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Act essay prompts 2009

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APA Essay Format: Help with Writing Your Essay Paper. An APA , American Psychological Association, style is a standard of writing academic papers in a variety of act essay prompts subjects relevant to the social sciences. Artwork Essay? This allows to write essays and research papers according to the same generally accepted standard in act essay prompts 2009, Sociology, Psychology, Education, Political Science, Business and other disciplines. On Contemporary American? APA Style is notable for prompts 2009, certain requirements related to paper format, font, margins and headings, as well as referencing. We designed this page to guide you through all the essays drama, peculiarities of formatting a paper in APA style . Learning about APA style will be a very rewarding experience for you, as you will be able to reply it in all of your next writing assignments.

Quick Navigation through the APA Essay Format Page: The Fundamentals of an prompts, APA Essay Format. What comprises the APA style ? Does it provide requirements only to referencing the sources or to transition list for high school essays, whole essay? In their published guide book, the American Psychological Association, provides APA standards on the following issues: Title page. Unlike MLA style which doesn#8217;t require a title page, it is 2009 a must in APA essay format . It usually contains such standard elements as the on contemporary american, title of the paper, the 2009, student#8217;s name, teachers or course name, and the due date. The APA title page can be easily distinguished by the running header, the page number on the title page and two titles (a short one is followed by the full title). Abstract . Abstract is artwork essay a single paragraph usually a half page long, and is written on a separate sheet. An abstract summarizing the entire paper has the same copyrights as the whole paper.

It should provide the act essay prompts, main ideas/results of the paper and mention the methodology used to achieve them. Page format . Page format recommendations in APA style concern page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. Yoshida Essays? In-text references . The format of references in APA format is the foremost subject of student#8217;s concerns. Act Essay? You may pick up citations, quotations and summaries from essays, various sources to support your statements. When you use the idea or results that are not yours, they are to be referenced correctly. APA style approves of in-text references. The author and the year of publication should be included within the act essay prompts, parenthesis in the essay. Page numbers also need to be mentioned when picking up lines from a book. Use of quotations . APA style recommends to put short quotations in words list for high essays, quotation marks.

If the quotations used exceed the word limit of 40 words, then the writer should indent 5 spaces from the margin and it should be double spaced. Also, in act essay, case of artwork essay a long quotation, quotation marks should not be used, instead it should be ended with a full stop. Headings . Prompts 2009? Though it may be not required for an essay, but if you will write a research paper or thesis in APA format you#8217;ll need to structure it. Headings are used to separate and classify paper sections. Kenko Essays? Thus use different heading styles for headings of sections and subsequent subsections. Reference list . Reference list is a must when you use in-text references, for you need to present the prompts 2009, full information about the sources used.The reference list includes all sources used in the essay writing and cited in the paper, and it is arranged according to artwork essay, the alphabetical order by act essay, author. It is also of great importance to know how exactly different sources are cited as books, journals, magazines, and web pages are cited in a different way with certain requirements to each type of a source. You may consider how the basic APA requirements are met in APA Essay sample . Transition Essays? APA Essay Template (Cick the 2009, Image to chronological, Enlarge) When using APA style there are a few standards to keep in mind: double spaced; have all the 2009, margins set to one inch; it’s recommended to use the font serif typeface for the text and sans serif typeface for any labels; use 10-12 for the font size; always have page numbers; a header with the title of the paper should also be used. So, you may either format your essay in APA format yourself or download APA Template in rtf file from P rof E ssays.com . Our expert writers will format your paper for free when you place an order on kenko essays, our website. Act Essay 2009? Your essay will come to you in the APA format with a free bibliography and proper in-text citations. Other free extras that are included are a free outline, free plagiarism report and free title page.

Try our services and get 15 percent off your first order! Just put the essays on contemporary, code FPE15OFF in act essay prompts 2009, the order form to order research paper, get the discount, and request the free add-ons that you need. We know the feeling, it#8217;s like a 300 lb weight on your shoulders. The paper#8217;s due date is fast approaching, you think about the work all the time but haven#8217;t started yet and you spend hours staring at 2009, a blank piece of paper waiting for inspiration to essays on contemporary drama, strike while your friends are all out having fun. Well, that can all change in an instant.

P rof E ssays.com is a reliable academic writing service service providing professional essay help. Our qualified experts genuinely understand how to write an A+ essay in APA Format. Use our interactive calculator to see how much it will cost you to gain your freedom back. Prompts? Within 10 minutes, you can be out having the time of your life while we write an A+ paper for you and deliver it to your inbox always on kenko essays in idleness, time! Learn More. Why choosing us to help?

P rof E ssays.com has been providing custom writing services to students for the past eight years. Thousands of students have benefited from 2009, our services, achieving excellence in their courses and education. The evident testimony to the excellence of on contemporary american our services and the trust our customers have in us is that 65% of our customers come back with repeat orders. Your privacy is important to prompts 2009, P rof E ssays.com , none of your personal information or details, such as credit card or banking details, will ever be compromised or disclosed to essay, any third party. You are always on prompts 2009, the save side with P rof E ssays.com ! Click here to place your order.

References are obligatory in a body of the essay if you use some external sources, and especially when you cite them in the APA essay . In-text references are used instead of essays on contemporary footnotes in APA format. The sources are indicated by the last name of an author, a year of publication and 2009 a page number (if possible). In-text references are put in parenthesis (round brackets) within the sentence. American? Thus the act essay, standard in-text reference in APA style will have the following format (Author, year) or (Author, year, page) . But there may be variations: 1. If you are referring to anne essay, an idea from another work, summarize it findings, or tell about the 2009, authors viewpoint you are referring to the whole book and should use (Author, year) format. Example : T. E. Lawrence, a British intelligence officer, became regarded as the words essays, man who was in charge of the Arab revolt (Thomas, 1924). 2. If you are quoting the act essay 2009, source or bring in figures provided in it, you need to include the page number in your in-text reference. Like: (Author, year, page). Words List School Essays? Example : Lawrence was compared to #8220;a caliph who had stepped out from the pages of #8216;The Arabian nights'#8221; (Thomas, 1924, 16)

3. If the author or the year of publication is already mentioned in the sentence there is act essay prompts 2009 no need to repeat this information in the in-text citation again. Chronological Order Research? Examples: With Lawrence in Arabia was published in 1924 (Thomas). 2009? Lawrence of essays on contemporary american Arabia became famous due to the book of Lowell Thomas (1924). 4. 2009? Multiple authors reference . If the source is chronological order written by multiple authors, then you should state last names of all of them, at least in the first reference within the essay. Later in the essay, one can use the name of the first author with et al for others. Example: (Morris, Raskin, 1993) first in-text reference. (Morris et al., 1993) subsequent in-text reference. Act Essay Prompts? 5. In case of no author . Artwork Essay? In some cases the author may be an organization or department, so the stating of their name will complete the APA essay format . Or else the mention of the book will also fulfill the need. Titles of books in the in-text references should be italicized, titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. Organization: (ProfEssays.com, 2009) Book: (The correspondence, 1914) The reference list includes all sources used in the course of the essay and cited in the paper. The references should always be organized in alphabetical order . Act Essay Prompts? This gives an organized look to the essay.

It is also important to know exactly how different sources, such as books, journals, magazines, and web pages should be shown in the reference list. As certain requirements differ for each type of on contemporary american drama source: Book : Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of work: SUBTITLE. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Location: Publisher. Note: if you have several books by the same author in the reference list, you should list them in chronological order. Article : Author, A. Artwork Essay? (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. on-line source : Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date if availiable).

Title of article. Name of the web-site. Retrieved from http://www.url/ on Year, Month Date. Readers and writers alike can find headings as a useful tool in writing. Aside from providing order, essay headings can function as an ID – in the sense that it can provide identification on the ideas that are presented below. Headings function as a guide for your readers, as it will clue them in on your thought flow.

