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Aspartic acid racemization rate in narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of concluding paragraphs research, growth layers in tusks. Ages of to synthesise, marine mammals have traditionally been estimated by counting dentinal growth layers in paragraphs teeth. However, this method is difficult to use on narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) because of their special tooth structures. Alternative methods are therefore needed. The aspartic acid racemization (AAR) technique has been used in age estimation studies of cetaceans, including narwhals. The purpose of this study was to estimate a species-specific racemization rate for narwhals by problem answers for interviews regressing aspartic acid d/l ratios in eye lens nuclei against growth layer groups in tusks ( n =9). Concluding Papers. Two racemization rates were estimated: one by linear regression ( r 2 =0.98) based on the assumption that age was known without error, and one based on a bootstrap study, taking into account the uncertainty in the age estimation ( r 2 between 0.88 and 0.98). The two estimated 2 k Asp values were identical up to two significant figures. The 2 k Asp value from the bootstrap study was found to be 0.00229±0.000089 SE, which corresponds to a racemization rate of 0.00114 ?yr ±0.000044 SE.

The intercept of love poem essay, 0.0580±0.00185 SE corresponds to twice the ( d/l ) 0 value, which is then 0.0290±0.00093 SE. We propose that this species-specific racemization rate and ( d/l ) 0 value be used in future AAR age estimation studies of concluding paragraphs papers, narwhals, but also recommend the collection of tusks and eyes of paper, narwhals for further improving the ( d/l ) 0 and 2 k Asp estimates obtained in this study. The tusk of the papers, narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) was previously thought to be the long horn of a mythical creature: the food research paper, unicorn. It was mysteriously beautiful and its horn was said to neutralize poison. The royal throne of Denmark (1662) was made of 15 “unicorn horns”, which were of tremendous value. Concluding Paragraphs Research Papers. Back then, as today, narwhals were hunted for problem solving for interviews, their valuable tusks. Today, only Inuit in concluding Greenland and Canada are allowed to hunt narwhals, and the hunt is managed in both countries (NAMMCO 2009 NAMMCO (North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission). 2009 . Annual report 2009. TromsoNorway : North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission . [Google Scholar] ). Ongoing studies of migration patterns (Heide-Jorgensen et al. 2003 Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Dietz R . Laidre K.L . Richard P . Essays For Class. Orr J . Schmidt H.C . The migratory behaviour of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) . Canadian Journal of Zoology. Paragraphs. 2003 ; 81: 1298 – 1305 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ), population sizes (Heide-Jorgensen et al.

2010 Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Laidre K.L . Burt M.L . Borchers D.L . Marques T.A . Hansen R.G . Rasmussen M . Fossette S . Abundance of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) on the hunting grounds in Greenland . Of California Dissertations. Journal of Mammalogy. 2010 ; 91: 1135 – 1151 . Concluding Paragraphs Research. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Richard et al. 2010 Richard P.R . Laake J.L . Hobbs R.C . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Asselin N.C . Cleator H . Baffin Bay narwhal distribution and numbers: aerial surveys in the Canadian High Arctic, 2002–04 . Arctic. English For Class 10 Icse. 2010 ; 63: 85 – 99 . [Google Scholar] ) and life history (Garde et al. 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Paragraphs. Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and love poem essay remarkable longevity in paragraphs research narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) of narwhals contribute to understanding the underlying population dynamics of this exploited species (Reeves Heide-Jorgensen 1994 Reeves R.R . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Commercial aspects of the exploitation of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) in Greenland, with emphasis on tusk exports . Essays For Class 10 Icse. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience. 1994 ; 39: 119 – 134 . [Google Scholar] ). Sustainable harvest levels are usually calculated from population dynamics models where survival and concluding reproductive rates, based on reliable age distributions, are vital (Kingsley 1989 Kingsley M . Population dynamics of the narwhal Monodon monoceros : an initial assessment (Odontoceti: Monodontidae) . Journal of Zoology. 1989 ; 219: 201 – 208 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). Estimation of life history parameters for narwhals has been hindered by the lack of a reliable age estimation technique. Without such a technique, it is difficult to parameterize rates of body growth, age at problem answers for interviews, sexual maturity, longevity and survival rates of the whales.

Traditionally, ages of paragraphs research, marine mammals have been estimated by counting dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) in teeth, usually consisting of an opaque and a translucent layer deposited annually (Dietz et al. 1991 Dietz R . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Harkonen T . Teilmann J . Valentin N . Age determination of European harbour seals Phoca vitulina L . Sarsia. 1991 ; 76: 17 – 21 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Heide-Jorgensen et al. 1994 Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Jensen J . Organism To Synthesise. Larsen A . Teilmann J . Neurohr B . Age estimation of white whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) from Greenland . Concluding Paragraphs. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience. 1994 ; 39: 187 – 193 . [Google Scholar] ; Stewart et al. 2006 Stewart R.E.A . Love Poem Essay. Campana S.E . Jones C.M . Concluding Paragraphs Papers. Stewart B.E . Bomb radiocarbon dating calibrates beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) age estimates . Canadian Journal of paper, Zoology. Research Papers. 2006 ; 84: 1840 – 1852 . Research. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Lockyer et al. 2007 Lockyer C . Hohn A.A . Doidge D.W . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Suydam R . Age determination in belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas )—a quest for validation of dentinal layering . Aquatic Mammals. 2007 ; 33: 293 – 304 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). Narwhals are born with two maxillary, elongated teeth embedded in the upper jaw. Paragraphs Papers. The left tooth erupts through the lip in males, and university of california as the paragraphs papers, whale grows older this becomes a long, spiralled tusk (Hay Mansfield 1989 Hay K.A . Mansfield A.W . Narwhal— Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 . Handbook of marine mammals.

Ridgway S.H . Used. Harrison R . Academic Press . London , 1989 ; 145 – 176 . [Google Scholar] ). Concluding Paragraphs Research. Normally, the right tooth remains inside the organism used, maxilla in males. In females, both teeth usually stay embedded in the maxillae. Anomalies such as females with tusks or males without a tusk or with two tusks are reported in the literature but occur infrequently in narwhal populations (Hay Mansfield 1989 Hay K.A . Mansfield A.W . Narwhal— Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 . Handbook of marine mammals. Ridgway S.H . Concluding Paragraphs Papers. Harrison R . Academic Press . Love Poem Essay. London , 1989 ; 145 – 176 . [Google Scholar] ). Besides being expensive to purchase and difficult to prepare for counting GLGs, tusks almost exclusively represent only the paragraphs research papers, male part of the population. Attempts have been made to estimate age by counting GLGs in embedded teeth. However, due to occlusion of the pulp cavity and thereby cessation of answers for interviews, deposition of growth layers, only a minimum estimate of age can be obtained from these teeth for adults; reliable estimates can be obtained only for concluding papers, young individuals (Hay 1980 Hay K.A . Age determination of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros L . Report of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue.

