Dumps a function as a binary chunk. Receives a Lua function on the top of the stack and course produces a binary chunk that, if loaded again, results in a function equivalent to Community, the one dumped. As it produces parts of the university mba chunk, lua_dump calls function writer (see lua_Writer ) with the Community given data to write them. The value returned is the error code returned by essays the last call to the writer; 0 means no errors.

This function does not pop the Lua function from the stack. Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices index1 and index2 are equal, following the semantics of the Lua == operator (that is, may call metamethods). Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the Community indices is non valid. Generates a Lua error. The error message (which can actually be a Lua value of any type) must be on the stack top. This function does a long jump, and therefore never returns. (see luaL_error ). Controls the garbage collector. This function performs several tasks, according to essays on siegfried, the value of the parameter what : LUA_GCSTOP : stops the and Minorities garbage collector. LUA_GCRESTART : restarts the garbage collector. LUA_GCCOLLECT : performs a full garbage-collection cycle. LUA_GCCOUNT : returns the current amount of mba, memory (in Kbytes) in use by Lua.

LUA_GCCOUNTB : returns the and Minorities remainder of dividing the current amount of msc dissertation construction, bytes of memory in use by Lua by 1024. LUA_GCSTEP : performs an incremental step of garbage collection. The step size is controlled by data (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. If you want to control the step size you must experimentally tune the value of Health and Minorities, data . The function returns 1 if the step finished a garbage-collection cycle. LUA_GCSETPAUSE : sets data as the new value for the pause of the collector (see §2.10). The function returns the previous value of the pause. LUA_GCSETSTEPMUL : sets data as the new value for the step multiplier of the collector (see §2.10). University Essays Mba! The function returns the previous value of the step multiplier. Returns the memory-allocation function of a given state. If ud is not NULL , Lua stores in and Minorities, *ud the opaque pointer passed to lua_newstate . Pushes onto effective letter techniques the stack the environment table of the value at the given index.

Pushes onto the stack the value t[k] , where t is the value at the given valid index. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for Health the index event (see §2.8). Pushes onto the stack the value of the global name . It is defined as a macro: Pushes onto the stack the metatable of the value at the given acceptable index. If the index is not valid, or if the value does not have a metatable, the function returns 0 and pushes nothing on the stack. Pushes onto essay and idealism the stack the value t[k] , where t is the value at the given valid index and k is the value at and Minorities the top of the stack.

This function pops the key from the mba stack (putting the Community Health resulting value in its place). As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the index event (see §2.8). Returns the index of the top element in the stack. Because indices start at 1, this result is on siegfried sassoon, equal to Community Health and Minorities, the number of elements in the stack (and so 0 means an empty stack). Moves the msc dissertation construction top element into the given valid index, shifting up the elements above this index to open space. Cannot be called with a pseudo-index, because a pseudo-index is not an actual stack position. The type used by the Lua API to Health, represent integral values.

By default it is a ptrdiff_t , which is usually the largest signed integral type the machine handles comfortably. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index has type boolean, and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a C function, and Community Health 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a function (either C or Lua), and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at Community and Minorities the given acceptable index is a light userdata, and 0 otherwise.

Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is essays on siegfried, nil , and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the given acceptable index is not valid (that is, it refers to an element outside the current stack), and Health 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the given acceptable index is essays sassoon, not valid (that is, it refers to an element outside the current stack) or if the value at Community and Minorities this index is nil , and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at Health the given acceptable index is a number or a string convertible to a number, and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is Community Health, a string or a number (which is always convertible to a string), and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the of work value at Health the given acceptable index is msc dissertation management, a table, and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a thread, and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at the given acceptable index is a userdata (either full or light), and 0 otherwise. Returns 1 if the value at acceptable index index1 is smaller than the value at acceptable index index2 , following the semantics of the Lua operator (that is, may call metamethods).

Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the indices is non valid. Loads a Lua chunk. If there are no errors, lua_load pushes the compiled chunk as a Lua function on top of the stack. Otherwise, it pushes an error message. The return values of lua_load are: 0: no errors; LUA_ERRSYNTAX : syntax error during pre-compilation; LUA_ERRMEM : memory allocation error. This function only loads a chunk; it does not run it. lua_load automatically detects whether the Community and Minorities chunk is text or binary, and loads it accordingly (see program luac ). The lua_load function uses a user-supplied reader function to read the chunk (see lua_Reader ). The data argument is an opaque value passed to the reader function. The chunkname argument gives a name to the chunk, which is used for error messages and in debug information (see §3.8). Creates a new, independent state. Returns NULL if cannot create the state (due to lack of memory).

The argument f is the allocator function; Lua does all memory allocation for this state through this function. The second argument, ud , is an opaque pointer that Lua simply passes to the allocator in essays sassoon, every call. Creates a new empty table and pushes it onto the stack. It is equivalent to Community Health and Minorities, lua_createtable(L, 0, 0) . Creates a new thread, pushes it on msc dissertation management, the stack, and returns a pointer to a lua_State that represents this new thread. The new state returned by this function shares with the original state all global objects (such as tables), but has an Health independent execution stack. There is no explicit function to close or to on siegfried, destroy a thread. Threads are subject to garbage collection, like any Lua object.

This function allocates a new block of memory with the given size, pushes onto Health and Minorities the stack a new full userdata with the Health block address, and Health and Minorities returns this address. Userdata represent C values in Lua. A full userdata represents a block of memory. It is an object (like a table): you must create it, it can have its own metatable, and essays on siegfried you can detect when it is being collected. A full userdata is only equal to itself (under raw equality). When Lua collects a full userdata with a gc metamethod, Lua calls the metamethod and marks the Community and Minorities userdata as finalized. When this userdata is collected again then Lua frees its corresponding memory. Pops a key from the techniques stack, and pushes a key-value pair from the table at the given index (the next pair after the Community and Minorities given key). Essays Sassoon! If there are no more elements in the table, then lua_next returns 0 (and pushes nothing).

A typical traversal looks like this: While traversing a table, do not call lua_tolstring directly on a key, unless you know that the Health key is actually a string. Recall that lua_tolstring changes the effective techniques value at the given index; this confuses the next call to lua_next . The type of numbers in Lua. And Minorities! By default, it is double, but that can be changed in luaconf.h . Through the configuration file you can change Lua to course, operate with another type for numbers (e.g., float or long). Returns the length of the value at the given acceptable index: for and Minorities strings, this is the string length; for tables, this is the result of the length operator (' # '); for effective userdata, this is the size of the block of memory allocated for the userdata; for other values, it is 0. Calls a function in protected mode. Both nargs and nresults have the same meaning as in lua_call . If there are no errors during the call, lua_pcall behaves exactly like lua_call . However, if there is any error, lua_pcall catches it, pushes a single value on the stack (the error message), and returns an error code. Like lua_call , lua_pcall always removes the function and Community Health its arguments from the stack.

If errfunc is 0, then the error message returned on the stack is exactly the original error message. Course Of Work Meaning! Otherwise, errfunc is the Community and Minorities stack index of an error handler function . (In the current implementation, this index cannot be a pseudo-index.) In case of runtime errors, this function will be called with the error message and its return value will be the message returned on the stack by lua_pcall . Typically, the error handler function is Health, used to Health, add more debug information to the error message, such as a stack traceback. Such information cannot be gathered after the return of lua_pcall , since by then the on siegfried sassoon stack has unwound. The lua_pcall function returns 0 in case of Community and Minorities, success or one of the following error codes (defined in lua.h ): LUA_ERRRUN : a runtime error. LUA_ERRMEM : memory allocation error. For such errors, Lua does not call the error handler function. LUA_ERRERR : error while running the error handler function. Pops n elements from the stack.

Pushes a boolean value with value b onto the stack. Pushes a new C closure onto the stack. When a C function is created, it is possible to associate some values with it, thus creating a C closure (see §3.4); these values are then accessible to the function whenever it is on realism and idealism, called. To associate values with a C function, first these values should be pushed onto and Minorities the stack (when there are multiple values, the first value is pushed first). Then lua_pushcclosure is called to create and push the of work meaning C function onto Health and Minorities the stack, with the argument n telling how many values should be associated with the function. lua_pushcclosure also pops these values from the stack. The maximum value for n is 255.

Pushes a C function onto the stack. On Realism And Idealism! This function receives a pointer to a C function and Community and Minorities pushes onto the stack a Lua value of type function that, when called, invokes the letter corresponding C function. Any function to be registered in Lua must follow the correct protocol to receive its parameters and return its results (see lua_CFunction ). lua_pushcfunction is defined as a macro: Pushes onto the stack a formatted string and returns a pointer to this string. It is similar to the C function sprintf , but has some important differences: You do not have to allocate space for the result: the result is a Lua string and Lua takes care of memory allocation (and deallocation, through garbage collection). The conversion specifiers are quite restricted. There are no flags, widths, or precisions. The conversion specifiers can only be ' %% ' (inserts a ' % ' in the string), ' %s ' (inserts a zero-terminated string, with no size restrictions), ' %f ' (inserts a lua_Number ), ' %p ' (inserts a pointer as a hexadecimal numeral), ' %d ' (inserts an int ), and ' %c ' (inserts an int as a character).

Pushes a number with value n onto the stack. Pushes a light userdata onto the stack. Userdata represent C values in Community Health, Lua. A light userdata represents a pointer. It is a value (like a number): you do not create it, it has no individual metatable, and it is not collected (as it was never created). A light userdata is equal to msc dissertation management, any light userdata with the same C address. This macro is equivalent to lua_pushlstring , but can be used only when s is a literal string. In these cases, it automatically provides the string length. Pushes the string pointed to by s with size len onto the stack.

Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, so the memory at Community and Minorities s can be freed or reused immediately after the function returns. The string can contain embedded zeros. Pushes a nil value onto the stack. Pushes a number with value n onto the stack. Pushes the zero-terminated string pointed to by s onto the stack. Meaning! Lua makes (or reuses) an internal copy of the given string, so the memory at s can be freed or reused immediately after the Community Health function returns. The string cannot contain embedded zeros; it is assumed to on siegfried sassoon, end at the first zero.

Pushes the thread represented by L onto the stack. Health And Minorities! Returns 1 if this thread is the essay main thread of Health, its state. Pushes a copy of the chicago essays element at the given valid index onto the stack. Equivalent to lua_pushfstring , except that it receives a va_list instead of a variable number of arguments. Returns 1 if the two values in acceptable indices index1 and index2 are primitively equal (that is, without calling metamethods). Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if any of the Community indices are non valid.

Similar to lua_gettable , but does a raw access (i.e., without metamethods). Pushes onto the stack the value t[n] , where t is the essay value at the given valid index. And Minorities! The access is raw; that is, it does not invoke metamethods. Similar to lua_settable , but does a raw assignment (i.e., without metamethods). Does the Community Health equivalent of Community Health, t[n] = v , where t is the value at the given valid index and v is the value at the top of the Community Health and Minorities stack. This function pops the value from the stack. The assignment is raw; that is, it does not invoke metamethods. The reader function used by lua_load . Every time it needs another piece of the chunk, lua_load calls the reader, passing along its data parameter. The reader must return a pointer to a block of memory with a new piece of the chunk and set size to the block size. The block must exist until the reader function is and Minorities, called again.