The APA style allows five levels of headings when writing. Level one is the first category, while the subsequent levels are provisions for succeeding sub-categories. In the APA essay format it is of the utmost importance to 2009, use the titles and headings appropriately. APA makes recommendations on the APA essay headings format, where information on font, punctuation and position are provided, all of which can be viewed at ProfEssays.com : heading level 1: Centered, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 2: Left-adjusted, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 5: Indented, italicized, with a period . Note : in APA format headings #8220; Introduction #8221; and #8220; Conclusion #8221; are not required! Only the order research paper, parts of the main body should have headings! Title page should be numbered in APA format. Act Essay 2009? A “running header” should be placed in the right corner at the top of the page next to the page number. About Healthy Pyramid? A “running header” in APA style contains a short title of the essay. The essay title should be placed one-third of the page down from the top. APA styles requires to write a short title first, put a colon and write the full title underneath.

Author#8217;s name is usually several lines underneath. The name of the act essay prompts, course, the name of artwork essay professor, and the date of submission are printed at the bottom of the APA title page. APA regulations on act essay, abbreviations, tables and figures. You may not need it in your APA essay , but there are APA regulations on artwork essay, abbreviations, tables and figures. Abbreviations can be used later in the essay after the full form is mention in 2009, the first time. This saves space, but makes a mention of the author, book or organization each time it is essay about used. In APA papers both tables and figures should be presented on separate pages, with the caption at the bottom of the page. What to remember with the APA essay writing format. The main thrust of documenting guidelines is to avoid plagiarism.

To do so, several citing outlines have been created by many academics or groups – one of which is the American Psychological Association or the APA. As with other documenting guidelines, the APA generally recommends in-text citations. These types are enclosed in a parenthesis and placed immediately after the borrowed thought or idea. When beginning with the APA essay writing format , P rof E ssays.com suggests that the prompts 2009, student should always remember to take note of the reference material’s author(s), publication house, publication year and the page number where the transition words list school, idea was taken from. APA essay format may sound tricky and troublesome to some, but is actually an easy way to 2009, organize a written work. The APA Essay Format is entirely designed to structure the flow of thoughts throughout the essay.

It is said that the citing is transition words school essays complicated, but only has a few rules and guidelines that need to be followed. The format can be adapted depending on the nature and the topic of a custom essay. It particularly helps in cases where many writers are involved in the writing process at the same time, giving symmetry and a logical presentation without a miss to the readers. When writing an essay, citing your reference(s) is considered a critical part of the writing process. This fundamental element of writing helps students avoid plagiarism. 2009? In an academe, plagiarism is a very serious offense that can sometimes lead to expulsion. The American Psychological Association or the APA style is the formatting guide that is used when writing a paper on artwork essay, the Social Sciences. As with all documenting styles, the APA has recommendations on essay format, headings and citing references. 2009? Information on formatting your APA essay now easier because there are a number of on-line sites, such as P rof E ssays.com , which can provide you with key points in yoshida kenko text, documentation.

Anyone and any company can claim to offer its essay help, but not every company can offer high-quality and act essay prompts result-oriented essay help. The appropriate APA format for paper, your manuscript. Many professors recommend strict compliance with manuscript formatting guidelines when writing any type of academic paper. Following the format not only ensures organization for each essay written by an individual student, but it also provides uniformity in appearance for all students’ academic papers. In writing a paper regarding the act essay 2009, social sciences, APA makes several recommendations and guidelines on the format of essays . Though these elements may seem trivialon the anne sexton, use of the title page, the format of 2009 headings, page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. Though these elements may seem trivial, P rof E ssays.com believes that compliance remains a must. College essay format: writing effectively in the collegiate level. What differentiates a college essay from a high school or a junior high school essay is the anne sexton essay, level of professionalism it exudes. As more complex topics are discussed, the need for further research becomes a necessity. Another important factor to consider is the format of the essay.

APA college essay format requires thorough referencing and citing as well as structuring of the essay . Prompts 2009? While college academic papers follow the basic essay format of introduction, body and conclusion, it is words for high school essays important to remember that the APA college essay format must be more encompassing and act essay more extensive. The APA college essay format differs from about healthy eating pyramid, simple APA style so we provide specific essay help in this type of writing. P rof E ssays.com believes that many academes actually require a five paragraph essay on 2009, the college level, where the body consumes 60% of the whole essay. P rof E ssays.com is anne sexton professional and reliable essay writing service which provides 24/7 customer essay help. Write Effectively With the Right Essay Format. A standard essay format provides order to any academic paper.

Though this is merely a superficial element of essay writing, its importance is undeniable, as many established documenting styles provide recommendations for the format of any academic paper. The American Psychological Association, APA, also has suggestions for act essay 2009, your APA college essay format .

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MIS Laboratory – Resources for Tech Faculty and Students MIS Laboratory – Resources for Tech Faculty and Students. Software, curriculum, career, contest, and act essay prompts 2009 news resources. Hosted by words list Randy Guthrie, PhD – Microsoft Technical Evangelist. How to Get a Job At Microsoft Part II: Writing an act essay 2009 Awesome Resume. by Randy Guthrie Microsoft Academic Developer Evangelist. Over the artwork essay, past few months I visited nine college campuses, attended three conferences and conducted a hand-full of job interviews, and in the process I’ve seen scores of resumes. One thing I’ve been impressed with is how awful most of them are. I realize that I am probably jaded by my experience as a career coach and prompts service at a community career center, but still I find it amazing that something that is essay about eating pyramid, so critical for getting a job is so poorly understood; particularly by those who need jobs the most ie: students seeking internships and new college graduates.

The good news is that if you do even a moderately good job of writing your resume you have a pretty good chance of standing out from your competitors. Act Essay 2009. I’ve put off writing this post because it is a daunting task trying to write general guidance that will be useful to most readers, and I’ve struggled how to list for high school essays do this briefly, but I’ve given up and act essay 2009 apologize in advance for the length of this post and transition school hope most will find something useful in the next few thousand or so words. Let me state that I recognize that there are many ways to prompts write a great resume, and abortion anne sexton essay this is just one of those ways, but since this way has always worked so far for prompts 2009 the folks I’ve helped, that’s what I’m sticking with. I also recognize that a resume is very personal, and abortion anne sexton you need to be comfortable with how it looks, so deviation from this guidance is fine (and necessary) since everyone is different and some situations will need to act essay 2009 be handled differently than shown below. If you have questions about a specific type of situation ASK IN A COMMENT TO THIS POST and I promise I will answer in list essays an additional comment or even a follow-up post. Your questions will make this post even more valuable to everyone that reads it. First, some useful links: Resume Workshop Video : This is an animated PowerPoint presentation with my audio commentary that covers the content of this post and more Interviewing Workshop Video: This is an animated PowerPoint presentation with audio commentary on how to prepare for a behavioral interview MIS Laboratory Student Page: lots of useful career links. Now let’s dig in. GENERAL FORMATTING PAGE LENGTH. One Page Please!

Most managers will only prompts look at your resume for 15-20 seconds before deciding whether to sexton keep reading or put your resume in what I call “The Big Pile”. If you haven’t hooked the reader by then, you’ve lost the first round to prompts 2009 someone who can tell their story succinctly. Two or three-page resumes do not increase your chances that the reader will find something interesting, it actually makes it less likely they will find (by scanning) something that they care about. So try to keep it to a page. I’ve never seen someone other than a college professor who needed more than one page to land an interview. White Paper Standard Fonts Unless you are a graphic artist, using colored paper, odd shapes fancy type fonts are not going to make the kind of impression that gets an on contemporary american interview. Superficial attempts to differentiate yourself can backfire, because the reader may assume you are childish, unprofessional, or don’t have any meaningful content. Use the same type face throughout, but you can use different sizes and italics to make it easier to scan. Prompts 2009. Don’t go smaller than 11 pt font or larger than13 pt font for the main text. The examples that follow will show when larger and transition for high school essays smaller fonts are appropriate.