1980 ; 3: 119 – 132 . [Google Scholar] ). A different method is needed to research paper obtain age estimates for concluding papers, the mature component of the narwhal population, including both males and paper females. The aspartic acid racemization (AAR) technique has been used in several age estimation studies of cetaceans (Nerini 1983 Nerini M.K . Age determination of concluding papers, fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ) based upon aspartic acid racemization in the lens nucleus . Report of the organism used to synthesise, International Whaling Commission. Paragraphs Papers. 1983 ; 33: 447 – 448 . [Google Scholar] ; George et al. 1999 George J.C . Bada J.L . Zeh J . Scott L . Brown S.E . O'Hara T . Suydam R . Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization . Canadian Journal of Zoology. University Dissertations. 1999 ; 77: 571 – 580 . [Google Scholar] ; Olsen Sunde 2002 Olsen E . Sunde J . Age determination of minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) using the concluding paragraphs, aspartic acid racemization technique . Sarsia. 2002 ; 87: 1 – 8 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). This technique relies on research, the fact that in metabolically inactive tissues, the l -form of aspartic acid converts to the d -form at a constant rate over time, a process known as racemization (Masters et al. 1977 Masters P.M . Bada J.L . Zigler J.S . Aspartic acid racemization in the human lens during ageing and in cataract formation . Nature.

1977 ; 268: 71 – 73 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). The age of an individual can be estimated when the rate of racemization, the initial ( d/l ) 0 value for the species and concluding paragraphs the individual d/l ratio are known. Research Paper. The most stable proteins of the body are found in teeth and paragraphs eye lens nuclei, and that is why these tissues are often used in AAR age estimation studies (Bada et al. 1980 Bada J.L . Brown S . Masters P.M . Age determination of marine mammals based on aspartic acid racemization in the teeth and lens nucleus . Report of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue. 1980 ; 3: 113 – 118 . [Google Scholar] ). Bada et al. ( 1983 Bada J.L . Mitchell E . Kemper B . Aspartic acid racemization in narwhal teeth . Nature. 1983 ; 303: 418 – 420 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) and Garde et al. ( 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in dissertations narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) used AAR to estimate ages of concluding paragraphs research papers, narwhals from teeth and eye lens nuclei. Of California. Bada et al. ( 1983 Bada J.L . Mitchell E . Kemper B . Concluding Research. Aspartic acid racemization in narwhal teeth . Nature.

1983 ; 303: 418 – 420 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) used the human racemization rate in solving teeth, whereas Garde et al. ( 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and research remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Organism To Synthesise. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) estimated a rate based on a combination of narwhal and fin whale ( Balaenoptera physalus ) data. Concluding Research Papers. The rate of racemization has been shown to differ among species, mainly driven by love poem essay core body temperature (Garde 2011 Garde E . 2011 . Past and present population dynamics of narwhals Monodon monoceros . PhD thesis, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen . [Google Scholar] ; Rosa et al. 2012 Rosa C , Zeh J , George J.C , Botta O , Zauscher M , Bada J . O'Hara, T.M . Research. 2012 . Age estimates based on aspartic acid racemization for bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) harvested in 1998–2000 and university of california the relationship between racemization rate and body temperature . Marine Mammal Science. doi: 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). It is therefore important to concluding paragraphs estimate a specific racemization rate for the narwhal based directly on dissertations, narwhal data. The purpose of concluding paragraphs, this study was to estimate a species-specific racemization rate for the narwhal by regression of GLGs in tusks against aspartic acid d/l ratios in eye lens nuclei. Organism Used To Synthesise. We anticipate that this rate will be useful in future large-scale studies of life history and population dynamics of narwhal populations. Tusks and both matching eyes from 11 narwhals were purchased from the Inuit hunt in research papers north-west and East Greenland in the period September 2006–November 2010 (Table 1). Essays 10 Icse. Eye samples from two whales (ID nos. 4080 and 4084) were discarded as it was uncertain whether the tusk and eyes came from the same individual. Research. Eight of the remaining nine whales were males. We believe the ninth whale (ID no.

4075) was a female: the Inuit hunter that caught this individual also provided ovaries together with the tusk and eyes. Body lengths of the whales ranged from 306 to 491 cm (Table 1). Aspartic acid racemization rate in organism narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of growth layers in tusks. Table 1 Data on the 11 narwhals from North Greenland (NGl), West Greenland (WGl) and East Greenland (EGl) used in this study. Note that tusks nos. 4080, 4084 and 953 were received with ca. 5, 6 and 7 cm, respectively, cut off the bases. These missing centimetres are added to the total length of the tusks in the table. Also, it was uncertain whether the neonatal line was present in tusk no. 956 Growth layer group is abbreviated to GLG.

Tusk preparation and counting of dentinal GLGs. Total tusk length, external tusk length (portion protruding from the concluding papers, melon of the whale), tusk mass, tusk diameter at the melon front, total length of the pulp cavity and diameter of the pulp cavity at problem for interviews, the melon front were measured (Table 1). Paragraphs Research Papers. Some tusks were purchased while still embedded in the skull, and paper these were removed after gentle maceration of the concluding paragraphs, skull in 38°C water for five days. English 10 Icse. Each tusk was cut into two longitudinal sections using a jigsaw (Fig. 1). The surfaces were polished using sheets of very fine sandpaper, and the tusks were placed in a wooden container lined with plastic where they were soaked in 12% acetic acid for four–five days, after which they were rinsed with water and left to concluding paragraphs research papers dry for 10 icse, one day. This procedure made individual GLGs more visible by research revealing troughs and ridges, thereby facilitating counting. Growth layers were counted, and their individual widths were measured with a digital micrometer in order to estimate a standard width of GLG that might help in identifying GLGs and rejecting secondary lines. Aspartic acid racemization rate in narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of essays for class, growth layers in tusks. Fig.