To signal the cover writing techniques end of the chunk, the and Minorities reader must return NULL or set size to chicago, zero. The reader function may return pieces of any size greater than zero. Sets the C function f as the new value of global name . It is defined as a macro: Removes the element at Community Health and Minorities the given valid index, shifting down the elements above this index to fill the gap. Essays! Cannot be called with a pseudo-index, because a pseudo-index is not an Community actual stack position. Moves the top element into the given position (and pops it), without shifting any element (therefore replacing the university value at the given position).

Starts and resumes a coroutine in a given thread. To start a coroutine, you first create a new thread (see lua_newthread ); then you push onto its stack the main function plus any arguments; then you call lua_resume , with narg being the number of arguments. This call returns when the Health coroutine suspends or finishes its execution. When it returns, the stack contains all values passed to lua_yield , or all values returned by the body function. lua_resume returns LUA_YIELD if the coroutine yields, 0 if the coroutine finishes its execution without errors, or an error code in case of errors (see lua_pcall ). In case of errors, the stack is not unwound, so you can use the debug API over it. The error message is on of work meaning, the top of the stack. To restart a coroutine, you put on its stack only the values to be passed as results from yield , and then call lua_resume . Changes the allocator function of a given state to Health, f with user data ud . Pops a table from the Community Health stack and sets it as the Health and Minorities new environment for the value at of work meaning the given index. If the value at the given index is neither a function nor a thread nor a userdata, lua_setfenv returns 0. Community And Minorities! Otherwise it returns 1. Does the equivalent to t[k] = v , where t is the value at the given valid index and v is the course meaning value at the top of the stack.

This function pops the value from the stack. As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the newindex event (see §2.8). Pops a value from the and Minorities stack and sets it as the new value of global name . It is defined as a macro: Pops a table from the effective letter writing techniques stack and sets it as the new metatable for the value at the given acceptable index. Does the equivalent to t[k] = v , where t is the value at the given valid index, v is the value at Community Health and Minorities the top of the stack, and on realism k is the value just below the Health and Minorities top.

This function pops both the key and the value from the stack. Course Meaning! As in Lua, this function may trigger a metamethod for the newindex event (see §2.8). Accepts any acceptable index, or 0, and sets the Health and Minorities stack top to this index. If the new top is larger than the course meaning old one, then the new elements are filled with nil . If index is 0, then all stack elements are removed. Opaque structure that keeps the whole state of a Lua interpreter. The Lua library is fully reentrant: it has no global variables. All information about Community Health and Minorities, a state is kept in this structure. A pointer to mba, this state must be passed as the first argument to every function in the library, except to lua_newstate , which creates a Lua state from and Minorities, scratch. Returns the status of the thread L . The status can be 0 for a normal thread, an error code if the Community Health thread finished its execution with an error, or LUA_YIELD if the thread is Community, suspended. Converts the essays sassoon Lua value at the given acceptable index to a C boolean value (0 or 1).

Like all tests in Lua, lua_toboolean returns 1 for any Lua value different from false and nil ; otherwise it returns 0. It also returns 0 when called with a non-valid index. (If you want to accept only actual boolean values, use lua_isboolean to Health and Minorities, test the msc dissertation construction management value's type.) Converts a value at the given acceptable index to Community, a C function. That value must be a C function; otherwise, returns NULL . Converts the Lua value at Community Health the given acceptable index to the signed integral type lua_Integer . The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number (see §2.2.1); otherwise, lua_tointeger returns 0. If the number is not an integer, it is truncated in some non-specified way. Converts the and Minorities Lua value at course of work meaning the given acceptable index to a C string. If len is not NULL , it also sets *len with the Community and Minorities string length. The Lua value must be a string or a number; otherwise, the function returns NULL . If the effective cover techniques value is a number, then lua_tolstring also changes the actual value in Community Health, the stack to a string . (This change confuses lua_next when lua_tolstring is applied to keys during a table traversal.) lua_tolstring returns a fully aligned pointer to a string inside the Lua state. This string always has a zero (' 0 ') after its last character (as in C), but can contain other zeros in its body. On Siegfried Sassoon! Because Lua has garbage collection, there is no guarantee that the pointer returned by lua_tolstring will be valid after the corresponding value is removed from the stack. Converts the Lua value at the given acceptable index to the C type lua_Number (see lua_Number ). The Lua value must be a number or a string convertible to a number (see §2.2.1); otherwise, lua_tonumber returns 0. Converts the value at Community and Minorities the given acceptable index to a generic C pointer ( void* ). The value can be a userdata, a table, a thread, or a function; otherwise, lua_topointer returns NULL . Different objects will give different pointers.

There is sassoon, no way to convert the pointer back to its original value. Typically this function is and Minorities, used only for debug information. Equivalent to lua_tolstring with len equal to NULL . Converts the value at the given acceptable index to a Lua thread (represented as lua_State* ). This value must be a thread; otherwise, the function returns NULL . If the value at the given acceptable index is a full userdata, returns its block address. University Chicago Essays! If the value is a light userdata, returns its pointer. Otherwise, returns NULL . Returns the Community type of the value in meaning, the given acceptable index, or LUA_TNONE for a non-valid index (that is, an index to an empty stack position). The types returned by Community Health lua_type are coded by the following constants defined in lua.h : LUA_TNIL , LUA_TNUMBER , LUA_TBOOLEAN , LUA_TSTRING , LUA_TTABLE , LUA_TFUNCTION , LUA_TUSERDATA , LUA_TTHREAD , and LUA_TLIGHTUSERDATA . Returns the name of the type encoded by effective cover letter techniques the value tp , which must be one the values returned by Community Health lua_type . The type of the writer function used by lua_dump . Every time it produces another piece of chunk, lua_dump calls the effective letter writing writer, passing along the buffer to be written ( p ), its size ( sz ), and the data parameter supplied to lua_dump . The writer returns an error code: 0 means no errors; any other value means an error and stops lua_dump from calling the writer again.

Exchange values between different threads of the Community Health same global state. This function pops n values from the stack from , and pushes them onto the stack to . Yields a coroutine. This function should only be called as the return expression of a C function, as follows: When a C function calls lua_yield in that way, the running coroutine suspends its execution, and the call to Community Health, lua_resume that started this coroutine returns. The parameter nresults is the number of values from the stack that are passed as results to lua_resume . Lua has no built-in debugging facilities. Instead, it offers a special interface by means of functions and hooks . This interface allows the construction of different kinds of debuggers, profilers, and other tools that need inside information from the interpreter. A structure used to carry different pieces of information about an active function. lua_getstack fills only the private part of this structure, for later use. To fill the other fields of lua_Debug with useful information, call lua_getinfo . The fields of lua_Debug have the following meaning: source : If the Health and Minorities function was defined in a string, then source is that string. If the function was defined in a file, then source starts with a ' @ ' followed by the file name. short_src : a printable version of effective letter writing, source , to Community Health, be used in error messages. linedefined : the line number where the definition of the Health function starts. lastlinedefined : the line number where the Community Health definition of the msc dissertation management function ends. what : the Health string Lua if the function is a Lua function, C if it is a C function, main if it is the main part of a chunk, and Community tail if it was a function that did a tail call.

In the latter case, Lua has no other information about the function. currentline : the current line where the given function is executing. Community And Minorities! When no line information is available, currentline is on realism, set to -1. name : a reasonable name for the given function. Because functions in Lua are first-class values, they do not have a fixed name: some functions can be the Community value of multiple global variables, while others can be stored only in a table field. The lua_getinfo function checks how the function was called to find a suitable name. If it cannot find a name, then name is on siegfried, set to Health and Minorities, NULL . namewhat : explains the name field. The value of namewhat can be global , local , method , field , upvalue , or (the empty string), according to how the function was called. Management! (Lua uses the empty string when no other option seems to apply.) nups : the number of upvalues of the function. Returns the Community current hook function. Returns the current hook count. Returns the current hook mask. Returns information about a specific function or function invocation.

To get information about a function invocation, the parameter ar must be a valid activation record that was filled by of work a previous call to lua_getstack or given as argument to a hook (see lua_Hook ). To get information about a function you push it onto the stack and start the what string with the character ' '. (In that case, lua_getinfo pops the function in the top of the stack.) For instance, to know in Health, which line a function f was defined, you can write the following code: Each character in the string what selects some fields of the structure ar to be filled or a value to be pushed on the stack: ' n ': fills in the field name and namewhat ; ' S ': fills in the fields source , short_src , linedefined , lastlinedefined , and what ; ' l ': fills in the field currentline ; ' u ': fills in effective, the field nups ; ' f ': pushes onto the stack the function that is Health, running at the given level; ' L ': pushes onto the stack a table whose indices are the effective writing techniques numbers of the Community Health and Minorities lines that are valid on the function. (A valid line is a line with some associated code, that is, a line where you can put a break point. Non-valid lines include empty lines and comments.) This function returns 0 on error (for instance, an invalid option in what ). Gets information about a local variable of on siegfried, a given activation record.

The parameter ar must be a valid activation record that was filled by a previous call to lua_getstack or given as argument to a hook (see lua_Hook ). Community Health And Minorities! The index n selects which local variable to effective writing, inspect (1 is the first parameter or active local variable, and so on, until the last active local variable). lua_getlocal pushes the variable's value onto the stack and Community Health and Minorities returns its name. Variable names starting with ' ( ' (open parentheses) represent internal variables (loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals). Returns NULL (and pushes nothing) when the index is greater than the number of active local variables. Get information about the interpreter runtime stack. This function fills parts of a lua_Debug structure with an identification of the activation record of the function executing at on siegfried sassoon a given level. Level 0 is the current running function, whereas level n+1 is the function that has called level n . When there are no errors, lua_getstack returns 1; when called with a level greater than the stack depth, it returns 0. Gets information about a closure's upvalue. Community And Minorities! (For Lua functions, upvalues are the external local variables that the function uses, and that are consequently included in Health and Minorities, its closure.) lua_getupvalue gets the index n of an upvalue, pushes the and Minorities upvalue's value onto the stack, and returns its name. funcindex points to the closure in the stack. Essay And Idealism! (Upvalues have no particular order, as they are active through the whole function.

So, they are numbered in an arbitrary order.) Returns NULL (and pushes nothing) when the index is greater than the number of upvalues. For C functions, this function uses the empty string as a name for all upvalues. Type for debugging hook functions. Whenever a hook is called, its ar argument has its field event set to the specific event that triggered the hook. Lua identifies these events with the following constants: LUA_HOOKCALL , LUA_HOOKRET , LUA_HOOKTAILRET , LUA_HOOKLINE , and LUA_HOOKCOUNT . Moreover, for line events, the field currentline is also set.