There are two approaches that I like to use. The first is act essay 2009, useful if you don’t have a lot of essays, relevant experience and you are trying to fill space. Act Essay Prompts 2009. While one of the examples show the yoshida kenko essays text, hyperlink in 2009 blue, do not use colored ink when printing a paper copy of your resume. Of course if you provide an electronic copy of your resume, live hyperlinks can be useful and research save the reader time if not used excessively. Your name and contact information should be grouped together. Prompts 2009. I personally don’t like having a person’s name on the left and the contact information on the right.

In the essay, example my name is 28pt and contact info is act essay prompts 2009, 11pt. Drama. You can go as low as nine point, but if space is an option use the two line format on the right. Two additional pieces of advice: (1) use only one phone number, and make sure it is one where you can get a message (change the recorded greeting if necessary so as to project a professional image) and (2) avoid cryptic or childish e-mail addresses, and act essay use only one of chronological order paper, those as well. Some career advisors will tell you not to put a career or employment objective statement. My advice is to use one. My reason is simple: I debriefed a recruiter from a major aerospace company after a job fair and he told me that he put any resume he received without a [clear] objective statement in the trash, because his HR department would not know where to route it. So my advice is to use one and make it count.

Here’s how: Your objective statement should say in under ten words the act essay prompts 2009, kind of essays american, job you are looking for. For example: “Seeking a senior-level account executive position in 2009 the Pharmaceutical industry”. Do not use airy, empty, and vague statements that don’t say anything such as “seeking a challenging position with a leading company where my skills and paper strengths can be utilized”. Act Essay Prompts. You would be amazed at how many people think that is what you are supposed to write. I saw a resume written just this week that had an objective statement that said “To play a significant role in an organization that aspires to be extraordinary”.

These kinds of statements don’t help and can actually delay the reader from learning anything of value about you. But What If I’m Qualified for More Than One Kind of chronological order research paper, Job? If you are going to a career fair, then you should probably take several (three or four or even five) versions of your resume. Most job fairs will list the companies and the jobs they are recruiting for in advance so if you are prepared, then you can know how many versions you should take. For example, you can have different resumes that focus on web development, database, or application development, information security, or telecommunications.

If you are applying to a specific company, then you tailor the objective statement (actually the entire resume) for that specific job. If you are applying for act essay an internship or job right out of college, your education is your biggest selling point, so it needs to go before any previous work experience. Since most recruiters will know what school they are recruiting from, and words list name of the school is less important and the college major / minor and date of completion. Once you’ve graduated and act essay prompts 2009 are on the street, then where you went to school is more important than the major. Here is how I would handle both situations: In these examples, I put the degree major first, because that is the first thing a recruiter will care about. I also put my my recent (and most impressive!) degree first. Abortion Essay. Notice I don’t put GPA. There are two reasons: 1) it clutters up the page with less-important information, and 2) unless you graduated with a 4.0, most people won’t think there is much difference between a 3.5 and a 3.8. Prompts. If your GPA is abortion, less than a 3.6, it probably doesn’t differentiate you from others, so leave it off unless an employer requires it.

If your GPA is act essay prompts 2009, under 3.0, then I don’t have to explain why you would leave it off. If you graduated with honors, and essay it says so on prompts 2009, your transcript, then by artwork essay all means mention it as in the first example. If you college doesn’t award honors, do not make it up, even if your 3.9 GPA would have gotten you honors at a college that awards them. Act Essay 2009. If you need to put a GPA in, then I would put it just to the right of the university name. What should I put if I have not graduated yet? This is one of my favorite resume techniques.

The minute you start attending school you can put that you are working on a degree, and post your anticipated graduation date. The cool part is that you format it just like these examples, but word the sexton essay, graduation date a little differently like the “PhD degree” in the example, and act essay put the essay eating pyramid, graduation date in the future! No one is going to be fooled by act essay prompts this, so don’t worry about looking like you are trying to get away with something, but what it does do is make your resume subtly look complete. Plus it does answer the question about what you might be good at. What about other school accomplishments? Where should they go?

Great question! If you were the anne essay, valedictorian, ASB president, or president of a club, then I would list up to prompts 2009 three (but probably not more) bullet points underneath the senior project or thesis (if you mentioned one) or university name (if you didn’t). These should be quantified accomplishments in the form I describe in essays american drama the next section. If you have more than two or three years of work experience in the field you are applying for, then your experience is more important to a potential employer than your education, so once you' are no longer a new college grad, your education goes at the bottom of your resume and this section goes right under the objective. Why? Because it will be of most interest to the reader and you want it read during those first precious 20 seconds. Now there are lots of different ideas floating around about how you should format this section; the most common is to put the date on the left. The fact is act essay prompts, that the transition for high school essays, date is the least important piece of information relating you your employment history. Far more important is what you did, and then for 2009 whom you did it.

When you did it is last. Transition Words List For High School Essays. The order that I recommend you present the facts about each job is: Job Title Company Name Employment duration One sentence job description Two - Four Quantified Accomplishments. Most of the resumes I have seen (and written early in my career) were based on an old formula of act essay prompts, describing the job in terms of the formal job description. The problem with this approach that it doesn’t differentiate the writer from everyone else applying for yoshida essays in idleness the job. Can you imagine how hard it would be to pick someone to interview for a bookkeeping job if every experienced bookkeeper that applied only listed their job duties? Every resume would say almost the 2009, exact same thing ! To avoid this problem, and to really make you shine, we write the american drama, work experience section so that we focus on quantified accomplishments . This example shows my recommended format, and includes three quantified accomplishment statements. An accomplishment is “quantified” when you describe it in terms of some quantity. I like to try to 2009 get two numbers in chronological paper each accomplishment if possible. Numbers make your claims more credible, and if you have some kind of big numbers, it can really make a good impression.

Don’t over sell; let the numbers speak for you. If you can describe an accomplishment in prompts a single line, that is fantastic. In fact, leaving some information out simply begs the reader to want to know more. If you get invited for an interview, you can bet you’ll be asked about these accomplishments, and how can you go wrong talking about something you did that was great? Don’t forget to mention awards and anne essay recognitions like Employee of the month three times” or “Top Producer in 2008”. Notice also that I have my job title in bold and in a larger font. I do that so that it is easier for the reader to visually scan. Notice also that the company name is in italics. That helps set the different facts apart.

I have each fact separated by more than a couple of spaces so that each stands out. Now a bit more about job titles. Sometime you might have an “official” job title that is so vague, or even wrong based on what you do. For example, I had three lateral job changes at an aerospace company that did not change my payroll classification, so my managers never bothered to prompts updated my “requisition” to reflect the changes in my job title. Kenko Essays In Idleness Full. So if you were to call the HR department and ask what my job title was, they would use the title I was hired at, not the one from the last job I held!

So on my resume, you can bet I use the title from the last job I was assigned to, not my “official” job title. The moral of the story is that if your “real” job title is too vague, or even deceptive, do not be afraid to prompts put a more accurate, clear job title on the resume . Example: if you had an internship in a finance department, and your “official” title was “Intern”, do not be afraid to use “Intern-Finance Department”. I try to avoid this section if possible. It’s much better to talk about the tools and essay eating skills you know in act essay 2009 your accomplishments statements. But if you learned how to do something in healthy class, but haven’t used it on the job, and 2009 the job you are applying for wants candidates who have this skill, you need to use this section. Artwork Essay. But be careful. Here are some recommendations: Do not list skills and knowledge that almost everyone has.

The most common offender here is that you know Microsoft Office. As a recent college graduate, we assume you learned the basic programs. Stating it here does not differentiate you. Avoid huge long lists using every acronym you can think of act essay, ie: ASP.net, C#, C++, PHP, etc. Essay About. Remember you are targeting each resume for a particular job, so only list the things a potential employer cares about. Huge list casts doubt on which of those you really know.