1 (a) Root of proximal part of tusk no. 4076 with a cementum layer, dentinal growth layers and a small pulp cavity. (b) Apical tip (distal part) of tusk no. 4080 with neonatal line, first three dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) and a large pulp cavity. (c) Detail of narwhal tusk no. 4076 showing dentinal GLGs (black ring), thin layers in cementum (white ring) and nodes or marks in the cementum at paragraphs research papers, the origin of the dentinal GLGs (black arrows). Fig. 1 (a) Root of proximal part of tusk no. 4076 with a cementum layer, dentinal growth layers and a small pulp cavity. Organism. (b) Apical tip (distal part) of concluding research papers, tusk no. 10 Icse. 4080 with neonatal line, first three dentinal growth layer groups (GLGs) and a large pulp cavity. Papers. (c) Detail of narwhal tusk no. 4076 showing dentinal GLGs (black ring), thin layers in cementum (white ring) and nodes or marks in the cementum at the origin of the dentinal GLGs (black arrows).

It was noted whether the neonatal line, the solving answers, tip and the root of the proximal part of the tusk (the part originally located within the head of the whale) were present (Fig. 1a, b). A single, experienced tooth-reader trained in reading beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) and narwhal teeth (not tusks) was chosen to read the narwhal tusks as less-experienced tooth-readers of harp seal ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ) teeth have been shown to be less accurate and more negatively biased (Garde et al. Paragraphs. 2010 Garde E . Frie A.K . Love Poem Essay. Dunshea G . Hansen S.H . Kovacs K.M . Paragraphs Research. Lydersen C . Harp seal ageing techniques—teeth, aspartic acid racemization, and telomere sequence analysis . Journal of dissertations, Mammalogy. 2010 ; 91: 1365 – 1374 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Frie et al. 2011 Frie A.K . Paragraphs Papers. Fagerheim K . Of California. Hammill M.O . Kapel F.O . Lockyer C . Stenson G.B . Rosing-Asvid A . Svetochev V . Error patterns in age estimation of harp seals ( Pagophilus groenlandicus ): results from a transatlantic, image-based, blind-reading experiment using known-age teeth . ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2011 ; 68: 1942 – 1953 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). GLGs were counted on both sides of each of the longitudinal sections, and each GLG was marked with a pencil for bookkeeping and to check for consistency in concluding paragraphs papers their classification. GLGs of each of the longitudinal sections were read several times, and organism used to synthesise consistent readings with the most GLGs were accepted as the best estimates.

This was done to diminish the risk of un-counted GLGs due to uneven sectioning of the tusks. One GLG consisting of a small dense dark layer and a wide paler layer (Heide-Jorgensen et al. 1994 Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Jensen J . Concluding Research Papers. Larsen A . Teilmann J . Research Paper Outline. Neurohr B . Concluding Research Papers. Age estimation of white whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) from Greenland . Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience. 1994 ; 39: 187 – 193 . [Google Scholar] ) was assumed to represent one year in the whale's life, as shown for the closely related beluga (Stewart et al. 2006 Stewart R.E.A . Campana S.E . Jones C.M . Stewart B.E . Bomb radiocarbon dating calibrates beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) age estimates . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2006 ; 84: 1840 – 1852 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). Often the beginning of a GLG was marked with a node in the cementum; in cases where the university, GLGs were less discernible, this node could be used as guidance for determining the concluding paragraphs, start of the GLGs (Fig. 1c). There was also some layering in the cementum, but the layers were less easy to organic research outline count and the cementum appeared to have far fewer GLGs than the more protected dentine. Concluding Paragraphs. Secondary lines were frequently present, and care had to be taken to site research paper make consistent readings of standard width GLGs (Fig. 1c).

Growth of the narwhal tusk is concluding papers, shown as a plot of tusk length (cm) versus GLGs for each of the 11 narwhal tusks used in this study. One GLG is organic research outline, assumed to constitute one year of growth. Eye dissection and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Eyes were frozen at concluding research papers, ?20°C upon collection. In the paper outline, laboratory, eye lenses were dissected out of the eyes. Concluding Paragraphs. The lens layers surrounding the nucleus were thoroughly removed, like layers of an onion, leaving only the nucleus for further analysis (Garde et al. University. 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and paragraphs remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Essays 10 Icse. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). One eye, rather than both eyes, from each whale was analysed, as no significant difference between eyes from the same individual narwhal were found in concluding research papers a previous study (Garde et al. 2007 Garde E . Love Poem Essay. Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Concluding Paragraphs. Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy.

2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). Hydrolysis of love poem essay, samples and concluding research papers analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed following the procedures of Zhao Bada ( 1995 Zhao M . Bada J.L . Determination of ?-dialkylamino acids and their enantiomers in geological samples by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with a chiral adduct of o-phthaldialdehyde . Journal of Chromatography A. 1995 ; 690: 55 – 63 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) and of california Garde et al. ( 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and concluding paragraphs research remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by for interviews aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). Eye lens nuclei were hydrolysed in paragraphs research 1 ml 6 M HCl for organic outline, 6 h at concluding, 100°C. An Agilent 1100 Series HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Walbronn, Germany) was used for the chromatography and data analysis. Detection was performed using fluorescence (excitation = 340 nm, emission = 450 nm). The column was a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6?150 mm, with particle size of of california dissertations, 3.5 µm. The HPLC-measured d/l ratios were calibrated using series of d/l standards: 0.5/99.5, 1/99, 2/98, 5/95, 10/90 and 15/85.

This series was run at concluding paragraphs, the beginning and end of each HPLC run. The measured d/l ratios from the eye lens nuclei were recalculated using the calibration equations (linear regression) for the d/l standards. Narwhal racemization rate and ( d/l ) 0 value. Eye lens nuclei d/l ratios were regressed against the number of GLGs in tusks to obtain a species-specific racemization rate for narwhals (Table 1). Included in the regression were d/l ratios from love poem essay two near-term foetuses (=0 years old) and 13 young narwhals classified to age based on concluding paragraphs papers, length and month of death (age range: 0.5–2.5 years old; length range: 175–298 cm; Garde et al. 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . 10 Icse. Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Concluding Research Papers. Age-specific growth and love poem essay remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). The slope of the regression line equals the 2 k Asp value, corresponding to twice the racemization rate. The intercept of the line corresponds to papers twice the solving for interviews, ( d/l ) 0 value.

A linear regression assumes that explanatory variables are measured without error. Violation of this assumption can lead to biased results and underestimation of the standard errors. The explanatory variable is age, estimated from either length or GLG counts, both subject to error. The possible bias and standard errors were quantified via bootstrapping. Each bootstrap data set was created as follows: to the d/l ratios were added a normal random variable with mean 0 and SE equal to the residual SE from the ordinary regression assuming no error on the age estimates.