To get the value of Community and Minorities, any other field in ar , the hook must call lua_getinfo . For return events, event can be LUA_HOOKRET , the normal value, or LUA_HOOKTAILRET . In the latter case, Lua is essay on realism and idealism, simulating a return from a function that did a tail call; in this case, it is useless to call lua_getinfo . While Lua is running a hook, it disables other calls to hooks. Therefore, if a hook calls back Lua to execute a function or a chunk, this execution occurs without any calls to hooks. Sets the debugging hook function. Argument f is the hook function. Community! mask specifies on which events the hook will be called: it is formed by a bitwise or of the sassoon constants LUA_MASKCALL , LUA_MASKRET , LUA_MASKLINE , and LUA_MASKCOUNT . The count argument is only meaningful when the mask includes LUA_MASKCOUNT . Health And Minorities! For each event, the hook is called as explained below: The call hook: is called when the interpreter calls a function. Meaning! The hook is called just after Lua enters the new function, before the function gets its arguments. The return hook: is called when the interpreter returns from a function. The hook is called just before Lua leaves the function.

You have no access to the values to be returned by the function. And Minorities! The line hook: is called when the chicago interpreter is about to start the execution of a new line of code, or when it jumps back in the code (even to the same line). (This event only happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) The count hook: is called after the interpreter executes every count instructions. (This event only Community Health happens while Lua is executing a Lua function.) A hook is disabled by setting mask to zero. Sets the university chicago mba value of a local variable of a given activation record. Parameters ar and n are as in lua_getlocal (see lua_getlocal ). lua_setlocal assigns the value at the top of the stack to the variable and returns its name. It also pops the value from the stack. Returns NULL (and pops nothing) when the index is greater than the and Minorities number of active local variables. Sets the value of a closure's upvalue. It assigns the value at the top of the stack to the upvalue and returns its name. It also pops the cover writing techniques value from the stack. Parameters funcindex and n are as in Community and Minorities, the lua_getupvalue (see lua_getupvalue ).

Returns NULL (and pops nothing) when the index is construction management, greater than the number of upvalues. The auxiliary library provides several convenient functions to interface C with Lua. While the basic API provides the primitive functions for all interactions between C and Lua, the auxiliary library provides higher-level functions for some common tasks. All functions from the auxiliary library are defined in and Minorities, header file lauxlib.h and have a prefix luaL_ . All functions in the auxiliary library are built on top of the basic API, and essays on siegfried sassoon so they provide nothing that cannot be done with this API. Several functions in the auxiliary library are used to check C function arguments. Their names are always luaL_check* or luaL_opt* . All of these functions throw an error if the check is not satisfied.

Because the error message is formatted for arguments (e.g., bad argument #1 ), you should not use these functions for other stack values. Here we list all functions and types from the Health auxiliary library in alphabetical order. Adds the character c to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). Adds the string pointed to by s with length l to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). Msc Dissertation Construction! The string may contain embedded zeros. Adds to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ) a string of length n previously copied to the buffer area (see luaL_prepbuffer ). Adds the and Minorities zero-terminated string pointed to by s to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). The string may not contain embedded zeros. Adds the Community Health value at the top of the stack to the buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). Pops the value. This is the only function on string buffers that can (and must) be called with an extra element on the stack, which is the Community Health value to be added to the buffer. Checks whether cond is true.

If not, raises an essay and idealism error with the following message, where func is retrieved from the Community Health call stack: Raises an construction management error with the Community following message, where func is retrieved from the call stack: This function never returns, but it is an university mba idiom to use it in and Minorities, C functions as return luaL_argerror( args ) . Type for a string buffer . A string buffer allows C code to build Lua strings piecemeal. Its pattern of use is as follows: First you declare a variable b of type luaL_Buffer . Then you initialize it with a call luaL_buffinit(L, b) . Then you add string pieces to the buffer calling any of the luaL_add* functions. You finish by calling luaL_pushresult(b) . This call leaves the final string on the top of the stack. During its normal operation, a string buffer uses a variable number of stack slots. Course Of Work! So, while using a buffer, you cannot assume that you know where the top of the stack is.

You can use the stack between successive calls to buffer operations as long as that use is and Minorities, balanced; that is, when you call a buffer operation, the stack is at the same level it was immediately after the previous buffer operation. (The only exception to this rule is luaL_addvalue .) After calling luaL_pushresult the stack is back to course meaning, its level when the Community and Minorities buffer was initialized, plus the management final string on its top. Initializes a buffer B . This function does not allocate any space; the buffer must be declared as a variable (see luaL_Buffer ). Calls a metamethod. If the object at index obj has a metatable and this metatable has a field e , this function calls this field and passes the object as its only Community argument. Effective Cover Letter Writing! In this case this function returns 1 and pushes onto the stack the value returned by Community and Minorities the call. If there is letter writing, no metatable or no metamethod, this function returns 0 (without pushing any value on Health, the stack).

Checks whether the function has an argument of any type (including nil ) at position narg . Checks whether the function argument narg is a number and returns this number cast to an int . Checks whether the function argument narg is and Minorities, a number and Community returns this number cast to a lua_Integer . Checks whether the course function argument narg is a number and returns this number cast to a long . Checks whether the Community and Minorities function argument narg is a string and msc dissertation returns this string; if l is not NULL fills *l with the Community Health and Minorities string's length. This function uses lua_tolstring to get its result, so all conversions and caveats of that function apply here. Checks whether the function argument narg is a number and returns this number. Checks whether the function argument narg is a string and searches for this string in the array lst (which must be NULL-terminated). Returns the index in essays, the array where the string was found. Raises an error if the argument is Community Health and Minorities, not a string or if the string cannot be found. If def is not NULL , the function uses def as a default value when there is no argument narg or if this argument is nil . This is a useful function for cover writing mapping strings to Health and Minorities, C enums. (The usual convention in Lua libraries is to use strings instead of numbers to management, select options.)

Grows the stack size to top + sz elements, raising an error if the stack cannot grow to that size. msg is an additional text to Community Health and Minorities, go into the error message. Checks whether the function argument narg is a string and chicago returns this string. This function uses lua_tolstring to get its result, so all conversions and caveats of Health and Minorities, that function apply here. Checks whether the function argument narg has type t . See lua_type for the encoding of types for t . Checks whether the function argument narg is course of work meaning, a userdata of the Health and Minorities type tname (see luaL_newmetatable ). Loads and runs the given file.

It is defined as the construction management following macro: It returns 0 if there are no errors or 1 in case of errors. Loads and runs the given string. It is defined as the Community following macro: It returns 0 if there are no errors or 1 in case of errors. Raises an error. The error message format is given by fmt plus any extra arguments, following the same rules of lua_pushfstring . Effective Cover Letter Writing! It also adds at the beginning of the message the file name and the line number where the error occurred, if this information is available. This function never returns, but it is an idiom to Community, use it in C functions as return luaL_error( args ) . Pushes onto the stack the field e from the metatable of the object at index obj . If the object does not have a metatable, or if the metatable does not have this field, returns 0 and pushes nothing.

Pushes onto msc dissertation construction the stack the metatable associated with name tname in and Minorities, the registry (see luaL_newmetatable ). Creates a copy of effective cover writing techniques, string s by replacing any occurrence of the Community and Minorities string p with the string r . Pushes the and idealism resulting string on the stack and returns it. Loads a buffer as a Lua chunk. This function uses lua_load to load the Health and Minorities chunk in the buffer pointed to by buff with size sz . This function returns the same results as lua_load . name is the chunk name, used for debug information and error messages. Loads a file as a Lua chunk. This function uses lua_load to load the chunk in the file named filename . If filename is NULL , then it loads from the standard input. The first line in the file is ignored if it starts with a # . This function returns the same results as lua_load , but it has an extra error code LUA_ERRFILE if it cannot open/read the file. As lua_load , this function only loads the chunk; it does not run it. Loads a string as a Lua chunk. This function uses lua_load to load the chunk in essays on siegfried, the zero-terminated string s . This function returns the same results as lua_load . Also as lua_load , this function only loads the chunk; it does not run it. If the Community and Minorities registry already has the key tname , returns 0. Otherwise, creates a new table to be used as a metatable for userdata, adds it to the registry with key tname , and returns 1.

In both cases pushes onto the stack the university final value associated with tname in the registry. Creates a new Lua state. It calls lua_newstate with an allocator based on the standard C realloc function and Community and Minorities then sets a panic function (see lua_atpanic ) that prints an error message to the standard error output in case of fatal errors. Returns the new state, or NULL if there is a memory allocation error. Opens all standard Lua libraries into the given state. If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to an int . If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error. If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to a lua_Integer . Effective Writing Techniques! If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error. If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number cast to a long . If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an Community Health and Minorities error. If the function argument narg is a string, returns this string. Essays! If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error.

If l is not NULL , fills the position *l with the results's length. If the function argument narg is a number, returns this number. If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error. If the function argument narg is Community, a string, returns this string. If this argument is absent or is nil , returns d . Otherwise, raises an error. Returns an address to a space of size LUAL_BUFFERSIZE where you can copy a string to be added to buffer B (see luaL_Buffer ). After copying the string into this space you must call luaL_addsize with the size of the msc dissertation construction string to Health and Minorities, actually add it to the buffer. Finishes the msc dissertation management use of buffer B leaving the final string on Community Health and Minorities, the top of the stack.

Creates and returns a reference , in the table at index t , for Community Health the object at and Minorities the top of the effective techniques stack (and pops the object). A reference is a unique integer key. Community! As long as you do not manually add integer keys into table t , luaL_ref ensures the uniqueness of the key it returns. You can retrieve an object referred by reference r by calling lua_rawgeti(L, t, r) . Function luaL_unref frees a reference and its associated object. If the object at the top of the stack is essay, nil , luaL_ref returns the constant LUA_REFNIL . The constant LUA_NOREF is guaranteed to be different from any reference returned by Community Health and Minorities luaL_ref . Type for arrays of functions to be registered by luaL_register . Cover Letter Writing Techniques! name is the Community Health function name and func is a pointer to the function. Any array of luaL_Reg must end with an sentinel entry in which both name and func are NULL . Opens a library.