When I see a big list I seriously doubt that the author really has working knowledge of all those technologies and his/her credibility really starts to act essay slip. On Contemporary. Be accurate in describing your knowledge. Prompts 2009. At Microsoft, if someone says he/she knows something, 9 times out of 10 we’ll make them prove it in an interview. If you say you know C++, you can bet you’ll be ask to drama write a bubble sort or something like that in C++ on a white board during an interview. If its been 5 years since that Java class and you’ve not written a single line of code since then, don’t say you know Java. Remember, your resume is act essay prompts, just supposed to research get you invited for an interview, not get you a job offer.

That is 2009, what the interview is for. On Contemporary American Drama. Keep your resume simple and focused on a single job. Act Essay Prompts 2009. Keep it to a single page. Catch-all, general-purpose resumes DO NOT WORK. You can send out hundreds of these and you will never get a single response (I know – I tried it when I was young and chronological order research paper inexperienced).

On the other hand, you can send out act essay prompts 2009 ten, customized, targeted resumes using the approach outlined here and may get three, five, or even eight responses. This technique works if you have actually have sometime to offer an employer. Your resume is a personal statement of healthy, who you are from prompts, a particular point of view. You’ll get all kinds of advice about how to do your resume, but you don’t have to do exactly as everyone tells you. If you feel like you know better, then go with your gut feeling.

Lastly, check out the additional (and more detailed) examples and guidance at the links at the top. In Idleness Full. There really is act essay prompts 2009, some good information there that I’ve gleaned from years of coaching students and others to get high-tech jobs in a competitive job market. Order Research. And finally, PROOF READ everything many, many times, and prompts have others look at your resume as well. (career center people are invaluable for yoshida kenko text this). Good luck and good job hunting! [Note: an earlier version of this post mysterious lost most of its content, hence this repost] I don’t think the one page resume works in the IT industry if you are experience. I tried that once after reading an article like this and act essay was summarily eviscerated by a recruiter for ruining my resume. The few times I’ve been on order research, the market, my three page resume (4 with references) easily landed me interviews.

Of course, I put the vital information on the front page in prompts a summary section. Working with a recruiter is a different situation. The recruiter wanted every fact he could get his hands on. He was then going to be the hiring company’s filter. He would look at a job, and then market those parts of your resume that was a good fit. Had you attempted to get an interview with those companies yourself with your long resume, there is a chance they would have quit reading it before they got to the parts they cared about. Artwork Essay. It is certain that the parts they cared about could have fit on a single page, and that is the goal.

The trick of course is trying to guess from the job listing what a company will consider to be your relevant experience. Prompts. My son-in-law recently completed a job search, and I helped with his resume. His recruiter commented that my son-in-law’s [one page] resume was the first he had ever seen that he didn’t feel like it needed fixing. So while I think there are situation where the yoshida, use of a longer resume is justified (like college professor jobs), I still believe that an prompts individual applying for jobs is yoshida kenko in idleness full, well served by act essay prompts 2009 a customized, targeted single-page resume. I am a graduate in the Manufacture Engineering field from school, two colleges and the same degree. Act Essay Prompts. One is a 2yr and about healthy eating pyramid the other is a 4yr. The problem I am having is 2009, that there is never an opening for Entry Level Positions.

All the transition, jobs that are available and have gotten in act essay 2009 the past are ones that are looking for a candidate with 5-10 years of experience. Since I really only have 2 years, my resume is about 3-4 pages long in essays drama hopes that I can sell myself for prompts 2009 the 8 years I do not have. Chronological Order Research Paper. Plus about prompts 2009, 95% of the time I get calls for possible jobs through recruiters. (Since this is abortion anne sexton essay, how Industrial jobs are filled) Other jobs that I have on prompts 2009, my resume are car mechanic places that show I am mechanical incline and can be more than an office employee. Every person that has read my resume does not believe that I should eliminate any mechanical experiences that I have. What should I do in this case, and should both colleges remain on the resume?? Do you have any full resume examples? I was also wondering if you had any resume templates available for entry-level jobs.

I am trying to get either an internship of entry-level part-time job in the marketing field. One of the things you haven’t addressed with experienced workers is how to handle contract work (which Microsoft apparently believes in for eating project work.) I know you don’t handle experienced workers so I am probably barking up the wrong tree. In any event, the way I see it, as a contractor I work for myself and subcontract my services. Initially I would list every project I worked on act essay 2009, (that sometimes last a week), but realized that this isn’t the way you do it if you work as a full-time consultant. So, now I just list the highlights of essay eating pyramid, these projects under my consulting job. Of course recruiters get mad since they want to act essay prompts 2009 see every one listed out. I now looked at your video and its all clear. I still plan to keep to 1 page.

Hi Randy. this blog is on contemporary american drama, pretty impressive, liked it! I have a question to you. I'm willing to apply for a microsoft full time position in their software development and i'm confused whether to submit a one page resume or a multi page one after reading your blog. Can you give me your suggestions? If applying for a Microsoft marketing internship would it be better to use their CV or would it be more appealing to upload a multimedia resume such as a power point presentation or create a website marketing myself? To be honest, our recruiters only have so much time to give to any one resume (like 20 seconds), and one of the act essay prompts, tests of fitness is if a candidate can highlight their strengths concisely on a single page.

I have seen some great resumes that struggled to fill half a page because every word was gold. In my opinion, a PowerPoint presentation or web page misses the point. One of my favorite examples is that you don't catch a fish by throwing your entire tackle box in the river, you catch a fish by knowing what one fly or lure to essay use out of act essay prompts 2009, all the stuff in your tackle box. Highlight the about eating pyramid, stuff you have done demonstrates your passion for act essay prompts 2009 software development by what you did outside of class or work assignments. Highlight your leadership (active or passive). Highlight the differentiators that relate to the job you area applying for. Put the things that Microsoft will care the anne sexton essay, most about early in your resume rather than later. Use as few a words as possible.

Don't make long lists of computer programs you have used a few times hoping that the key word search will select you. We're smarter than that. Act Essay 2009. Highlight awards and recognition you have received. One of the artwork essay, hottest differentiators right now are apps. We'll talk to anyone that has published apps in the Windows Store or Windows Phone Marketplace, or iOS or Android stores, particularly if you've had a bunch of prompts 2009, downloads or made some real money from artwork essay, them. That kind of third-party evidence is prompts 2009, very compelling to Microsoft recruiters. I would like to know what you feel the best way to put open source contributions on your resume is. I can't decide whether I should write it in detail similar to paper a job, or as a bullet point in a personal projects section. @Karan, Great question.

You are definitely thinking about this in 2009 the right way. My feeling is about healthy, that you can go either way, depending on 2009, the scope of the contribution. Job History for a big contribution, personal project for a smaller contribution. Using the job history approach, I would use the title Contributer or something similar, and the company as the open source application and the date from the order paper, first contribution to the most recent. Act Essay 2009. Then the bullets would be either feature names and number of yoshida kenko essays, lines of code, or if it is a major feature, then the act essay prompts, bullets would detail your contribution ie: lines of code, rating or other quality measure, number of users of the feature, etc. Hello mam. I went through your article. Transition Words List School Essays. I am presently pursuing my B.Tech in Computer Science And Engineering . What do I need to act essay 2009 do to kenko in idleness get a Job at Microsoft?It will be a pleasure to 2009 have a live chat with you mam/ @Subham Soni: Start at http://www.microsoft.com/careers and then select the chronological research, Student or Recent Grad link. Then read about the various jobs and how to apply for them.

Good luck! I like the 2009, one page idea and want to convert to it. The problem is, I want to change industries (out of mortgages into tech, data, SAS sales) but I have had 9 different positions in the last 13 years, due to company closures, career advancement into abortion management, and banking legislative changes. I know it is prompts, critical that I list how my skill-set and essay about eating pyramid accomplishments will translate to act essay the new industry/position, but how do I handle not having the room to list all of my positions without leaving gaps and raising suspicion that I am leaving something out? I'm not sure how to check back on transition words for high school essays, this post, so if you could be so kind to forward your response to me at joseph.saylor@comcast.net, I would greatly appreciate it.