The age of the 15 foetuses and young whales were drawn from a uniform distribution on an interval given by the estimated age±0.5 years, and then rounded to concluding the nearest half-integer value. For whales where age was estimated by love poem essay GLG counts, simulated values were rounded to paragraphs research papers the nearest integer. The uncertainty in the GLG counts was larger and based on organic paper, whether the tusk was complete or not. If the neonatal line, the tip or the base were missing (Table 1), the uncertainty was increased. Uncertainty was also based on the readability of growth layers, especially concerning the concluding paragraphs papers, two oldest tusks with many GLGs. The uncertainty was evaluated for each tusk, so the bootstrap study used different uniform distributions for each whale. The number of bootstrap replicates used was 10 000. Tusk lengths ranged from 34 to 255 cm (Table 1). Tusk diameter (mm) measured at the melon front ranged from 12 to english 10 icse 63 mm. Length of the paragraphs papers, pulp cavity was between 56% and 100% of tusk length; the shortest tusk (34 cm) had the lowest percentage pulp cavity, and the longest tusk (255 cm) had a pulp cavity running through the entire tusk.

Tusk mass ranged from 0.06 to 7.45 kg. Six out of nine tusks were worn at of california, the tip but were complete and included the neonatal line. The tip of the longest tusk (ID no. 4076) was broken off as well as being worn: it lacked the neonatal line and concluding paragraphs research papers several GLGs. The tip of the organism used to synthesise, second longest tusk (ID no. 956) was also worn, and it was uncertain whether the neonatal line was still present. However, based on how it was worn, we assumed that, at most, only the neonatal line and a few, if any, GLGs were missing. To estimate the number of missing GLGs in tusk ID no. 4076, it was compared with tusk ID no.

956, which was of almost the same length and diameter. Concluding Paragraphs Research Papers. It was concluded that the missing tip of ID no. 4076 contained 10 GLGs. Fifty GLGs were counted in english for class the tusk, giving a total of research, 60 GLGs after adding the missing 10. The root of the proximal part of the to synthesise, tusk from whale ID no. 888 was partly destroyed during maceration, which complicated counting GLGs. The count of 24 GLGs may therefore be a minimum estimate for this tusk.

The proximal parts of tusks with ID nos. 4080, 4084 and 953 were lost, having been cut off by the hunters during removal. By comparing these three tusks with other tusks, we estimated that 5 – 7 cm was missing in each case (Table 1). However, for the abovementioned four tusks, we assumed only a few, if any, GLGs were missing. GLGs were counted in all 11 tusks, and counts, or age estimates, ranged from 5 – 70 GLGs (Table 1). Tusk growth in length for the 11 tusks ranged between 3.54 and 9.11 cm ?yr with an average of 6.33 cm ?yr . The two largest and oldest tusks were growing the least per year (range: 3.54 – 4.25 cm ?yr ). Concluding Papers. The remaining tusks grew between 5.38 and 7.73 cm ?yr except for tusk with ID no.

974 that had the fastest growth of 9.11 cm ?yr . Width of individual GLGs did not diminish with age but varied between years (range for problem solving, all tusks: 0.76 – 3.96 mm). Tusk lengths versus number of GLGs are shown in Fig. 2. Aspartic acid racemization rate in narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of concluding, growth layers in tusks. Fig. 2 Narwhal tusk length (cm) versus number of growth layer groups (GLGs). One GLG is assumed to constitute one year of tusk growth. Fig. English For Class 10 Icse. 2 Narwhal tusk length (cm) versus number of concluding research papers, growth layer groups (GLGs). One GLG is assumed to constitute one year of tusk growth. Standard curves and linear regression equations.

The d/l standard series was used to problem for interviews produce two standard curves for each HPLC run. For each run, linear regression equations were calculated by regression of theoretical d/l ratios versus the measured d/l ratios from the paragraphs research papers, d/l standards. The coefficient was r 2 =0.99 for each run. Individual d/l ratios were recalculated using the equation with a slope closest to university dissertations 1 (range: 1.1295 – 1.2187) from each run. Estimating the racemization rate and ( d/l ) 0 value. The slope of the regression line (=2 k Asp value) including nine whales with tusks and 15 foetuses and young whales was estimated to be 0.00233±0.000080 SE with an intercept of concluding research, 0.0579±0.00179 SE ( r 2 =0.98). The residual SE in the regression was 0.0073. The racemization rate and ( d/l ) 0 value were, therefore, 0.00117 ?yr ±0.000040 SE and food research outline 0.0290±0.00089 SE, respectively.

For the bootstrap study, the simulated age for whales ID nos. 950 and 951 was drawn from a uniform distribution centred at their estimated age±1 year; for paragraphs, whales ID nos. 841, 953 and organism used to synthesise 974, an uncertainty of±3 was used; and for concluding papers, whale ID no. 4076, an uncertainty of ±5 was used. Finally, for whales ID nos. 4075, 888 and 956, the for interviews, values given in paragraphs Table 1 are minimum values, with a possible underestimate of up to five years. Organism. Therefore, for these three whales a number between 0 and 5 was added, with linearly decreasing probability.

The average estimate of the slope was 0.00229±0.000089 SE, and the average intercept estimate was 0.0580±0.00185 SE (Fig. 3). The r 2 was in all cases between 0.88 and 0.98. We finally estimate the racemization rate to 0.00114 ?yr ±0.000044 and the ( d/l ) 0 to 0.0290±0.00093. Aspartic acid racemization rate in concluding paragraphs research narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of growth layers in research outline tusks.

Fig. 3 Regression line from the bootstrap study of d/l ratios against growth layer group (GLG) counts and concluding papers estimated age based on length. The slope of the regression line corresponds to of california twice the racemization rate (2 k Asp ) and the intercept corresponds to twice the concluding paragraphs research papers, ( d/l ) 0 value. Fig. 3 Regression line from the bootstrap study of university of california dissertations, d/l ratios against growth layer group (GLG) counts and paragraphs research estimated age based on length. The slope of the university, regression line corresponds to twice the racemization rate (2 k Asp ) and research papers the intercept corresponds to twice the ( d/l ) 0 value. Eleven narwhal tusks and matching eyes were sampled for food research paper, the purpose of estimating a species-specific racemization rate for concluding paragraphs, narwhals by regression of GLGs in tusks against d/l ratios in solving for interviews eye lens nuclei. Eyes from two whales were discarded, as it was uncertain whether the tusk and papers eyes came from the same individual. Thus, samples from nine whales remained for analysis. The sample size is less than optimal, but the costs and difficulties of obtaining whole tusks and matching eyes preclude a more extensive sampling programme.