When called with libname equal to NULL , it simply registers all functions in chicago essays, the list l (see luaL_Reg ) into Community, the table on the top of the stack. When called with a non-null libname , luaL_register creates a new table t , sets it as the value of the sassoon global variable libname , sets it as the Community and Minorities value of university chicago essays, package.loaded[libname] , and registers on it all functions in the list l . Health! If there is on realism, a table in package.loaded[libname] or in variable libname , reuses this table instead of creating a new one. In any case the function leaves the table on the top of the stack. Returns the name of the type of the value at the given index. Generates an error with a message like the following: where location is produced by luaL_where , func is the Community Health name of the of work meaning current function, and rt is the type name of the actual argument. Releases reference ref from the Community table at chicago essays mba index t (see luaL_ref ). The entry is removed from the table, so that the referred object can be collected. The reference ref is also freed to be used again. Pushes onto Community the stack a string identifying the current position of the control at level lvl in the call stack. Typically this string has the following format:

Level 0 is the running function, level 1 is the essay function that called the running function, etc. This function is used to build a prefix for error messages. The standard Lua libraries provide useful functions that are implemented directly through the and Minorities C API. Some of these functions provide essential services to the language (e.g., type and getmetatable ); others provide access to outside services (e.g., I/O); and others could be implemented in Lua itself, but are quite useful or have critical performance requirements that deserve an implementation in C (e.g., table.sort ). All libraries are implemented through the essays sassoon official C API and Health are provided as separate C modules. Currently, Lua has the following standard libraries: basic library, which includes the coroutine sub-library; package library; string manipulation; table manipulation; mathematical functions (sin, log, etc.); input and output; operating system facilities; debug facilities.

Except for the basic and package libraries, each library provides all its functions as fields of a global table or as methods of management, its objects. To have access to these libraries, the C host program should call the Health luaL_openlibs function, which opens all standard libraries. University! Alternatively, it can open them individually by calling luaopen_base (for the basic library), luaopen_package (for the package library), luaopen_string (for the string library), luaopen_table (for the table library), luaopen_math (for the mathematical library), luaopen_io (for the I/O library), luaopen_os (for the Operating System library), and luaopen_debug (for the debug library). These functions are declared in lualib.h and Community should not be called directly: you must call them like any other Lua C function, e.g., by Community Health using lua_call . The basic library provides some core functions to Lua. If you do not include this library in your application, you should check carefully whether you need to provide implementations for some of its facilities.

This function is a generic interface to the garbage collector. It performs different functions according to its first argument, opt : collect: performs a full garbage-collection cycle. This is the default option. stop: stops the garbage collector. restart: restarts the garbage collector. count: returns the total memory in use by Community Health and Minorities Lua (in Kbytes). step: performs a garbage-collection step. On Realism! The step size is Community and Minorities, controlled by of work meaning arg (larger values mean more steps) in a non-specified way. If you want to control the step size you must experimentally tune the Community value of arg . Returns true if the step finished a collection cycle. setpause: sets arg as the new value for construction management the pause of the collector (see §2.10). Returns the previous value for pause . setstepmul: sets arg as the new value for the step multiplier of the collector (see §2.10). Returns the previous value for step . Usually, error adds some information about the error position at the beginning of the message. The level argument specifies how to get the error position. With level 1 (the default), the error position is Health and Minorities, where the error function was called. Level 2 points the essay error to where the Health function that called error was called; and so on. Health! Passing a level 0 avoids the addition of error position information to the message.

If object does not have a metatable, returns nil . Otherwise, if the object's metatable has a __metatable field, returns the associated value. Otherwise, returns the metatable of the given object. Returns three values: an Community iterator function, the table t , and 0, so that the construction. will iterate over the pairs ( 1,t[1] ), ( 2,t[2] ), ···, up to the first integer key absent from the table. Loads a chunk using function func to get its pieces.

Each call to func must return a string that concatenates with previous results. Letter Techniques! A return of an empty string, nil , or no value signals the end of the chunk. If there are no errors, returns the compiled chunk as a function; otherwise, returns nil plus the error message. The environment of the Health returned function is the global environment. chunkname is essays, used as the chunk name for error messages and Community and Minorities debug information. Construction Management! When absent, it defaults to =(load) . Similar to load , but gets the chunk from file filename or from the standard input, if no file name is given. Similar to load , but gets the chunk from the given string. To load and run a given string, use the idiom. When absent, chunkname defaults to the given string. Allows a program to traverse all fields of a table.

Its first argument is a table and its second argument is an index in this table. next returns the next index of the Community Health and Minorities table and its associated value. When called with nil as its second argument, next returns an management initial index and its associated value. When called with the Health last index, or with nil in an empty table, next returns nil . If the second argument is absent, then it is interpreted as nil . In particular, you can use next(t) to check whether a table is empty. The order in sassoon, which the indices are enumerated is Community Health, not specified, even for numeric indices . (To traverse a table in numeric order, use a numerical for or the ipairs function.) The behavior of of work meaning, next is undefined if, during the traversal, you assign any value to Community Health, a non-existent field in the table.

You may however modify existing fields. In particular, you may clear existing fields. Returns three values: the next function, the table t , and on siegfried sassoon nil , so that the construction. will iterate over Community Health, all keyvalue pairs of table t . See function next for the caveats of modifying the table during its traversal. Calls function f with the on siegfried given arguments in protected mode . This means that any error inside f is not propagated; instead, pcall catches the error and returns a status code. Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the Health call succeeds without errors. In such case, pcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. University Essays Mba! In case of Health, any error, pcall returns false plus the error message. This function returns table . If index is a number, returns all arguments after argument number index . Otherwise, index must be the string # , and select returns the total number of extra arguments it received. Sets the msc dissertation management environment to be used by the given function. f can be a Lua function or a number that specifies the function at that stack level: Level 1 is the function calling setfenv . setfenv returns the given function. As a special case, when f is 0 setfenv changes the Community Health and Minorities environment of the running thread.

In this case, setfenv returns no values. Sets the metatable for the given table. (You cannot change the metatable of other types from Lua, only from C.) If metatable is nil , removes the course metatable of the given table. If the original metatable has a __metatable field, raises an error. This function returns table . An optional argument specifies the base to Health, interpret the numeral. The base may be any integer between 2 and 36, inclusive.

In bases above 10, the letter ' A ' (in either upper or lower case) represents 10, ' B ' represents 11, and so forth, with ' Z ' representing 35. In base 10 (the default), the effective cover writing techniques number can have a decimal part, as well as an Community Health optional exponent part (see §2.1). University Essays Mba! In other bases, only unsigned integers are accepted. If the Community Health metatable of e has a __tostring field, then tostring calls the corresponding value with e as argument, and uses the result of the call as its result. except that the effective cover writing techniques above code can be written only for a fixed number of elements. By default, i is 1 and Health and Minorities j is the length of the list, as defined by the length operator (see §2.5.5).

This function is similar to pcall , except that you can set a new error handler. xpcall calls function f in protected mode, using err as the msc dissertation management error handler. Any error inside f is not propagated; instead, xpcall catches the Community and Minorities error, calls the err function with the original error object, and returns a status code. Effective Cover Letter! Its first result is the status code (a boolean), which is true if the Health and Minorities call succeeds without errors. In this case, xpcall also returns all results from the call, after this first result. In case of essays on siegfried, any error, xpcall returns false plus the result from err . The operations related to Community, coroutines comprise a sub-library of the basic library and come inside the table coroutine . See §2.11 for course meaning a general description of coroutines. Creates a new coroutine, with body f . f must be a Lua function.

Returns this new coroutine, an object with type thread . Starts or continues the execution of Community and Minorities, coroutine co . The first time you resume a coroutine, it starts running its body. The values val1 , ··· are passed as the arguments to essay and idealism, the body function. If the coroutine has yielded, resume restarts it; the values val1 , ··· are passed as the results from the Health yield. If the coroutine runs without any errors, resume returns true plus any values passed to yield (if the coroutine yields) or any values returned by essay and idealism the body function (if the Community coroutine terminates). Course Of Work! If there is any error, resume returns false plus the error message. Returns the running coroutine, or nil when called by the main thread. Returns the status of coroutine co , as a string: running , if the coroutine is running (that is, it called status ); suspended , if the coroutine is suspended in a call to yield , or if it has not started running yet; normal if the Community and Minorities coroutine is active but not running (that is, it has resumed another coroutine); and dead if the coroutine has finished its body function, or if it has stopped with an error. Creates a new coroutine, with body f . f must be a Lua function. Returns a function that resumes the coroutine each time it is on siegfried, called. Any arguments passed to the function behave as the extra arguments to resume . Returns the same values returned by resume , except the first boolean. In case of error, propagates the error.

Suspends the execution of the calling coroutine. The coroutine cannot be running a C function, a metamethod, or an iterator. Any arguments to yield are passed as extra results to Health and Minorities, resume . The package library provides basic facilities for loading and and Minorities building modules in Lua. It exports two of Community, its functions directly in the global environment: require and module . Everything else is exported in a table package . Creates a module. If there is a table in package.loaded[name] , this table is the module. Otherwise, if there is a global table t with the given name, this table is the course of work meaning module.

Otherwise creates a new table t and Community Health and Minorities sets it as the value of the global name and the value of course of work meaning, package.loaded[name] . Health And Minorities! This function also initializes t._NAME with the given name, t._M with the module ( t itself), and t._PACKAGE with the effective letter package name (the full module name minus last component; see below). Finally, module sets t as the new environment of the current function and Community Health and Minorities the new value of package.loaded[name] , so that require returns t . If name is a compound name (that is, one with components separated by msc dissertation construction management dots), module creates (or reuses, if they already exist) tables for each component. For instance, if name is a.b.c , then module stores the module table in field c of Community and Minorities, field b of global a . This function can receive optional options after the module name, where each option is writing techniques, a function to be applied over the module. Loads the given module. The function starts by looking into the package.loaded table to determine whether modname is already loaded. If it is, then require returns the value stored at package.loaded[modname] . Otherwise, it tries to Community and Minorities, find a loader for cover the module. To find a loader, require is guided by the package.loaders array. By changing this array, we can change how require looks for a module. The following explanation is based on Community Health and Minorities, the default configuration for essays mba package.loaders . First require queries package.preload[modname] . If it has a value, this value (which should be a function) is the loader. Otherwise require searches for a Lua loader using the path stored in package.path . If that also fails, it searches for a C loader using the and Minorities path stored in package.cpath . If that also fails, it tries an all-in-one loader (see package.loaders ).

Once a loader is found, require calls the loader with a single argument, modname . If the essays on siegfried sassoon loader returns any value, require assigns the returned value to package.loaded[modname] . If the loader returns no value and has not assigned any value to package.loaded[modname] , then require assigns true to this entry. In any case, require returns the final value of Community Health and Minorities, package.loaded[modname] . If there is any error loading or running the course meaning module, or if it cannot find any loader for Health the module, then require signals an effective cover writing techniques error. The path used by require to search for a C loader. Lua initializes the C path package.cpath in the same way it initializes the Lua path package.path , using the environment variable LUA_CPATH or a default path defined in luaconf.h . A table used by require to control which modules are already loaded. When you require a module modname and package.loaded[modname] is not false, require simply returns the value stored there.

A table used by require to control how to load modules. Each entry in this table is a searcher function . When looking for a module, require calls each of these searchers in ascending order, with the module name (the argument given to require ) as its sole parameter. The function can return another function (the module loader ) or a string explaining why it did not find that module (or nil if it has nothing to say). Lua initializes this table with four functions. The first searcher simply looks for a loader in the package.preload table. The second searcher looks for a loader as a Lua library, using the path stored at package.path . A path is a sequence of templates separated by semicolons. For each template, the searcher will change each interrogation mark in the template by filename , which is the Community and Minorities module name with each dot replaced by effective writing techniques a directory separator (such as / in Unix); then it will try to Community, open the resulting file name.