This article was very well written and you are clearly an expert so I look forward to any suggestions or advice you can offer. @Joe Saylor This is act essay 2009, a case where a cover letter may be necessary to assure the on contemporary drama, hiring organization that you are not a job-hopper by act essay prompts explaining the about, reasons. The goal for you is to act essay prompts 2009 show thoughtful career trajectory where each step reflects personal growth. What I would experiment is to think of yourself (for purposes of approaching your resume design) as a consultant with multiple clients over kenko essays in idleness text, certain period of time. So you cluster by prompts 2009 role since I would expect you did more or less the same thing for a couple of different companies. Artwork Essay. I might even omit the company name in the first line, and act essay prompts mention multiple companies in the description section. Artwork Essay. Again, I've never done a resume in exactly this way, but hopefully my sort of 2009, thinking out loud will show you how to approach this. Words School. It might be simpler to just go with two pages and to limit your earlier jobs to act essay prompts 2009 one or two lines. Anne Sexton. A two-page resume isn't all that bad. It is definitely better than doing something overly weird or awkward.

When we are applying for interships of companies like microsoft or google,being a second year student of IT what should our resume should contain? Hello, Thank you for taking the time to prompts write this article, it has been a great help to essays on contemporary me as I'm restructuring my resume. When where should I add references? Randy, I have a bunch of prompts 2009, personal projects which I work on and off, all close to my heart, and I work on chronological order research, them because I really really love programming. That of course means some of them are not finished, but they are there. Should I then include the github links to them? Randy, should I include personal projects – not academic – on 2009, resume too? Impressive and useful post!

Should resume include a scanned picture of the transition words for high essays, writer? and Should the writer include the projects for which he's not having a certificate and are self made (made only in a hobby practice)? Thank you for act essay prompts 2009 your reply. @Umar: My advice about personal projects is to start a business, even if not formally or officially, but list your personal projects as an employee of your own company. Avoid a pretentious title like CEO or President and use something like Founder and chronological order research Lead Developer. @ChristNolan: I wouldn't include a picture unless you are applying for a position as a model or acting talent; in act essay prompts 2009 that case your agency can advise. As I advised @Umar above, assume you work for your own company, and chronological research paper list a non-pretentious title and showcase projects (not all of them) as appropriate for 2009 the position you are applying for. Make sure though that you quantify your accomplishments ie: lines of code, special features, downloads and ratings (if an artwork essay app), etc. @Sean: don't add references unless you are specifically asked, and 2009 most companies are moving away from them due to in idleness privacy laws and 2009 the fact that you aren't going to provide references unless they are good anyway. I just re-read this post now six year later, and I agree with almost all of it except that now I think a longer resume is more acceptable ie: if you need two pages go ahead and spill over onto artwork essay, another page but do try to keep it as short as possible and don't use the prompts, extra page as an words essays excuse to put every fact about yourself that you can possibly think of. Only go onto a second page if you have gold to put on it. And get an outside opinion to confirm what you think is act essay, gold really is.

How do I get a Microsoft Word 2013 Resume Builder or Template. Hi Randy, Thank you for on contemporary american drama your advices, A friend recommended a video you had, but it is no available. Act Essay Prompts 2009. Do you know where can I find the about healthy pyramid, video? I really appreciate your thought process and having it explained properly, thank you! The best and act essay prompts most eye catching resumes let you stand out from the transition list school, crowd.

Likewise, I'd love to prompts see those videos that aren't presently working! I'm presently in the process of applying for a job for Microsoft and I'm quite fresh from abortion anne sexton essay, school. This article more than any other so far has been useful, and I'm quite eager to see those links. Thanks for your time! I really found the detail with which you have explained resume making very useful. I am currently a junior without any work experience and act essay prompts 2009 looking to essays drama apply for a good summer internship where I get a good learning scope in the fields of Programming and algorithms. As a person with no prior industry experience what do you think my resume should mostly focus on? @Joe Saylor: I think when you have a complicated situation, you either group your experience and list companies and time frames, or list the companies and just go with a longer resume.

The secret here is to handle the explanation in prompts 2009 a cover letter. If you are submitting online, and they don't have a place for a cover letter, then just make the first page of your resume your cover letter and then follow with your resume below. BTW, the resume workshop video links are fixed. The video hoster I used went out of chronological order research, business so I had to migrate. Cheers, and good luck! – Randy. @Ismael, @Ryno, @Sneha: Thanks for the heads up! I moved the videos to another hosting site and updated the links. You should be good to go! – Randy. I also have a new blog post on how to add student projects to your resume: blogs.msdn.com/…/how-to-add-a-student-project-to-your-resume.aspx.

Cheers! – Randy. Randy, should we include any academic publications (conference papers for example) in the resume? Yes, if the act essay, publications directly relate to yoshida essays text the job you are applying to. Publications should absolutely be included in a curriculum vitae (a special kind of resume for professors and researchers), or for act essay any job where publication will be part of the research paper, job. Act Essay Prompts 2009. If you are applying for a job in industry where your skills are what they are looking for, I would leave out the essays american, publications. – Randy.

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November 2009 – SAT Essay Prompt | Examdude

43 Resume Tips That Will Help You Get Hired. When you haven’t updated your resume in a while, it can be hard to know where to 2009 start. What experiences and accomplishments should you include for about healthy eating pyramid the jobs you’ve got your eye on? What new resume rules and trends should you be following? And seriously, one page or two? Well, search no more: We’ve compiled all the resume advice you need into one place. Read on for tips and tricks that’ll make sure you craft a winning resume—and help you land a job.

Your resume should not have every work experience you’ve ever had listed on it. Think of your resume not as a comprehensive list of your career history, but as a marketing document selling you as the perfect person for the job. For each resume you send out, you’ll want to prompts highlight only the accomplishments and skills that are most relevant to the job at hand (even if that means you don’t include all of your experience). Job search expert Lily Zhang explains more about what it means to tailor your resume here . 2. But Keep a Master List of essays text All Jobs. Act Essay. Since you’ll want to be swapping different information in and out depending on the job you’re applying to, keep a resume master list on your computer where you keep any information you’ve ever included on a resume: old positions, bullet points tailored for different applications, special projects that only transition school essays, sometimes make sense to include. Then, when you’re crafting each resume, it’s just a matter of cutting and act essay prompts 2009, pasting relevant information together. Think of on contemporary drama this as your brag file . 3. Put the act essay 2009, Best Stuff “Above the Fold” In marketing speak, “above the fold” refers to what you see on the front half of anne sexton a folded newspaper (or, in the digital age, before you scroll down on a website), but basically it’s your first impression of a document. In resume speak, it means you should make sure your best experiences and 2009, accomplishments are visible on the top third of your resume. This top section is what the hiring manager is going to see first—and what will serve as a hook for someone to keep on reading. Essay. So focus on act essay prompts, putting your best, most relevant experiences first—and then check out these five other marketing tricks to get your resume noticed . According to about healthy Zhang , the only occasion when an prompts 2009, objective section makes sense is when you’re making a huge career change and need to explain from the get-go why your experience doesn’t match up with the position you’re applying to. In every other case?

Consider whether a summary statement would be right for you —or just nix it altogether to save space and focus on making the rest of your resume stellar. There are lots of different ways to organize the information on your resume, but the good old reverse chronological (where your most recent experience is listed first) is artwork essay still your best bet. Act Essay. Unless it’s absolutely necessary in your situation, skip the skills-based resume—hiring managers might wonder what you’re hiding. The two- (or more!) page resume is a hotly debated topic , but the bottom line is this—you want the information here to be concise, and making yourself keep it to transition words list school one page is a good way to force yourself to do this. If you truly have enough relevant and important experience, training, and credentials to showcase on more than one page of your resume, then go for it. But if you can tell the same story in less space? Do. If you’re struggling, check out these tips for cutting your content down , or work with a designer to see how you can organize your resume to act essay fit more in less space. Kenko Essays. Can’t figure out 2009, how to tell your whole story on one page, or want to be able to include some visual examples of your work?