Furthermore, a high incidence of broken tusks in organic paper outline adult males (Silverman Dunbar 1980 Silverman H.B . Dunbar M.J . Concluding. Aggressive tusk use by essays the narwhal ( Monodon monoceros L.) . Nature. 1980 ; 284: 57 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Concluding Paragraphs Research. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) impedes sampling of old and complete tusks. The tusks in this study were not all complete (Table 1), which complicated the paper paper, counting of GLGs, and there were some evident differences in the readability of the tusks that were impossible to quantify. Furthermore, it could only be assumed that one GLG represents one year in narwhals. Concluding Paragraphs Research. A deposition of one GLG per year in narwhal tusks is supported by analogy to problem for interviews other odontocete species (Hohn 2009 Hohn A.A . Age estimation . Encyclopedia of marine mammals2nd edn. Perrin W.F . et al. . Research. Academic Press . San Diego , 2009 ; 11 – 17 . [Google Scholar] ), and especially to the narwhal's close relative, the beluga (Stewart et al. Site Research Paper. 2006 Stewart R.E.A . Campana S.E . Concluding Paragraphs Research. Jones C.M . Stewart B.E . Site Research. Bomb radiocarbon dating calibrates beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) age estimates . Canadian Journal of Zoology.

2006 ; 84: 1840 – 1852 . Paragraphs Research. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Solving. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Lockyer et al. 2007 Lockyer C . Hohn A.A . Doidge D.W . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Suydam R . Paragraphs Papers. Age determination in belugas ( Delphinapterus leucas )—a quest for validation of solving answers for interviews, dentinal layering . Aquatic Mammals. 2007 ; 33: 293 – 304 . Concluding. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Used To Synthesise. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ), and until proven otherwise this is the most likely deposition rate. Tusk growth per year differed among the 11 tusks. The two largest and oldest tusks had the lowest growth rate, which is paragraphs papers, probably because growth in length ceases with age while growth in circumference and in used to synthesise weight increases (Table 1). Two racemization rates were estimated: one based on assuming that the age was known without error; and one based on a bootstrap study, taking into account the uncertainty in the age estimation. Papers. Uncertainty of the GLG estimation was mainly based on whether the site, tusk was complete or not.

The two oldest tusks had increased uncertainty because either the neonatal line was not present (ID no. 4076) or it was uncertain whether it was present or not (ID no. 956), and the neonatal line needs to be visible to obtain reliable age estimates based on GLG counts (Heide-Jorgensen et al. 1994 Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Jensen J . Concluding. Larsen A . Teilmann J . Neurohr B . Age estimation of university of california dissertations, white whales ( Delphinapterus leucas ) from Greenland . Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience. Paragraphs. 1994 ; 39: 187 – 193 . [Google Scholar] ). Another reason was that GLGs in love poem essay teeth from old animals are more difficult to discern and count due to compact layering, wear of the teeth and often broken tips (Silverman Dunbar 1980 Silverman H.B . Paragraphs. Dunbar M.J . Aggressive tusk use by the narwhal ( Monodon monoceros L.) . Nature. 1980 ; 284: 57 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ; Luque et al. 2009 Luque P.L . Site. Pierce G.J . Learmonth J.A . Santos M.B . Ieno E . Paragraphs Research. Lopez A . Reid R.J . Rogan E . Gonzales A.F . Boon J . Law R.J . English 10 Icse. Lockyer C.H . Dentinal anomalies in teeth of harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) from Scottish waters: are they linked to paragraphs research sexual maturation and environmental events? . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the solving for interviews, United Kingdom. 2009 ; 89: 893 – 902 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ). The two estimated 2 k Asp values are, however, almost identical. In order to paragraphs research papers recognize the uncertainty in the age estimates based on length and GLGs, we propose the 2 k Asp value of 0.00229 and the ( d/l ) 0 value of 0.0290 from the bootstrap study to be used in future age estimation studies of narwhals. Garde et al. Food Outline. ( 2007 Garde E . Concluding Research. Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of organism to synthesise, Mammalogy.

2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) estimated the ages of 75 narwhals using AAR with a racemization rate estimated by linear regression using age estimates based on body length from the concluding paragraphs research, same 15 young narwhals used in this study and age estimates of essays for class, 13 fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ) from Nerini ( 1983 Nerini M.K . Age determination of fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ) based upon papers, aspartic acid racemization in the lens nucleus . Report of the International Whaling Commission. 1983 ; 33: 447 – 448 . Organism To Synthesise. [Google Scholar] ) based on counts of earplug laminations. The combined narwhal–fin whale 2 k Asp value of 0.00209 is lower than the present one of 0.00229. This could potentially be a result of using data from paragraphs two species with different ( d/l ) 0 values, but could also be caused by a lower core temperature of love poem essay, fin whales (36.1°C, from George et al. 1999 George J.C . Bada J.L . Zeh J . Scott L . Paragraphs Research. Brown S.E . O'Hara T . Suydam R . Age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization . Canadian Journal of food paper, Zoology. 1999 ; 77: 571 – 580 . Concluding Papers. [Google Scholar] ) than that of narwhals. However, the site research paper, core temperature of the beluga whale, the narwhal's closest relative, has been measured to 35°C (Katsumata et al. 2006 Katsumata E . Furuta C . Concluding. Katsumata H . Watanabe G . Taya K . Basal body temperature method for detecting ovarian cycle in captive beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas ) . Journal of Reproduction and Development.

2006 ; 52: 59 – 63 . 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . Solving For Interviews. [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ), and paragraphs we assume narwhal core temperature to be similar. But, this is only speculation as no records of narwhal core temperature are available in the literature. The 2 k Asp value estimated here is specific to narwhals and organism used to synthesise should as such be a better proxy for the value in narwhals than one based on narwhal and fin whale data combined. Both the 2 k Asp values from Garde et al. ( 2007 Garde E . Heide-Jorgensen M.P . Hansen S.H . Nachman G . Forchammer M.C . Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization . Journal of Mammalogy. 2007 ; 88: 49 – 58 . Concluding Research. 10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 . [Taylor Francis Online] [Google Scholar] ) and the present one rely on indirect estimation of ages either through difficult GLG readings of narwhal tusks, body lengths or uncertain counts of earplug laminae in fin whales; they also rest on the assumption that one GLG is deposited per organic food paper, year throughout the life of the animal. Ideally, racemization rates could be derived from known-age animals in captivity or animals marked somehow early in their life. However, neither fin whales nor narwhals are held in captivity, nor are wild individuals being marked as young whales. Concluding Research Papers. Even if either of these approaches were technically feasible, a substantial number of animals would be required, ideally spanning the full longevity, to calculate authentic racemization rates. The estimated racemization rate and the ( d/l ) 0 value have different effects on AAR age estimates.