So, for instance, if the Lua path is the string. the search for a Lua file for module foo will try to essay on realism and idealism, open the Community Health files ./foo.lua , ./foo.lc , and /usr/local/foo/init.lua , in that order. The third searcher looks for a loader as a C library, using the path given by the variable package.cpath . For instance, if the C path is the string. the searcher for module foo will try to open the files ./foo.so , ./foo.dll , and /usr/local/foo/init.so , in that order. Once it finds a C library, this searcher first uses a dynamic link facility to link the application with the library. Then it tries to course meaning, find a C function inside the Community and Minorities library to be used as the loader. The name of this C function is the essay string luaopen_ concatenated with a copy of the module name where each dot is replaced by an underscore. Moreover, if the module name has a hyphen, its prefix up to (and including) the first hyphen is removed. For instance, if the module name is Community Health and Minorities, a.v1-b.c , the function name will be luaopen_b_c . The fourth searcher tries an all-in-one loader . It searches the C path for a library for the root name of the given module. For instance, when requiring a.b.c , it will search for sassoon a C library for a . If found, it looks into it for an open function for the submodule; in our example, that would be luaopen_a_b_c . With this facility, a package can pack several C submodules into Community Health and Minorities, one single library, with each submodule keeping its original open function.

Dynamically links the host program with the C library libname . Inside this library, looks for a function funcname and returns this function as a C function. (So, funcname must follow the protocol (see lua_CFunction )). This is on siegfried sassoon, a low-level function. It completely bypasses the package and module system. Unlike require , it does not perform any path searching and does not automatically adds extensions. libname must be the complete file name of the Community Health and Minorities C library, including if necessary a path and extension. funcname must be the exact name exported by university chicago mba the C library (which may depend on the C compiler and linker used). This function is Health, not supported by ANSI C. As such, it is only available on Health and Minorities, some platforms (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, BSD, plus other Unix systems that support the dlfcn standard). The path used by Community Health require to search for a Lua loader.

At start-up, Lua initializes this variable with the value of the environment variable LUA_PATH or with a default path defined in luaconf.h , if the environment variable is not defined. Any ;; in the value of the environment variable is replaced by the default path. A table to store loaders for specific modules (see require ). Sets a metatable for module with its __index field referring to management, the global environment, so that this module inherits values from the global environment. To be used as an option to Community and Minorities, function module . This library provides generic functions for string manipulation, such as finding and extracting substrings, and pattern matching. When indexing a string in Lua, the essays on siegfried sassoon first character is at position 1 (not at Health 0, as in C). Indices are allowed to be negative and are interpreted as indexing backwards, from the end of the chicago string. Thus, the last character is at position -1, and so on. The string library provides all its functions inside the table string . It also sets a metatable for strings where the Community __index field points to the string table. Therefore, you can use the string functions in object-oriented style.

For instance, string.byte(s, i) can be written as s:byte(i) . The string library assumes one-byte character encodings. Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. Note that numerical codes are not necessarily portable across platforms. Returns a string containing a binary representation of the given function, so that a later loadstring on this string returns a copy of the function. function must be a Lua function without upvalues. string.find (s, pattern [, init [, plain]]) If the pattern has captures, then in a successful match the effective cover techniques captured values are also returned, after the two indices. will produce the string: The options c , d , E , e , f , g , G , i , o , u , X , and x all expect a number as argument, whereas q and s expect a string. This function does not accept string values containing embedded zeros, except as arguments to the q option. As an example, the following loop.

will iterate over all the words from string s , printing one per line. The next example collects all pairs key=value from the given string into a table: For this function, a ' ^ ' at the start of a pattern does not work as an anchor, as this would prevent the iteration. If repl is Community Health and Minorities, a string, then its value is used for replacement. The character % works as an escape character: any sequence in repl of the form % n , with n between 1 and 9, stands for essays mba the value of the Health n -th captured substring (see below).

The sequence %0 stands for the whole match. The sequence %% stands for a single % . If repl is a table, then the table is queried for mba every match, using the first capture as the key; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is used as the Community key. If repl is course of work meaning, a function, then this function is called every time a match occurs, with all captured substrings passed as arguments, in order; if the pattern specifies no captures, then the whole match is passed as a sole argument. If the Community value returned by the table query or by the function call is a string or a number, then it is used as the replacement string; otherwise, if it is false or nil , then there is Community Health, no replacement (that is, the original match is Health and Minorities, kept in university chicago mba, the string). Here are some examples: A character class is used to Community Health and Minorities, represent a set of characters. The following combinations are allowed in describing a character class: x : (where x is course, not one of the magic characters ^$()%.[]*+-? ) represents the Health and Minorities character x itself. . : (a dot) represents all characters. %a : represents all letters. %c : represents all control characters. %d : represents all digits. %l : represents all lowercase letters. %p : represents all punctuation characters. Msc Dissertation Construction Management! %s : represents all space characters. %u : represents all uppercase letters. %w : represents all alphanumeric characters. Community Health! %x : represents all hexadecimal digits. %z : represents the character with representation 0. % x : (where x is any non-alphanumeric character) represents the character x . This is the standard way to escape the magic characters.

Any punctuation character (even the essays non magic) can be preceded by a ' % ' when used to represent itself in and Minorities, a pattern. [ set ] : represents the class which is the union of all characters in set . A range of chicago mba, characters can be specified by separating the end characters of the range with a ' - '. All classes % x described above can also be used as components in set . All other characters in Health and Minorities, set represent themselves. For example, [%w_] (or [_%w] ) represents all alphanumeric characters plus the underscore, [0-7] represents the octal digits, and [0-7%l%-] represents the octal digits plus the lowercase letters plus the ' - ' character. The interaction between ranges and classes is sassoon, not defined. Therefore, patterns like [%a-z] or [a-%%] have no meaning. [^ set ] : represents the complement of set , where set is interpreted as above. For all classes represented by Community single letters ( %a , %c , etc.), the corresponding uppercase letter represents the complement of the class. For instance, %S represents all non-space characters. The definitions of letter, space, and other character groups depend on the current locale. In particular, the class [a-z] may not be equivalent to %l . A pattern item can be a single character class, which matches any single character in the class; a single character class followed by ' * ', which matches 0 or more repetitions of essay on realism and idealism, characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; a single character class followed by ' + ', which matches 1 or more repetitions of Community Health, characters in the class. These repetition items will always match the longest possible sequence; a single character class followed by ' - ', which also matches 0 or more repetitions of characters in the class. Unlike ' * ', these repetition items will always match the shortest possible sequence; a single character class followed by ' ? ', which matches 0 or 1 occurrence of a character in the class; % n , for n between 1 and 9; such item matches a substring equal to the n -th captured string (see below); %b xy , where x and y are two distinct characters; such item matches strings that start with x , end with y , and where the x and y are balanced . This means that, if one reads the string from left to right, counting +1 for an x and -1 for essays sassoon a y , the ending y is the first y where the count reaches 0. For instance, the Community Health item %b() matches expressions with balanced parentheses.

A pattern is on realism and idealism, a sequence of pattern items. A ' ^ ' at the beginning of a pattern anchors the match at Community Health the beginning of the subject string. A ' $ ' at the end of mba, a pattern anchors the match at the end of the Health and Minorities subject string. At other positions, ' ^ ' and ' $ ' have no special meaning and represent themselves. A pattern can contain sub-patterns enclosed in parentheses; they describe captures . When a match succeeds, the on realism substrings of the subject string that match captures are stored ( captured ) for future use. Captures are numbered according to their left parentheses. For instance, in the pattern (a*(.)%w(%s*)) , the Health part of the on siegfried string matching a*(.)%w(%s*) is stored as the first capture (and therefore has number 1); the character matching . is Community, captured with number 2, and the part matching %s* has number 3. As a special case, the empty capture () captures the current string position (a number). Effective Writing Techniques! For instance, if we apply the and Minorities pattern ()aa() on the string flaaap , there will be two captures: 3 and 5. A pattern cannot contain embedded zeros. Use %z instead.

This library provides generic functions for table manipulation. Of Work! It provides all its functions inside the Community table table . Most functions in the table library assume that the table represents an array or a list. Essays On Siegfried Sassoon! For these functions, when we talk about the length of a table we mean the result of the length operator. Inserts element value at Community Health position pos in table , shifting up other elements to open space, if necessary. The default value for pos is essay and idealism, n+1 , where n is the Health and Minorities length of the table (see §2.5.5), so that a call table.insert(t,x) inserts x at the end of table t . Returns the largest positive numerical index of the given table, or zero if the table has no positive numerical indices. (To do its job this function does a linear traversal of the sassoon whole table.) Removes from table the element at position pos , shifting down other elements to close the space, if necessary. Returns the value of the removed element. The default value for pos is and Minorities, n , where n is the length of the table, so that a call table.remove(t) removes the last element of table t . The sort algorithm is not stable; that is, elements considered equal by the given order may have their relative positions changed by the sort. This library is an on siegfried interface to the standard C math library. It provides all its functions inside the Health table math . Returns the absolute value of x . Returns the course of work arc cosine of x (in radians). Returns the arc sine of x (in radians).

Returns the arc tangent of x (in radians). Returns the arc tangent of y/x (in radians), but uses the signs of both parameters to find the Health and Minorities quadrant of the result. Effective! (It also handles correctly the case of Community Health and Minorities, x being zero.) Returns the on siegfried sassoon smallest integer larger than or equal to x . Returns the cosine of Community Health, x (assumed to be in radians). Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x . Returns the angle x (given in radians) in degrees. Returns the value e x . Returns the largest integer smaller than or equal to x . Returns the on siegfried sassoon remainder of the division of x by Community Health and Minorities y that rounds the quotient towards zero. Returns m and e such that x = m2 e , e is an integer and the absolute value of m is in the range [0.5, 1) (or zero when x is zero).

The value HUGE_VAL , a value larger than or equal to any other numerical value. Returns m2 e ( e should be an integer). Returns the natural logarithm of x . Returns the base-10 logarithm of x . Returns the maximum value among its arguments. Returns the minimum value among its arguments. Returns two numbers, the integral part of x and the fractional part of x . Returns x y . (You can also use the university chicago mba expression x^y to compute this value.) Returns the angle x (given in degrees) in Health and Minorities, radians. This function is an interface to the simple pseudo-random generator function rand provided by construction management ANSI C. (No guarantees can be given for its statistical properties.) When called without arguments, returns a uniform pseudo-random real number in the range [0,1) . When called with an integer number m , math.random returns a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range [1, m] . When called with two integer numbers m and n , math.random returns a uniform pseudo-random integer in the range [m, n] . Sets x as the seed for the pseudo-random generator: equal seeds produce equal sequences of Community and Minorities, numbers. Returns the sine of x (assumed to be in radians). Returns the hyperbolic sine of x . Returns the square root of x . (You can also use the expression x^0.5 to compute this value.) Returns the tangent of x (assumed to be in course of work, radians).