Instead of trying to have your resume cover everything, cover the most important details on artwork essay, that document, and act essay prompts, then include a link to your personal website , where you can dive more into what makes you the ideal candidate. We’ll talk about getting creative in order to stand out in a minute. But the most basic principle of good resume formatting and essay about healthy eating, design? Keep it simple. Use a basic but modern font, like Helvetica, Arial, or Century Gothic. 2009. Make your resume easy on hiring managers’ eyes by transition list for high school, using a font size between 10 and 12 and 2009, leaving a healthy amount of white space on the page. You can use a different font or typeface for your name, your resume headers, and the companies for which you’ve worked, but keep it simple and keep it consistent.

Your main focus here should be on readability for the hiring manager. That being said, you should feel free to… Really want your resume stand out from the sea of Times New Roman? Yes, creative resumes—like infographics, videos, or presentations—or resumes with icons or graphics can set you apart, but you should use them thoughtfully. List Essays. If you’re applying through an ATS, keep to the standard formatting without any bells and whistles so the computer can read it effectively. If you’re applying to a more traditional company, don’t get too crazy, but feel free to add some tasteful design elements or a little color to make it pop. No matter what, don’t do it unless you’re willing to put in 2009, the time, creativity, and transition words list school, design work to prompts make it awesome. Kenko Full Text. 10. Make Your Contact Info Prominent.

You don’t need to act essay include your address on your resume anymore (really!), but you do need to artwork essay make sure to include a phone number and act essay, professional email address (not your work address!) as well as other places the hiring manager can find you on the web, like your LinkedIn profile and Twitter handle. (Implicit in this is that you keep these social media profiles suitable for prospective employers.) You’ve heard before that hiring managers don’t spend a lot of time on each individual resume. So help them get as much information as possible, in as little time as possible. These 12 small formatting changes will make a huge difference. Know that design skills aren’t your strong suit but want your resume to about healthy eating pyramid look stunning? There’s no shame in act essay, getting help, so consider working with a professional resume designer.

This is chronological order paper arguably the most important document of your job search, so it’s worth getting it exactly right! 13. Keep it Recent, Keep it Relevant. As a rule, you should only show the act essay, most recent 10-15 years of your career history and only include the experience relevant to essay the positions to which you are applying. And remember to allocate real estate on your resume according to importance. If there’s a choice between including one more college internship or going into more detail about act essay, your current role, always choose the latter (unless a previous job was more relevant to artwork essay the one you’re applying to). 14. Prompts 2009. No Relevant Experience?

No Worries! Don’t panic if you don’t have any experience that fits the bill. Instead, Zhang explains , focus your resume on your relevant and essays american drama, transferrable skills along with any related side or academic projects, and then make sure to pair it with a strong cover letter telling the narrative of 2009 why you’re ideal for the job. No matter how long you’ve been in a job, or how much you’ve accomplished there, you shouldn’t have more than five or six bullets in a given section. Essays. No matter how good your bullets are, the recruiter just isn’t going to get through them. Act Essay Prompts. Check out these tips for essays on contemporary american writing impressive bullet points . You may be tempted to throw in 2009, tons of industry jargon so you sound like you know what you’re talking about, but ultimately you want your resume to be understandable to the average person. Remember that the first person who sees your resume might be a recruiter, an assistant, or even a high-level executive—and you want to be sure that it is readable, relevant, and interesting to all of sexton essay them. Use as many facts, figures, and numbers as you can in your bullet points. How many people were impacted by prompts, your work? By what percentage did you exceed your goals?

By quantifying your accomplishments, you really allow the hiring manager to picture the level of work or responsibility you needed to essay about eating pyramid achieve them. Even if you don’t actually work with numbers, here are some secrets to adding more to act essay prompts 2009 your resume . Transition List For High School Essays. People hire performers, so you want to show that you didn’t just do stuff, but that you got stuff done! As you look at act essay your bullet points, think about paper, how you can take each statement one step further and add in what the act essay, benefit was to your boss or your company. By doing this, you clearly communicate not only what you’re capable of, but also the direct benefit the employer will receive by hiring you. Chronological Order. If you’re not sure how to explain your impact, check out these tips for turning your duties into accomplishments . Describing soft skills on a resume often starts to sound like a list of meaningless buzzwords, fast. But being a “strong leader” or an 2009, “effective communicator” are important characteristics you want to get across. Think about how you can demonstrate these attributes in healthy eating pyramid, your bullet points without actually saying them. Zhang demonstrates here how you can show five different qualities with the 2009, same bullet point—try it yourself until you get the result you’re going for! 20.

Don’t Neglect Non-Traditional Work. Abortion. There’s no law that says you can only put full-time or paid work on your resume. So, if you’ve participated in 2009, a major volunteer role, worked part-time, were hired as a temporary or contract worker , freelanced, or blogged? Absolutely list these things as their own “jobs” within your career chronology. Essay. If every bullet in your resume starts with “Responsible for,” readers will get bored very quickly. Use our handy list of better verbs to mix it up ! Use keywords in your resume: Scan the job description, see what words are used most often, and make sure you’ve included them in your bullet points.

Not only is this a self-check that you’re targeting your resume to the job, it’ll make sure you get noticed in applicant tracking systems. Stuck on which words to include? Dump the job description into act essay prompts 2009, a tool like TagCrowd , which will analyze and essay about, spit out the most used keywords. What words shouldn’t you include? Detail-oriented, team player, and hard worker—among other vague terms that recruiters say are chronically overused . Act Essay. We bet there’s a better way to describe how awesome you are. 24. Experience First, Education Second.

Unless you’re a recent graduate, put your education after your experience. Chances are, your last couple of order research paper jobs are more important and act essay prompts 2009, relevant to you getting the job than where you went to college. American Drama. 25. Also Keep it Reverse Chronological. Usually, you should lay down your educational background by listing the most recent or advanced degree first, working in reverse chronological order. But if older coursework is prompts 2009 more specific to the job, list that first to grab the chronological paper, reviewer’s attention. Prompts. Don’t list your graduation dates. The reviewer cares more about artwork essay, whether or not you have the degree than when you earned it. If you graduated from college with high honors, absolutely make note of it.

While you don’t need to 2009 list your GPA, don’t be afraid to showcase that summa cum laude status or the fact that you were in the honors college at your university. Yoshida In Idleness Text. 28. Include Continuing or Online Education. Don’t be afraid to include continuing education, professional development coursework, or online courses in your education section, especially if it feels a little light. 2009. Kelli Orrela explains , “Online courses are a more-than-accepted norm nowadays, and your participation in them can actually show your determination and motivation to get the skills you need for your career.” Be sure to add a section that lists out all the relevant skills you have for a position, including tech skills like HTML and chronological research paper, Adobe Creative Suite and any industry-related certifications. Just make sure to skip including skills that everyone is expected to 2009 have, like using email or Microsoft Word. Doing so will actually make you seem less technologically savvy. If you have lots of skills related to a position—say, foreign language, software, and leadership skills—try breaking out artwork essay, one of those sections and act essay prompts, listing it on its own.

Below your “Skills” section, add another section titled “Language Skills” or “Software Skills,” and detail your experience there. Again—we’re going for skimmability here, folks! Feel free to include an “Interests” section on your resume, but only add those that are relevant to the job. Yoshida Kenko Essays In Idleness Full Text. Are you a guitar player with your eye on act essay prompts, a music company? Definitely include it.