AAR age estimates of older individuals are influenced mainly by paper paper the racemization rate, while age estimates of young animals are affected primarily by the ( d/l ) 0 value (George et al. 1999 George J.C . Bada J.L . Zeh J . Scott L . Brown S.E . O'Hara T . Suydam R . Age and growth estimates of paragraphs research papers, bowhead whales ( Balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1999 ; 77: 571 – 580 . [Google Scholar] ). Love Poem Essay. Therefore, when using the AAR technique it is also significant that a reliable ( d/l ) 0 value for the species is available. Concluding Papers. Dentinal GLGs can be examined in cross-sections of embedded narwhal teeth, but occlusion means that only a minimum GLG count can be obtained from older whales (Hay 1980 Hay K.A . Age determination of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros L . Report of the International Whaling Commission Special Issue. 1980 ; 3: 119 – 132 . [Google Scholar] ). English For Class 10 Icse. However, the dentinal layers representing early years (before sexual maturity) are readable in embedded teeth and can apparently provide reliable age estimates of young narwhals (Hay 1980 Hay K.A . Age determination of the narwhal, Monodon monoceros L . Report of the concluding paragraphs, International Whaling Commission Special Issue. 1980 ; 3: 119 – 132 . [Google Scholar] ). Therefore, for future studies it is recommended that both eyes and embedded teeth be collected so that both methods of food, age estimation of young narwhals can be used to concluding paragraphs derive an improved estimate of the ( d/l ) 0 value. To summarize, in this study we have estimated a species-specific 2 k Asp rate of 0.00229 and a ( d/l ) 0 value of site research paper, 0.0290 for narwhals by regression and bootstrapping of aspartic acid d/l ratios in eye lens nuclei against GLGs in tusks. These estimates are the concluding paragraphs research, first based entirely on narwhal data. Though we recognize the small sample size as well as problems associated with using incomplete tusks, we nevertheless propose that these values be used in future AAR ageing studies of organism used to synthesise, narwhals. But we also emphasize the need for collection of concluding research, embedded teeth, intact tusks and matching eyes of paper, narwhals for further improving the ( d/l ) 0 and paragraphs research 2 k Asp estimates obtained in this study and for examining both methods of age estimation. Thanks to Jeppe Mohl for cutting and preparing the narwhal tusks, and to Nynne Hjort Nielsen, Marianne Andersen and Kirsten Andersen for organic outline, assistance with eye dissections and HPLC analysis.

Importation of samples into Denmark was authorized by concluding paragraphs research CITES permits IM 0721-199/08, IM 0721-200/08, IM 0330-820/09 and love poem essay IM 0330-819/09. Funding for concluding paragraphs research, this study was obtained from the organic research, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources and the Danish Cooperation for concluding research papers, the Environment in the Arctic. Table 1 Data on the 11 narwhals from North Greenland (NGl), West Greenland (WGl) and East Greenland (EGl) used in this study. Note that tusks nos. 4080, 4084 and site paper 953 were received with ca. Concluding Paragraphs Research Papers. 5, 6 and 7 cm, respectively, cut off the bases. These missing centimetres are added to the total length of the tusks in the table. Also, it was uncertain whether the neonatal line was present in tusk no. Site Paper. 956 Growth layer group is abbreviated to GLG. a Measured at the melon front.

b D/L ratios corrected according to regression equations. c Data not available. Registered in England Wales No. 3099067. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG.

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By using the english 10 icse functional format, job candidates can achieve three big goals: provide evidence that they are strong candidates for the job, and hide work experience gaps (if they haven’t been working for periods of time.) help hiring managers quickly locate specific skills that are required for a particular position, which is beneficial. I should use a functional resume format if… I have unusually large gaps in my employment history. I am in the midst of a big career change into a new industry. I want to promote a specific skill set. I shouldn’t use a functional style if: I want to highlight my upward career mobility. I am a student or entry-level candidate that lacks experience. Concluding Paragraphs Research Papers! I lack relevant or transferable skills. To learn more about what should be in included in a functional resume, click here.

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In your situation, we would suggest using a functional format. This will allow you to focus on your skills that are relevant to the internship you are applying for. Good luck on the job hunt and thank you for concluding paragraphs research papers your service! Okay so I am a third year college student looking for a part-time job that fits my class schedule and isn’t in the fast-food industry to love poem essay help me pay rent next year. I have never had to write a resume for any of my other jobs so I’m at a loss as to what to concluding paragraphs do. Love Poem Essay! I am applying as an concluding paragraphs papers, entry-level applicant but I also didn’t work during my freshman year and about half of of california my sophomore year. Therefore I’m not really sure how to approach this and I really need this job. Concluding Paragraphs Research! Please help!

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I am confused which format I should choose to post for this job opportunity. Please recommend. We suggest sticking with the solving traditional reverse-chronological format. Best of luck! Detailing all 18 years of your experience might be overdoing it. With three pages, there is likely some redundant information that you could cut. Paragraphs Papers! However, if you truly feel that all of your content is relevant and of interest to the employer, then stick with what you have.

Best of luck on the job hunt! I am now trying to rejoin the full-time workforce after almost a 17 year absence. Prior to marriage mother hood I was a very successful Director of Public relations for a well known beauty company in outline NYC (1990-1996). After that I joined a small firm on concluding paragraphs Long Island as their first ever Director of PR and advertising (1997-1999). Then babies came.

6 years later I joined a local firm as their Director of Operations (office manager) from english essays 10 icse, 2006-2009. Then my family and I moved to paragraphs Switzerland and just returned after 7 years. I was a teacher of English as a Second Language. I am looking for work in almost any capacity: From Communications manager to for interviews administrative assistant. I am struggling with how to present my resume. I’ve been letting my cover letters explain the history and why I would be a good fit for any given position, but I’m sure my resume is holding me back. Any ideas.

Thanks in advance! If you’re looking to get back into communications or office management, then it might be better to concluding paragraphs papers use a functional format. This will allow you to emphasize your skills instead of the dates of your work experience. Problem For Interviews! As far as explaining work gaps in your cover letter, check out this how-to guide: https://resumegenius.com/cover-letters-the-how-to-guide/cover-letter-red-flags-solutions. While I was in high school I did my internship at for State Farm. Concluding Research! After I graduated I was offered a job there and stayed there for site paper 2 years. I have recently worked at the National Instituted of Health for a year. I currently want to go back to finding an office job or something related and need help deciding what type of resume I should use? Based on the info you’ve given us, a ‘Chronological’ format would still be appropriate.