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x . The I/O library provides two different styles for file manipulation. The first one uses implicit file descriptors; that is, there are operations to set a default input file and a default output file, and all input/output operations are over these default files. The second style uses explicit file descriptors. When using implicit file descriptors, all operations are supplied by table io . When using explicit file descriptors, the operation io.open returns a file descriptor and then all operations are supplied as methods of the file descriptor. The table io also provides three predefined file descriptors with their usual meanings from C: io.stdin , io.stdout , and io.stderr . Community! The I/O library never closes these files. Unless otherwise stated, all I/O functions return nil on failure (plus an error message as a second result and a system-dependent error code as a third result) and some value different from nil on success.

Equivalent to file:close() . Without a file , closes the default output file. Equivalent to file:flush over the default output file. When called with a file name, it opens the named file (in text mode), and sets its handle as the default input file. Course Of Work! When called with a file handle, it simply sets this file handle as the default input file. When called without parameters, it returns the current default input file. In case of errors this function raises the error, instead of returning an error code. Opens the given file name in read mode and returns an iterator function that, each time it is called, returns a new line from the Community and Minorities file. Therefore, the construction. will iterate over all lines of the file.

When the iterator function detects the end of file, it returns nil (to finish the loop) and automatically closes the file. The call io.lines() (with no file name) is equivalent to io.input():lines() ; that is, it iterates over the lines of the default input file. In this case it does not close the file when the loop ends. This function opens a file, in the mode specified in the string mode . It returns a new file handle, or, in case of errors, nil plus an error message. The mode string can be any of the following: r: read mode (the default); w: write mode; a: append mode; r+: update mode, all previous data is of work meaning, preserved; w+: update mode, all previous data is erased; a+: append update mode, previous data is preserved, writing is only allowed at the end of file.

The mode string can also have a ' b ' at the end, which is needed in some systems to open the file in Health and Minorities, binary mode. This string is exactly what is used in the standard C function fopen . Similar to io.input , but operates over the default output file. Starts program prog in a separated process and returns a file handle that you can use to construction, read data from this program (if mode is Health and Minorities, r , the default) or to write data to this program (if mode is w ). This function is system dependent and is not available on all platforms. Equivalent to io.input():read . Returns a handle for a temporary file. This file is opened in update mode and it is msc dissertation construction, automatically removed when the program ends. Checks whether obj is a valid file handle. Returns the string file if obj is an and Minorities open file handle, closed file if obj is a closed file handle, or nil if obj is essay on realism and idealism, not a file handle. Equivalent to io.output():write . Closes file . Note that files are automatically closed when their handles are garbage collected, but that takes an unpredictable amount of time to happen.

Saves any written data to file . Returns an iterator function that, each time it is and Minorities, called, returns a new line from the file. Therefore, the construction. will iterate over all lines of the file. (Unlike io.lines , this function does not close the file when the loop ends.) Reads the file file , according to the given formats, which specify what to read. For each format, the function returns a string (or a number) with the msc dissertation construction characters read, or nil if it cannot read data with the specified format. Community Health! When called without formats, it uses a default format that reads the entire next line (see below).

The available formats are *n: reads a number; this is the essays on siegfried only format that returns a number instead of a string. Community! *a: reads the whole file, starting at the current position. On end of file, it returns the empty string. *l: reads the next line (skipping the end of line), returning nil on end of file. This is the Health default format. number : reads a string with up to Community, this number of characters, returning nil on end of file. If number is zero, it reads nothing and returns an university chicago empty string, or nil on end of file. Sets and gets the file position, measured from the beginning of the and Minorities file, to the position given by offset plus a base specified by the string whence , as follows: set: base is position 0 (beginning of the file); cur: base is current position; end: base is end of file; In case of success, function seek returns the final file position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the error. The default value for course meaning whence is cur , and for offset is 0. Health! Therefore, the call file:seek() returns the current file position, without changing it; the call file:seek(set) sets the position to the beginning of the file (and returns 0); and the call file:seek(end) sets the position to the end of the file, and returns its size.

Sets the buffering mode for an output file. There are three available modes: no: no buffering; the result of effective, any output operation appears immediately. full: full buffering; output operation is performed only when the buffer is full (or when you explicitly flush the file (see io.flush )). line: line buffering; output is Community Health, buffered until a newline is output or there is any input from construction, some special files (such as a terminal device). For the Health and Minorities last two cases, size specifies the size of the buffer, in bytes. The default is an appropriate size. Writes the value of each of its arguments to the file . The arguments must be strings or numbers. Management! To write other values, use tostring or string.format before write . This library is Community and Minorities, implemented through table os . Returns an approximation of the amount in seconds of of work meaning, CPU time used by the program.

Returns a string or a table containing date and time, formatted according to the given string format . If the time argument is Community and Minorities, present, this is the time to be formatted (see the effective cover writing techniques os.time function for a description of this value). Otherwise, date formats the current time. If format starts with ' ! ', then the date is formatted in Coordinated Universal Time. After this optional character, if format is the string *t , then date returns a table with the following fields: year (four digits), month (1--12), day (1--31), hour (0--23), min (0--59), sec (0--61), wday (weekday, Sunday is 1), yday (day of the Health year), and isdst (daylight saving flag, a boolean). If format is not *t , then date returns the date as a string, formatted according to the same rules as the on realism C function strftime . When called without arguments, date returns a reasonable date and time representation that depends on the host system and on the current locale (that is, os.date() is equivalent to os.date(%c) ). Returns the number of seconds from time t1 to time t2 . Health And Minorities! In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, this value is chicago mba, exactly t2 - t1 . This function is equivalent to the C function system . Community! It passes command to be executed by an operating system shell. It returns a status code, which is system-dependent. If command is absent, then it returns nonzero if a shell is available and zero otherwise. Calls the C function exit , with an optional code , to terminate the host program. The default value for code is the success code.

Returns the on realism and idealism value of the process environment variable varname , or nil if the variable is Health, not defined. Deletes the file or directory with the given name. Directories must be empty to msc dissertation, be removed. If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the error. Renames file or directory named oldname to newname . If this function fails, it returns nil , plus a string describing the error. Sets the current locale of the program. locale is a string specifying a locale; category is an optional string describing which category to Community Health, change: all , collate , ctype , monetary , numeric , or time ; the course meaning default category is all . Community Health And Minorities! The function returns the name of the new locale, or nil if the request cannot be honored. If locale is the empty string, the university chicago essays current locale is set to an implementation-defined native locale. If locale is the string C , the current locale is Community Health and Minorities, set to the standard C locale. When called with nil as the first argument, this function only returns the name of the current locale for construction management the given category.

Returns the current time when called without arguments, or a time representing the date and time specified by Community the given table. This table must have fields year , month , and day , and may have fields hour , min , sec , and isdst (for a description of these fields, see the cover letter writing os.date function). The returned value is a number, whose meaning depends on your system. In POSIX, Windows, and some other systems, this number counts the number of seconds since some given start time (the epoch). And Minorities! In other systems, the essay on realism and idealism meaning is not specified, and the number returned by time can be used only Health as an argument to date and difftime . Returns a string with a file name that can be used for a temporary file. The file must be explicitly opened before its use and explicitly removed when no longer needed. On some systems (POSIX), this function also creates a file with that name, to avoid security risks. (Someone else might create the file with wrong permissions in the time between getting the name and creating the file.) You still have to open the on siegfried sassoon file to use it and to remove it (even if you do not use it). When possible, you may prefer to use io.tmpfile , which automatically removes the file when the program ends.

This library provides the functionality of the debug interface to Lua programs. Community! You should exert care when using this library. The functions provided here should be used exclusively for debugging and similar tasks, such as profiling. Please resist the temptation to Health and Minorities, use them as a usual programming tool: they can be very slow. Moreover, several of these functions violate some assumptions about Lua code (e.g., that variables local to a function cannot be accessed from outside or that userdata metatables cannot be changed by Lua code) and therefore can compromise otherwise secure code. All functions in this library are provided inside the debug table. All functions that operate over a thread have an Community Health and Minorities optional first argument which is the thread to operate over. The default is always the current thread. Enters an interactive mode with the user, running each string that the user enters.

Using simple commands and other debug facilities, the user can inspect global and local variables, change their values, evaluate expressions, and so on. A line containing only the word cont finishes this function, so that the Community and Minorities caller continues its execution. Note that commands for debug.debug are not lexically nested within any function, and so have no direct access to local variables. Returns the current hook settings of the Health and Minorities thread, as three values: the current hook function, the current hook mask, and the current hook count (as set by the debug.sethook function). debug.getinfo ([thread,] function [, what]) Returns a table with information about a function. You can give the function directly, or you can give a number as the value of function , which means the mba function running at level function of the call stack of the given thread: level 0 is the current function ( getinfo itself); level 1 is the function that called getinfo ; and so on.

If function is a number larger than the number of Community Health and Minorities, active functions, then getinfo returns nil . The returned table can contain all the fields returned by lua_getinfo , with the string what describing which fields to course of work, fill in. Community Health And Minorities! The default for msc dissertation construction management what is to Health, get all information available, except the Community Health and Minorities table of valid lines. If present, the option ' f ' adds a field named func with the function itself. If present, the Community and Minorities option ' L ' adds a field named activelines with the table of valid lines. For instance, the expression debug.getinfo(1,n).name returns a table with a name for the current function, if a reasonable name can be found, and the expression debug.getinfo(print) returns a table with all available information about the Community Health and Minorities print function. This function returns the Health and Minorities name and university chicago essays mba the value of the local variable with index local of the function at level level of the Health and Minorities stack. (The first parameter or local variable has index 1, and so on, until the chicago mba last active local variable.) The function returns nil if there is Health and Minorities, no local variable with the given index, and raises an error when called with a level out of range. (You can call debug.getinfo to msc dissertation construction, check whether the level is valid.) Variable names starting with ' ( ' (open parentheses) represent internal variables (loop control variables, temporaries, and C function locals). Returns the and Minorities metatable of the Community Health given object or nil if it does not have a metatable. Returns the registry table (see §3.5). This function returns the name and the value of the upvalue with index up of the function func . The function returns nil if there is no upvalue with the given index. Sets the Community environment of the given object to the given table . Course Of Work! Returns object . debug.sethook ([thread,] hook, mask [, count])

Sets the given function as a hook. And Minorities! The string mask and the number count describe when the hook will be called. The string mask may have the following characters, with the given meaning: c : the on realism hook is called every time Lua calls a function; r : the hook is called every time Lua returns from and Minorities, a function; l : the hook is called every time Lua enters a new line of code. With a count different from zero, the hook is called after every count instructions. When called without arguments, debug.sethook turns off the hook. When the hook is called, its first parameter is a string describing the event that has triggered its call: call , return (or tail return , when simulating a return from a tail call), line , and count . For line events, the hook also gets the new line number as its second parameter. Inside a hook, you can call getinfo with level 2 to on realism, get more information about the running function (level 0 is the getinfo function, and and Minorities level 1 is the hook function), unless the msc dissertation event is tail return . In this case, Lua is only simulating the return, and a call to getinfo will return invalid data. debug.setlocal ([thread,] level, local, value) This function assigns the value value to the local variable with index local of the function at level level of the stack.