But including your scrapbooking hobby for artwork essay a tech job at a healthcare company? Don’t even think about it. 32. Act Essay. Beware of Interests That Could Be Controversial. Maybe you help raise money for your church on the reg. Or perhaps you have a penchant for canvassing during political campaigns. Yes, these experiences show a good amount of work ethic—but they could also be discriminated against by someone who disagrees with the american, cause. Act Essay Prompts. Zhang explains here how to weigh the essay about eating pyramid, decision of whether to include them or not. Do include awards and accolades you’ve received, even if they’re company-specific awards.

Just state what you earned them for, e.g., “Earned Gold Award for having the company’s top sales record four quarters in a row.” What about personal achievements—like running a marathon—that aren’t totally relevant but show you’re a driven, hard worker? Zhang shares the proper ways to include them. Gaps and Other Sticky Resume Situations. Act Essay Prompts. If you stayed at a (non-temporary) job for only a matter of months, consider eliminating it from your resume. According to The New York Times ’ career coach , leaving a particularly short-lived job or two off your work history shouldn’t hurt, as long as you’re honest about yoshida essays in idleness full text, your experience if asked in an interview. If you have gaps of a few months in act essay, your work history, don’t list the usual start and end dates for each position.

Use years only (2010-2012), or just the number of years or months you worked at your earlier positions. If you’ve job-hopped frequently, include a reason for leaving next to each position, with a succinct explanation like “company closed,” “layoff due to downsizing,” or “relocated to anne sexton essay new city.” By addressing the gaps, you’ll proactively illustrate the reason for act essay prompts your sporadic job movement and make it less of an issue. Re-entering the transition words, workforce after a long hiatus? This is the prompts, perfect opportunity for kenko essays text a summary statement at the top, outlining your best skills and accomplishments. Act Essay Prompts 2009. Then, get into your career chronology, without hesitating to include part-time or volunteer work. See more tips from Jenny Foss for killing it on your comeback resume.

Don’t try to creatively fill in gaps on your resume. For example, if you took time out essays on contemporary american drama, of the act essay prompts 2009, workforce to raise kids, don’t list your parenting experience on your resume, a la “adeptly managed the growing pile of laundry” (we’ve seen it). While parenting is as demanding and intense a job as any out there, most corporate decision makers aren’t going to paper take this section of act essay prompts 2009 your resume seriously. Transition For High. 39. Act Essay 2009. Ditch “References Available Upon Request” If a hiring manager is interested in you, he or she will ask you for references—and will assume that you have them. There’s no need to address the obvious (and doing so might even make you look a little presumptuous!).

It should go without saying, but make sure your resume is free and clear of typos. And don’t rely on spell check and transition for high, grammar check alone—ask family or friends to take a look at it for you (or get some tips from an editor on how to perfect your own work ). If emailing your resume, make sure to always send a PDF rather than a .doc. Prompts. That way all of your careful formatting won’t accidentally get messed up when the hiring manager opens it on his or her computer. To make sure it won’t look wonky when you send it off, Google’s head of HR Laszlo Bock suggests, “Look at it in both Google Docs and Word, and then attach it to an email and open it as a preview.” Ready to essay healthy eating pyramid save your resume and send it off? Save it as “Jane Smith Resume” instead of “Resume.” It’s one less step the act essay, hiring manager has to essays in idleness text take. Carve out act essay 2009, some time every quarter or so to essay about eating pull up your resume and make some updates. Act Essay Prompts 2009. Have you taken on new responsibilities?

Learned new skills? Add them in. When your resume is updated on a regular basis, you’re ready to pounce when opportunity presents itself. And, even if you’re not job searching, there are plenty of good reasons to keep this document in tip-top shape. Essay Healthy Eating. Photo courtesy of Hero Images / Getty Images . Erin Greenawald is a freelance writer, editor, and content strategist who is passionate about elevating the standard of writing on the web. Erin previously helped build The Muse’s beloved daily publication and act essay prompts 2009, led the company’s branded content team. If you’re an individual or company looking for help making your content better—or you just want to go out to tea—get in order research paper, touch at eringreenawald.com. Hmmm, seems you#39;ve already signed up for this class.

While you#39;re here, you may as well check out all the amazing companies that are hiring like crazy right now.

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essay on augustus An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers. Despite vanquishing his opponents in act essay prompts 2009 the long series of civil wars 49-45 BC, Caesar did little to address the underlying ills of the Republic. His concerns were first and foremost the defeat in the field of his political opponents. During these years, and following his final victory, he was content to maintain control by a combination of the transition words for high essays, consulship and prompts, the revived, albeit reviled, dictatorship. Extensive and list school, excessive honors of all sorts were also voted to Caesar by a sycophantic senate: he refused none, save attempts to act essay 2009, crown him king.

Nevertheless, his broad disregard for tradition and precedent, and the general air of arrogance and high-handedness that marked Caesar's dealings with his peers, made him appear Rome's king in all but name. To be sure, he passed various items of legislation dealing with immediate problems (for instance, debt relief or the calendar), but he made no serious effort to systematize his position or tackle the issues that had generated the Roman Revolution in the first place. In fact, in the last months of his life he was planning to leave Rome for several years to campaign against artwork essay, the Parthians in the East. That the cabal of nobles who conspired to kill Caesar included disaffected members of his own party constitutes stark testimony as to the effects of Caesar's tactlessness. On 15 March, 44 BC C. Julius Caesar, dictator for act essay 2009 life, was surrounded by the conspirators at a meeting of the senate and cut down with twenty-three stab wounds. He died at yoshida kenko essays in idleness full the foot of a statue of his great rival, Pompey. The senatorial Liberators, covered in act essay blood and brandishing their daggers, rushed out to accept the gratitude of the liberated. They met with a somewhat different reception.

The people had loved Caesar, even if his recent behavior had been disappointing [[3]] . Sexton? The Liberators, who were led by L. Cassius Longinus and M. Junius Brutus, held public meetings in the Forum, but the reaction of the people was equivocal at best. The senate, meeting on March 17, vacillated and declared an amnesty for the Liberators (inferring legitimacy for their act of tyrannicide) while ratifying all of Caesar's acts and decreeing him a public funeral in the Forum (inferring legitimacy for Caesar's power). Act Essay Prompts 2009? It may have seemed a workable compromise, but when Caesar's mutilated body was displayed to the crowd and the contents of american, his will were made public--in which some gardens were bequeathed to the public and an individual stipend given to each member of the Roman people--the dam of emotion burst and rioting ensued. The Liberators fled the city. Power seemed firmly in act essay prompts the hands of the pro-Caesar camp and, in chronological order particular, in those of M. Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's right-hand man. The dictator's will, however, had contained something of a political bombshell that was to shake this situation to its foundations. For Caesar named as his chief heir and adopted son one of his three great-nephews, C. Octavius. The nature of the relationship between Caesar and the young Octavius is act essay, not clear. Dio claims (45.1.2) that after Octavius reached maturity (in 48 BC), Caesar took him in essay healthy eating and began training him to be his successor. This assertion is clearly more informed by later imperial behavior than by Late Republican practice, and is unlikely in any case, since Caesar was much occupied with the civil wars at act essay prompts this time (49-45 BC). Artwork Essay? There is no evidence that the act essay prompts 2009, two actually met before Octavius was in transition for high essays his mid-teens, but that the dictator noticed Octavius is hardly to be doubted.

Suetonius ( Aug . 8.1) presents a more likely series of events. In 48 BC the young Octavius was elected to the pontifical college. When Caesar celebrated his multiple triumphs in September 46 BC, Octavius took part in prompts the procession and was accorded military honors. At some time in this period, Octavius was also adlected into the patrician order. He then followed Caesar to yoshida essays, Spain when the latter went to fight the prompts, Pompeians at essays in idleness full Munda (45 BC). He earned the admiration of the dictator for the daring of his journey, which included a shipwreck; he was to show this same daring repeatedly in future months and years. In 44 BC Caesar nominated the magistrates several years in advance (another shunning of tradition on act essay 2009 Caesar's part), and the young man was included as his Master of Horse for essays drama 43 or 42 BC. Despite these indications of favor, it is fair to act essay 2009, say that in the broad scheme of things Octavius was a non-player and a political nobody in artwork essay March 44 BC, when his great-uncle was killed. When he heard of Caesar's murder, Octavius was in Apollonia in Illyricum, preparing to join Caesar on his Parthian campaign. His friends and some senior army officers urged him to take refuge with the army in Macedonia; his family advised that he lie low and come to Rome unthreateningly as a private citizen.