Best of concluding luck! If the the position you are applying for dissertations is also an administrative job, then stick with the research traditional Reverse-Chronological resume format. Good luck on the job hunt! Glad you liked it! Hi there! This is great. Site Paper! I was just wondering, if I’ve been at the same position for paragraphs papers 3 years (2014-present) but did a second job for love poem essay 6 months in 2015 that I would like to concluding paragraphs research papers list, would I put that first (since technically 2015 is love poem essay, more recent than 2014)?

Or would I list that after my current position, since I’m still presently in this role? Thanks! List your current position first. Best of luck! A combination or functional resume would be suitable. Best of concluding luck!

It sounds like a functional format would be a good choice. Good luck on the job hunt! Hi there Elizabeth, You have a bit of flexibility with the organism resume format, but when in doubt go with reverse-chronological. Because you’re lacking in transferable skills, I’d recommend working on your resume objective to get your application started on the right foot. https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume/career-objective-writing-guide. Also consider the soft skills you’ve built during your time working in a call center. Many of these could potentially be transferable. Concluding! https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume/skills-section-writing-guide. Good luck with your job application! Yes, a combination resume is perfectly suited to english essays for class someone of your experience, even with the career change. Good luck making the shift back into your previous field! If you are aiming for a new industry, you can’t go wrong with the classic “reverse-chronological” resume format.

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?INTRODUCTION An election is a decision making process by which people choose leaders. Elections are the most important . ingredient of paragraphs research, democracy, and have been said to be the factor that either breaks or builds the democracy of a state. This essay shall discuss the effectiveness of elections as a measure of democracy citing examples from recently held election in African countries. A conclusion shall be drawn at the end. Used To Synthesise! DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS The term, democracy comes from the Greek word, demokratia. Democracy , Election , Elections 1931 Words | 6 Pages. Elections certainly are a necessary element in a functioning democracy. Elections charachetristcally exist to provide the . Concluding Paragraphs Research! governed with voice and to synthesise, choice so as to whom they are governed by. Concluding Paragraphs Papers! Elections although essential are not the only prerequisite to democracy. A successful democracy should have a strong constitution that advocates protection of civil liberties and prescribes a separation of powers. Organism Used To Synthesise! In a democracy elections are vital but a constitution is research, first and foremost the greater necessity.

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Approval voting , Ballot , Election 1609 Words | 7 Pages. spaced. At least 5 paragraph. 3 to 5 pages at most. 1250 most 1. Pick Alex Sink, or McMullen, and write a 5 paragraph essay on how that . candidate should navigate the issues that are going to dominate the concluding paragraphs, 2010 elections . How do you navigate jobs, crime, economy, foreign policy issues, and research paper, the size of government?

Currents of the 2010 elections cycle. First an essay comparing Sink or McMullen and how that candidate should navigate the issues discussed: economy, jobs, personal financial despair. Bill McCollum , Charlie Crist , Democratic Party 2013 Words | 6 Pages. ?The Election Process 2010 General Election The last UK General Election was held on 6th May 2010. No single party . won an overall majority of the 650 House of Commons seats.

The conservatives won 305 seats, representing 10.7 million votes (36%). Labour won 258 seats, representing 8.6 million votes (29%). The Liberal Democrats won 57 seats, representing 6.8 million votes (23%). The Liberal Democrats and The Conservatives joined together to concluding, make a coalition because no one had enough votes to win on. Election , Elections , House of Commons of the United Kingdom 988 Words | 3 Pages. ------------------------------------------------- Election Reforms in India and Challenges before the Election Commission March . Paper! 23rd, 2012 > 12:35 pm @ Sia Shruti 8 | | | Introduction India is often referred as a vibrant and vigorous democracy. But just because we have elections regularly, or rather far too often, does not necessarily mean that we have an effective democracy.

Election can be defined as a system by which voters or electors, select their representatives by casting of votes. Approval voting , Election , Elections 2127 Words | 6 Pages. didn’t have a lot of papers, choices it seemed. The Primaries are the first step of the election process. In this step there are multiple . candidates competing to be their parties’ nominee.

During this step people can cast a vote towards who they wish to become their parties’ nominee. These elections can be either opened or closed. In the university dissertations, closed election only people from the paragraphs research, specified party can vote. In an open election people from all parties can vote. Conventions . Candidate , Election , Elections 384 Words | 3 Pages. circumstances to either compensate for the state’s failures or to pressure the state to organism used to synthesise, correct its policies.

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In November on the election -day. 2) What is. Election , Elections , President of the concluding, United States 1242 Words | 3 Pages. ? Elections in India India has an asymmetric federal government, with elected officials at the federal, state and local levels. Organic Food Outline! At the national . Concluding! level, the head of government, Prime Minister, is love poem essay, elected by the members of Lok Sabha, lower house of the parliament of India.All members of Lok Sabha except two, who can be nominated by president of research, India, are directly elected through general elections which takes place every five years, in normal circumstances, by universal adult suffrage. Members of Rajya. Election , Elections , India 1618 Words | 5 Pages. The 1924 Election: Suffrage and Election Outcome.

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That has made it really interesting for the learner of concluding research papers, both systems to contrast and. Bangladesh , Election , Elections 1980 Words | 6 Pages. The Aim Of This Essay Is Based On The C. ?The Aim of organism used to synthesise, this essay is based on the clarity on the Elections in Africa if they are a good Measure of democracy. It basically . analyses the concluding paragraphs research papers, advantages and organic outline, disadvantages of elections (in an argument form). Paragraphs Research Papers! The issue of how citizens influence policymaker is central to an understanding of research paper paper, democratic political system. We normally agree that democracy should allow the people to participate in policy making.

Hence elections are one of the ways to establish connections between citizens and policy makers. Democracy , Election , Elections 1669 Words | 5 Pages. selfish interest, while doing this, they map out strategies that will enable them to rig the paragraphs papers, election either by love poem essay crook or hook, this things are . Concluding Paragraphs Papers! not mostly peculiar with the answers, Nigeria system alone but is common due to the fact that most of the paragraphs papers, leaders even come out openly to declare their stands to fight with their last breath to win election . The following are the various problems facing the conduct of election in the country. Organism To Synthesise! INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION The Independent National Electoral. Ballot , Election , Elections 968 Words | 3 Pages. Elections Campaign Funding The articles I chose focus on congressional elections and campaign funding.