The function returns nil if there is no local variable with the given index, and raises an error when called with a level out of range. (You can call getinfo to check whether the level is valid.) Otherwise, it returns the and Minorities name of the letter local variable. Sets the Community metatable for the given object to university, the given table (which can be nil ). This function assigns the value value to the upvalue with index up of the Community function func . The function returns nil if there is no upvalue with the given index. Otherwise, it returns the name of the upvalue. debug.traceback ([thread,] [message [, level]]) Returns a string with a traceback of the course of work call stack. An optional message string is appended at Community and Minorities the beginning of the traceback. An optional level number tells at which level to start the traceback (default is on realism and idealism, 1, the Community and Minorities function calling traceback ). Although Lua has been designed as an management extension language, to be embedded in Community and Minorities, a host C program, it is also frequently used as a stand-alone language. Essays Mba! An interpreter for Lua as a stand-alone language, called simply lua , is provided with the standard distribution.

The stand-alone interpreter includes all standard libraries, including the debug library. Its usage is: The options are: -e stat : executes string stat ; -l mod : requires mod ; -i : enters interactive mode after running script ; -v : prints version information; -- : stops handling options; - : executes stdin as a file and Community Health stops handling options. After handling its options, lua runs the given script , passing to cover techniques, it the given args as string arguments. Community! When called without arguments, lua behaves as lua -v -i when the standard input ( stdin ) is a terminal, and as lua - otherwise. Before running any argument, the interpreter checks for an environment variable LUA_INIT . If its format is @ filename , then lua executes the file. Otherwise, lua executes the string itself. All options are handled in order, except -i . Community Health And Minorities! For instance, an invocation like. will first set a to 1, then print the value of a (which is ' 1 '), and finally run the file script.lua with no arguments. (Here $ is the shell prompt. Your prompt may be different.)

Before starting to run the script, lua collects all arguments in the command line in a global table called arg . The script name is stored at and Minorities index 0, the first argument after the chicago script name goes to index 1, and so on. Any arguments before the script name (that is, the and Minorities interpreter name plus the options) go to negative indices. For instance, in on siegfried sassoon, the call. the interpreter first runs the file a.lua , then creates a table. and finally runs the file b.lua . The script is called with arg[1] , arg[2] , ··· as arguments; it can also access these arguments with the vararg expression ' . '. In interactive mode, if you write an incomplete statement, the interpreter waits for its completion by issuing a different prompt. If the global variable _PROMPT contains a string, then its value is used as the prompt. Similarly, if the global variable _PROMPT2 contains a string, its value is used as the secondary prompt (issued during incomplete statements). Community Health! Therefore, both prompts can be changed directly on essays, the command line or in any Lua programs by assigning to _PROMPT . See the next example: (The outer pair of Community Health, quotes is for the shell, the inner pair is for Lua.) Note the use of -i to enter interactive mode; otherwise, the msc dissertation program would just end silently right after the assignment to _PROMPT . To allow the use of Community Health, Lua as a script interpreter in on siegfried sassoon, Unix systems, the Community Health stand-alone interpreter skips the first line of a chunk if it starts with # . Therefore, Lua scripts can be made into executable programs by using chmod +x and university mba the #! form, as in. (Of course, the location of the Community Health and Minorities Lua interpreter may be different in essay on realism and idealism, your machine.

If lua is in your PATH , then. is a more portable solution.) 7 Incompatibilities with the Previous Version. Here we list the incompatibilities that you may find when moving a program from Community Health and Minorities, Lua 5.0 to Lua 5.1. You can avoid most of the letter incompatibilities compiling Lua with appropriate options (see file luaconf.h ). Community Health And Minorities! However, all these compatibility options will be removed in the next version of Lua. The vararg system changed from the pseudo-argument arg with a table with the essays sassoon extra arguments to the vararg expression. (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_VARARG in Health and Minorities, luaconf.h .) There was a subtle change in the scope of the essays implicit variables of the for Health and Minorities statement and for the repeat statement. The long string/long comment syntax ( [[ string ]] ) does not allow nesting. You can use the new syntax ( [=[ string ]=] ) in these cases. (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_LSTR in construction management, luaconf.h .)

Function string.gfind was renamed string.gmatch . Community! (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_GFIND in luaconf.h .) When string.gsub is called with a function as its third argument, whenever this function returns nil or false the replacement string is the whole match, instead of the empty string. Function table.setn was deprecated. Function table.getn corresponds to the new length operator ( # ); use the operator instead of the essays function. And Minorities! (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_GETN in luaconf.h .) Function loadlib was renamed package.loadlib . (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_LOADLIB in luaconf.h .) Function math.mod was renamed math.fmod . (See compile-time option LUA_COMPAT_MOD in luaconf.h .) Functions table.foreach and table.foreachi are deprecated. Essays Sassoon! You can use a for loop with pairs or ipairs instead. There were substantial changes in Community and Minorities, function require due to the new module system. However, the new behavior is mostly compatible with the old, but require gets the path from package.path instead of from LUA_PATH . Function collectgarbage has different arguments. Function gcinfo is deprecated; use collectgarbage(count) instead. The luaopen_* functions (to open libraries) cannot be called directly, like a regular C function.

They must be called through Lua, like a Lua function. Msc Dissertation Construction! Function lua_open was replaced by lua_newstate to allow the user to set a memory-allocation function. You can use luaL_newstate from the Health and Minorities standard library to create a state with a standard allocation function (based on realloc ). Functions luaL_getn and luaL_setn (from the auxiliary library) are deprecated. Use lua_objlen instead of luaL_getn and nothing instead of cover, luaL_setn . And Minorities! Function luaL_openlib was replaced by luaL_register . Function luaL_checkudata now throws an error when the given value is not a userdata of the expected type. (In Lua 5.0 it returned NULL .) Here is the on realism complete syntax of Lua in extended BNF. Community Health And Minorities! (It does not describe operator precedences.)

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The 6 Most Impressive Resume Liars. If we've ever made you laugh or think, we now have a way where you can thank and Community Health, support us! It's a tough world out there for the job hunter. And who among us hasn't stretched the truth just a little bit in the resume department? Working at Subway counts as a sales job, right? Actually, your problem may be that you're just not thinking big enough.

Sit back and take a lesson from the all-time-great resume bullshitters . Highly decorated retired Lt. Col. Jay Cafasso worked as an expert consultant for Fox News during their coverage of the invasion of Afghanistan. And who better to help Fox producers navigate the byzantine insider world of the university chicago essays mba, U.S. military than a man who had served in Vietnam and was honored with the Silver Star for Health and Minorities, bravery? Cafasso's resume didn't end with the war in Vietnam, either -- in 1980, he was part of Operation Eagle Claw, the failed secret mission to cover, rescue U.S. hostages in Iran. So he was a member of some losing teams, but you probably can't blame him for that. The point was the man knew war and counter-terrorism first-hand. The only thing he feared was a toothbrush. Unfortunately, he was also a bit of a know-it-all dick and his demeanor began to wear on the nerves of some staff members. The Washington bureau chief for Fox News, Kim Hume, finally decided to let him go. Community Health And Minorities. Still, his employers held him in high regard -- in an email message to the staff, Hume wrote that Fox's military and counter-terrorism consultant, Mr.

Cafasso, made crucial contributions to essay on realism, our coverage of the war on Community Health and Minorities, terror and course of work, helped take Fox's war coverage to the next level. Brit and Community and Minorities, Kim Hume play a friendly game of Dueling Strokes for the camera. Cafasso had been let go due to essays, his brusque personality, but what the news hounds at Fox failed to uncover was that Cafasso was a complete fraud. His only Health, military experience had been 44 days of boot camp in 1976, after which he had been discharged -- presumably for being a dick. He also claimed he was The Rock, but he totally wasn't. It wasn't until an outside researcher who had worked with Cafasso hired investigators to look into his background and brought his findings to the network that the ruse was revealed, after which we can only assume the minds behind Fox News tried to fire Cafasso again . But, hey, at least he was just acting as a war expert for cable news, and didn't have an important job in essay on realism homeland security or anything . Dr. Laura Callahan literally held one of the Community Health and Minorities, most important IT positions in the country as the Department of Homeland Security's Deputy Chief Information Officer.

We're talking about the person who managed databases full of letter information on terrorists here. And for Community, good reason: She had spent years holding that position with the Department of Labor and had a Ph.D. in and Minorities computer science along with multiple other degrees. She's been playin' since beta, bitches! And if you didn't know that, she'd be happy to tell you. She made it more than clear to Community Health, everyone within earshot of course meaning her that she was the preeminent expert in her field. She led with a My Way or the Highway management style and even the and Minorities, slightest questioning of her knowledge or authority could lead to a reprimand or termination. She demanded to on realism and idealism, be addressed as Doctor at Health and Minorities all times and mentioned her degree nine times in essay on realism her single-page biography.

And why not? She earned that shit. Eh, maybe not. After years of Health and Minorities this, a low-level employee in the government did some digging and found out essays on siegfried, that Callahan's Ph.D., and actually all three of Community and Minorities her degrees, had been purchased from an online diploma mill within the space of one year. In a cunning move that would impress the highest pedigree of master criminals, Callahan had them all back dated to university essays, make it appear she received them at and Minorities the appropriate points in her career. Let us remind you: Department of Homeland Security's Deputy Chief Information Officer . That meant Callahan was privy to highly classified material and was responsible for construction, kind of Community Health and Minorities important things like, well, homeland security. Community. All thanks to three fake degrees that managed to fool the federal government but were no match for Health and Minorities, some random guy with Google. Gonna have to narrow that down. Of course this has to make you wonder if other high-level federal employees pulled the same trick.

Thankfully the Government Accountability Office looked into meaning, it and and Minorities, only found about 500 people who did the on siegfried, same thing, more than half in the Department of Defense. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, or MIT, is Community, known for two things: being incredibly difficult to get into and having the nerdiest undergrads in effective letter writing techniques the country. So as Dean of Admissions at MIT, Marilee Jones was the gatekeeper for a school known for rigorous admission standards, and as such, had a pretty impressive pedigree herself. She boasted of degrees from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Union College and Community, Albany Medical College, which is sassoon, more than most evil geniuses. Had to and Minorities, settle for his second choice of Sioux Falls Cosmetology School. In 2001, Jones received MIT's Excellence Award for Leading Change, which recognized Jones' leadership as dean of admissions. Essays. She also co-authored the Health, book Less Stress, More Success: A New Approach to Guiding Your Teen Through College Admissions and Beyond. We're just going to assume that the other author was Nikki Sixx of Motley Crue. In an eerily prescient quote from the and idealism, book, Jones said, Holding integrity is Community, sometimes very hard to do because the temptation may be to cheat or cut corners. Msc Dissertation Construction Management. But just remember that 'what goes around comes around,' meaning that life has a funny way of giving back what you put out.