The Supreme Court . recently lifted the cap on amount donors can contribute in a congressional election . The courts decision threw out the $74,600 limit for donations to concluding papers, political parties and the $48,600 limit for House or Senate candidates in a two-year campaign season. However donors still cannot contribute more than $5,200 to organic food research paper, a single candidate per election , but without the overall caps, those. Elections , Political action committee , Political campaign 714 Words | 3 Pages. Barangay Elections in the Philippines. that women's rights and abilities were recognized during pre-Spanish times. If a datu died without any heir, the people of the barangay choose a man to . become the concluding papers, new chieftain on organic food research paper the basis of paragraphs, his wisdom, wealth and physical strength. Barangay Elections in the Philippines can be traced to the American Colonialization during the 1990s. During the Spanish Colonialization in the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, each barangay were led and governed by a Cabeza de Barangay. However, the office of the Cabeza.

Barangay , Cabeza de Barangay , Democracy 1302 Words | 4 Pages. Election commission of India The Election Commission of India is an autonomous, constitutionally established federal authority . responsible for administering all the electoral processes in the Republic of India. Under the organic food research outline, supervision of the commission, free and fair elections have been held in concluding, India at regular intervals as per the principles enshrined in the Constitution. The Election Commission has the power of superintendence, direction and control of all elections to the Parliament of essays, India and. Constitution of India , Election , Elections 1902 Words | 6 Pages. Essays are generally scholarly pieces of writing written from an paragraphs papers author's personal point of view, but the definition is vague, overlapping with . those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story. Essays can consist of english for class 10 icse, a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays (e.g. Alexander Pope's. Alexander Pope , Essay , Essays 1053 Words | 4 Pages. Judicial Election Process You May Know the research, Law But I Own the Judge: Why Congress Can and Should Get Involved in organism used to synthesise, State Judicial . Election Reform This article helped me to better understand the American judicial system and the election process of judges.

The commission needs to know that whoever is selected is truly qualified to hold the position. The selection commission usually meets twice in the selection process, and the public is encouraged to attend both of the meetings. The commission. Approval voting , Election , Elections 1935 Words | 5 Pages. was not right for the party or America. Concluding Research! Cause and Effect Essay Super delegates are the hierarchy of . the National Democratic Party. They came into being after the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Food! Because the party wanted to make sure the peoples votes were the main goal and not the leaders of the party (Wikipedia). Their effects on the 2008 election will almost certainly declare a nominee, even though this is not how the party wanted it to. Barack Obama , Delegate , Democratic Party 715 Words | 4 Pages.

Free and Fair Election The electoral system have to papers, be fair and just and to ensure this, free and fair election will be . held when the Parliament is dissolved or finish it’s sitting duration of 5 years. A free and fair election must be in orderly manner and to synthesise, it must not have Coup d’etat. Coup d’etat is meant by concluding paragraphs papers a sudden decisive exercise of force in organic research, politics . It is an alteration of an existing government by a small group that tend to papers, create riots and dissertations, chaos. Research! The current Malaysia government. Democracy , Election , Elections 1516 Words | 4 Pages. Suffrage: Elections and love poem essay, Absentee Voting.

immediately preceding the election . Paragraphs! No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. . III. Elections An election is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. Organic Food! This is the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy fills offices in the executive and legislative branches of government, and concluding paragraphs research papers, could either be national or local level. Regular elections are those held regularly. Democracy , Election , Elections 894 Words | 5 Pages. 2011) First Term Argumentative Essay Due no later than November 11, 2011, 4 PM, Macintosh-Corry Hall C 326 Please note the new drop-off . location Objectives The main objective of this second written assignment is to evaluate your ability to make a compelling case about a particular political phenomenon.

Where possible, try to dissertations, connect your arguments to concepts discussed in class and found in the readings. Unlike your first paper, this is a persuasive essay . You will be assessed on how well. Election , Elections , Ideology 2150 Words | 7 Pages. Chapter One: Introduction Introduction Elections are understood to be the key of concluding papers, democracy all over the globe and voting is one of the love poem essay, . Concluding Paragraphs! electoral routes that ensure the continuity of democratic system in any civilization. Voting is a formalized way of allowing the general public or a group of people make their choice on administration matters in a free a fair manner. However, voters now lose confidence in love poem essay, the voting process due to fact that election rigging and concluding research, riots is graduating and assuming. Ballot , Democracy , Election 1377 Words | 8 Pages. What might be done to encourage more people to vote in elections? What might be done to site research paper, encourage more people to vote in elections ? Firstly in this essay I would like to say why voting is concluding paragraphs research, . relatively important nowadays, the dissertations, second thing I will discuss is why the public tends to concluding paragraphs, avoid voting on elections , third thing will be an issue of how to encourage more people to vote and lastly I will conclude with my opinion. Nowadays, in answers for interviews, our society, which is mostly democratic, everyone tends to paragraphs, participate in politics.

Participation in politics can also be seen as. Democracy , Election , Elections 1758 Words | 5 Pages. AP American History October 21, 1997 The year of love poem essay, 1828 was a tumultuous year in American politics. It so happened that it was a presidential . election year. The election of concluding paragraphs, 1828 was different from problem solving answers, any other presidential election up to that point.

The election not only set a precedent, but was also one of the bitterest in American history. Out of all the elections up to that point, it had all the makings of a present-day campaign. Concluding! The two modern aspects evident in the campaign were horrific mudslinging. Andrew Jackson , Democratic-Republican Party , Election 909 Words | 3 Pages. fight for 545 Old chairs: In what will be one of India's most keenly watched Lok Sabha elections , the to synthesise, only declared prime ministerial . Concluding! candidate is site, pitted against many more hopefuls.With the congress shying away from naming a nominee for the top post although it is not necessary as per Indian constitution.It forms one of the basic necesscity for voters to know who will rule them after election.As the election champaign is heating up every party is pullling all their strings to deliever better music. Bharatiya Janata Party , Delhi , Election 867 Words | 3 Pages. Why Elections Are Bad for Democracy. So, the question asks are elections good for democracies? When I analyze this question, I immediately think about the word democracy and the . type of democracy that is implemented within the U.S. The website “whatisdemocracy.net” describes democracy as the government by the people. The website also explains how people should be able to have their say in one way or another in concluding paragraphs papers, everything that affects their lives.

Which Is why democracy is either direct (by every member of a community having the possibility. Democracy , Election , Elections 1095 Words | 3 Pages. A watershed Election is one that changes history. The candidate has a campaign that decides the course of politics for decades; one that is . especially memorable, or that proves to problem solving, be a dividing line between historical periods. The election of 1896 was just that. The depression of the 1890s, and research, President Cleveland’s unwillingness to use federal resources to assist the unemployed, alienated irate farmers and workers from the Democratic Party. During the 1892 and 1894 elections , Democrats suffered.

Democratic Party , Free Silver , Grover Cleveland 1363 Words | 4 Pages.

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