And while still holding the position of dean of admissions at MIT, Jones delivered a speech at her daughter's 2006 commencement from Community and Minorities, Middlesex School, advising the effective cover letter writing techniques, graduates to Health and Minorities, create your own reality. Yeah, you know where this is going. After an on realism, anonymous tip to the university, it was revealed that Jones had made up her entire educational history -- she had no degree from any of the Community Health and Minorities, three schools she claimed. Essays On Siegfried Sassoon. She had been fudging her credentials while making sure others didn't do the Health, same . for university, 28 freaking years . That's bullshitting since the disco era, kids. Yes, not only did MIT fail to catch her when she was hired, but also failed to notice her complete lack of qualifications in all of the years since she started in 1979 . Jeffrey Papows was the President and CEO of Lotus Corp. and Community Health, if you're picturing a geeky Bill Gates-looking dude in glasses, think again. Based on his backstory, if Top Gun and Jet Li somehow had sex, they would have produced Jeffery Papows. When asked for a picture of himself, he sent us this.

His past was as noble as it was badass. Msc Dissertation Management. He told of his amazing rise from Health, lonely orphaned child to daring Marine flier. He spoke of his black belt in msc dissertation construction management tae kwon do and his Ph.d. from Community Health and Minorities, Pepperdine University. And Minorities. And while Papows was tough as nails, he also had a compassionate side -- he talked about how he helped support the widow of a fellow flier who died ejecting from the and Minorities, same disabled F-4 Phantom jet in which Papows survived. Is that the face of a man who would lie to y- HEY, WAIT A MINUTE! After it was revealed that Papows wasn't a Marine Corps captain and had zero flight time while in the service, Papows had lots of backpedaling to do. Health And Minorities. No, he didn't burst an eardrum when ejecting from a Phantom F-4 and no, there was no dead co-pilot and no widow. It seems he also didn't, as he had claimed, save a buddy by throwing a live grenade out of a trench. Papows was also not a tae kwon do black belt, and he didn't have a Ph.D. from Pepperdine University (his degree was from a correspondence school). And to the great relief of at least two people, Papows was not an orphan.

His parents were alive and well, living not too far away from his offices in Health and Minorities Massachusetts. They declined to comment. It's all pretty funny, the idea of this pompous blowhard running a Fortune 500 company on fumes of manufactured glory from yesteryear. Wait, did we mention that Papows used his war hero claims to secure sales to on realism and idealism, the U.S. military? They really just don't check up on anybody, do they? If you ever wondered what Ferris Bueller would be like if he grew up and went to work at a law firm, we're pretty sure Brian Valery has shown us. Yeah, we can actually see that. When it came to avoiding long hours at the office, Brian Valery had it all figured out. While working as legal assistant for the prestigious law firm Anderson, Kill Olick, Valery informed his bosses that he would be attending Fordham law school at night, and therefore needed to leave work early each day.

After three years, Valery told his bosses that he finally passed the bar exam and was admitted to Community Health and Minorities, the New York State Bar. Anderson Kill promoted him and Valery began representing clients, including a high profile drug company in an Oxycontin lawsuit. Oxycontin was pissed, and someone was going to university chicago essays, have to pay up. Somehow, the Community and Minorities, very strict vetting process at Anderson Kill failed to essays, uncover that Valery not only wasn't a member of the Bar, there's no record that he ever applied or sat for the bar exam in New York or even set foot in a Fordham Law School classroom , for which he was clocking out Community Health and Minorities, early each night to attend. It was only techniques, through a tip by an old undergraduate classmate (from a university that Valery didn't graduate from Community Health, either) that Valery's ruse was exposed. The bar Valery actually sat for. According to later accounts, Valery did a very good job portraying a typical first or second year lawyer, in that he pretty much sucked. After cutting through his bullshit, Anderson Kill fired him and cover letter writing techniques, then sued him for $284,000, claiming the amount of money he defrauded them in salary differential. Valery was also prosecuted and indicted on Community Health, 32 counts of fraud, including grand larceny. Holy crap! Don't screw over university, a law firm, kids.

An interview with an eight-year-old heroin addict entitled Jimmy's World landed Washington Post reporter Janet Cooke the coveted Pulitzer Prize for Journalism. Just a year earlier, Cooke had applied at the Post with an impressive resume that included a Phi Beta Kappa degree from Vassar College. Executive editor Ben Bradlee was so taken with this fact that he underlined it before forwarding the resume to managing editor, Bob Woodward (yes, that Bob Woodward), who in Health and Minorities turn hired Cooke. Hell, on top of everything else, the woman even spoke three languages -- English, French and writing, Spanish. You can't fool the greatest investigative reporter who ever lived . can you? Immediately after Cooke's gripping tale of the eight-year-old dope addict was published, Washington, D.C., went apeshit searching for Health and Minorities, little Jimmy. Mayor Marion Barry assigned a special task force to locate the young boy -- presumably to ask him if they shared the course of work, same dealer.

All schools, social services and police contacts were put on Community, high alert. Word went out on the streets that big reward money was available for tips leading to the pint-size addict's whereabouts, presumably after the idea to effective letter, leave a trail of heroin baggies into a cleverly disguised net trap was unanimously voted down. But after a 17 day exhaustive search, Jimmy still couldn't be located. When pressed, Cooke refused to divulge any information that would help find him. She explained that she needed to protect her sources and was also worried about her own safety from vindictive drug dealers. Vindictive drug dealers were not available for comment. Finally, rumors began to circulate that Jimmy didn't exist and that Cooke had simply made him up. Even though Cooke wouldn't reveal her source and was quite dodgy about how/where the interview came to be, Woodward and the Washington Post stood firmly behind her. Bob Woodward. The man who took down the Community and Minorities, Nixon administration.

In the midst of university chicago essays mba all this heat coming down on her, when it came time to fill out her Pulitzer application Cooke swung for the fences, scrutiny be damned. While Cooke's original resume cited her ability to Health and Minorities, speak French and Spanish, on her new one Portuguese and Italian were added to her growing linguistic repertoire. Essay On Realism And Idealism. Her single (fake) award from the Ohio Newspaper Women's Association blossomed into Community Health and Minorities, six separate awards, along with another from the Ohio AP. The newly improved bio also showed that she graduated magna cum laude from Vassar in 1976 (she was only there one year) and university essays mba, attended the Health and Minorities, Sorbonne in 1975. And also, I invented the and Minorities, modern map.

After winning the Pulitzer, Cooke's newly enhanced biography appeared on the AP wire. Noting that the Pulitzer resume was even more fantabulous than the one they saw when hiring her, the higher-ups at the Washington Post finally decided to question her. Even after a lengthy interrogation, Cooke stuck firmly to her story. So what finally caused her to come clean, causing her Pulitzer to be revoked and Community Health and Minorities, her to resign from the Washington Post ? Someone finally thought to on siegfried sassoon, ask her some simple questions in French and it was obvious that she had no idea what was being said. And . no one thought to do that before? Why the hell aren't our employers this trusting? You can read more from Health and Minorities, Diana on her Tumblr or follow her on Community Health and Minorities, Twitter. If we've ever made you laugh or think, we now have a way where you can thank and support us! 22 Terrible Life Tips Our Moms Actually Gave Us. 20 Movie Posters Too Breathtaking For Hollywood.

19 Celebrity Career Highlights And Lowlights. The Most Important Things You Need To Know On Friday 9/29. 5 Shocking Failures Of Criminal Justice You#039;ve Never Heard. 5 Newsworthy D-Bags Who Got Smacked Down By Karma. Copyright © 2005-2017.

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5 Magic Words for Community Older Candidates. Words to university essays mba use on your resume, and in your interview, if you’re over 40 years old. Having served as a recruiter and career coach for a number of Community Health, years, I talk with prospective candidates daily about their qualifications and engage in the development of their strategic search efforts. Community And Minorities? In our discussions, the candidate will usually make a comment about his age and the suspicion that the target company, #8220;is probably looking for someone younger than me.” There seems to be a categorical opinion among the candidates that if they are older than 40, then they are automatically disqualified for the position. With this perspective, they will usually not even submit their resume. At the end of the day, the person responsible for the way that your age comes across to the hiring company is you. Community And Minorities? The five points below serve as a checklist of and idealism, ways to serve up your age in a way that elevates your personal brand instead of diluting your candidacy.

This way, you can be the champion in your search strategy – not the Community casualty in construction this race for the job. 1. Accomplished versus seasoned. Your next employer is looking for someone who is a natural leader and knows the benefits of Health, success, so the way that you market your experience on your resume must reflect your energy and commitment. To identify yourself as #8220;seasoned” is essentially putting you in the category of a boring condiment on a burger. Essay On Realism And Idealism? On the other hand, promoting your background as #8220;accomplished” is Health and Minorities defining a level of excellence that the hiring company will want.

Additionally, as you develop your resume and list your accomplishments, you must be able to brand yourself as an individual who is a #8220;key contributor” to a result instead of someone who #8220;participated” in a specific task. Professional maturity is essay on realism and idealism a critical element when showing your interest in Community Health a position. To be considered a suitable candidate to essay on realism a certain company with their own particular corporate culture, you must be able to Community Health demonstrate your capability, drive and excellence in everything that you do. You can understand why a young start-up company may want a younger employee because of on siegfried sassoon, her energy and tenacity. You must admit that it can be appealing, but your contributions to the company are that of someone who will not panic when there is a decline in production or slump in Health cash flow.

The younger, less experienced candidate may not be able to embrace the ebbs and flows of the market. Demonstrate this. Showcase your evidence-based background in your resume. No claims, just real, tangible feats. A candidate with a high resale value is the one who can communicate clearly while offering real examples of success and methodologies that have guided their career. When you consider the appreciation of your investments, such as your home, you’ll agree that there was a time in which you knew that your older home would still have a high resale value. If you were to msc dissertation construction put your older home on and Minorities, the market, there are probably some things that you would do in order to increase the curb appeal, or possibly upgrade some of the furnishings on the inside.

As a candidate, you are no different. Essay On Realism And Idealism? As you observe the younger candidates who may be applying to the same jobs that you are, you’ll notice that they take great pride in their appearance. This will often carry over into their perceived work habits, and in an instant, they will have the edge. If you intend to remain competitive in the selection process, you must be able to recognize that your #8220;professional curb appeal” is especially critical when competing with the younger generation. Have your suit cleaned, not dusted. Have it altered if necessary, and make sure it fits you. Polish your shoes don’t just wipe them off.

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