He opted for act essay prompts the latter course of action and arrived in american drama southern Italy, south of Brundisium. Here, he heard more details about Caesar's death and of his own adoption. His family, now fearful for his life, urged him to renounce the prompts, adoption and inheritance in order to chronological order paper, secure his personal safety. In a tremendous act of daring, he instead made directly for Brundisium and the large concentration of troops there. [[5]] Entrance into act essay Politics: April 44-November 43 BC [[6]] Antony paid no attention, at least officially. He sent no deputations to meet Octavian and inquire as to his intentions. Perhaps he dismissed the youth's actions as a sideshow bearing little relevance to the main thrust of politics. [[9]] At that time Antony was deeply occupied with several important matters, not the essays full, least being to secure powerful provinces for himself while downgrading those of Cassius and Brutus, the leaders of the Liberators. Thus, when Octavian finally entered Rome toward the end of April, Antony continued to act essay prompts, ignore him. Octavian kept his cool and arranged a meeting. When he showed up--ironically, in the gardens of Pompey on the Oppian Hill--he was pointedly kept waiting.

The ensuing exchange did not go well. [[10]] In subsequent weeks, Antony blocked Octavian's moves to order, have his adoption officially recognized and also prevented him from standing for public office. But Octavian curried favor with the crowd, and tensions with Antony rose. [[11]] Events around Mutina in prompts 2009 northern Italy brought matters to a head, both between the Caesarian camp and the Liberators and between Antony and Octavian. Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus had been a supporter of Caesar's -- and about eating, one of his assassins. The dictator had appointed him to the governorship of 2009, Cisalpine Gaul (roughly the Po Valley region of modern Italy), an appointment confirmed by the senate. The senate had also assigned Antony, consul in on contemporary american drama 44 BC, the province of prompts, Macedonia. Through tribunician legislation in June 44 BC, Antony had his command in Macedonia exchanged for that in proximate and powerful Cisalpine Gaul. Decimus Brutus's term was up at the end of 44 BC, but Antony decided to assume command of Cisalpine Gaul in November. Decimus Brutus resisted and was supported by a senate largely well disposed toward the Liberators, whom it regarded as tyrannicides. [[12]] Against this backdrop of looming crisis between the Caesarians and the Liberators, the relationship between Antony and abortion anne essay, Octavian continued to deteriorate, despite occasional public reconciliations.

Antony accused Octavian of plotting against him, while Octavian attempted, through agents, to undermine the loyalty of the army that Antony was bringing to act essay prompts 2009, Italy from Macedonia. Antony went to Brundisium to for high essays, secure his army (things did not go well there for him), at which juncture Octavian showed his daring once more. Despite the risk of being branded a public enemy, he toured the Caesarian colonies of act essay, Campania and, relying on order research paper old loyalties, raised a private army from among Caesar's veterans, perhaps 10,000 strong. Act Essay? It was a vivid demonstration of the power of the name Caesar. Order Research? Antony, meanwhile, returned to Rome and intended to denounce Octavian to the senate when he heard that two of his five legions from Macedonia had defected to act essay prompts, Octavian. Fearing the essays american, worst, he took the remainder of his force and hastened to attack Decimus Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul. 2009? [[13]] The situation was now highly volatile.

Decimus Brutus, backed by the senate, was resisting Antony under arms, and retired to the fortified town of Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Antony had four legions, Octavian had five. All the armed parties were mutually antagonistic. The senate, led by Cicero in his last great political action, identified Antony as the essays drama, greater threat. Act Essay 2009? [[14]] Cicero and Antony were now on opposing sides, following an acrimonious oratorical exchange in the senate that started in order September 44 BC. At this crucial juncture, then, Cicero deployed his considerable rhetorical skill to Octavian's benefit and began to prompts 2009, champion his cause as a foil to Antony's power.

As a result, on 1 January, 43 BC Octavian's essentially illegal command of men under arms was legitimized with a grant of propraetorian power. As such, Octavian continued his preparations to attack Antony, now declared a public enemy, who had begun besieging Decimus Brutus at Mutina. Octavian, now an official representative of the republic, led his force into the region and moved against Antony. [[15]] In two engagements in April, Antony was bested and sexton, fled over the Alps to his political allies in Transalpine Gaul. Both consuls for 43 BC, however, perished in the fighting around Mutina, and Octavian, as the prompts 2009, senior commander on the spot, refused to cooperate any further with Decimus Brutus, a murderer of his father. The senators, it appears, hoped that Octavian would now go away. They appointed Decimus Brutus to the overall command against Antony, issued decrees of public thanks to him, and palmed Octavian off with an ovation. When a commission to distribute land to artwork essay, veterans was set up, Octavian was pointedly omitted.

Smarting at act essay prompts 2009 such insulting treatment, Octavian bided his time and kenko, put in requests for a consulship (with Cicero as his colleague) and act essay prompts, a triumph. Meanwhile, Antony was preparing to return to Cisalpine Gaul with enormous forces gained from Caesarian commanders in Transalpine Gaul. The situation remained unstable. [[16]] In the face of all these developments, Octavian once more acted with courage and determination, even if with shocking directness. Having secured his army's loyalty, he marched on healthy eating pyramid Rome and seized the city with eight legions. Three legions brought from outside Italy to act essay prompts 2009, counter him defected. Unsurprisingly, Octavian was elected consul to replace the deceased consuls of essay healthy, 43 BC. He now carried the long-delayed ratification of his adoption, paid out the remainder of Caesar's legacy, revoked the amnesty for act essay prompts the Liberators, and tried and convicted them en masse and in absentia on a single day.

Despite his control of Rome, Octavian's position was perilous. Drama? Antony was massing huge forces in Cisalpine Gaul and, across the prompts, Adriatic, Cassius and Brutus had taken the full text, opportunity offered by the enmity between the Caesarian leaders to gain control of most of the eastern empire, it might be noted, with no great regard for either legality or scruple. [[17]] These complicated events have been treated here in detail due to their immense importance in establishing Octavian in prompts 2009 the mainstream of Roman politics. Order Research Paper? Dismissed by act essay 2009, Antony and then by the senate as a bit player, he proved repeatedly capable of deft and chronological research paper, resolute action in defence of his interests. On account of his tender years, he lacked the prompts 2009, nexus of influential support that most leading Roman politicians, including Antony, found essential to their success and therefore he had to rely more on direct appeals to about healthy eating, the mob, his troops, and supporters of Caesar. His actions might not have been always scrupulous or admirable, but Late-Republican politics was a vicious and cutthroat business and few involved adhered solely to principle (the Liberators, for instance, went about the prompts, eastern empire seizing provinces and only had their acts ratified post factum by chronological, a compliant senate). Octavian had only two reliable tools available to him at this early stage in his career: his name, Caesar, and promises of bounty to the soldiers, and he deployed both with daring and act essay 2009, decisiveness when he had to.

In the artwork essay, autumn of prompts 2009, 43 BC, he was to make his most ambitious move yet. The Triumvirate I: Early Challenges, 43-36 BC. The rule of the three got off to an inauspicious start. Their first act was the implementation of proscriptions, unused since the horrible days of Sulla's dictatorship. Since the property of the proscribed was forfeited, the main motive of the triumvirs in instigating the essay about healthy eating, terror appears to act essay prompts 2009, have been financial, as many of their most implacable enemies were not in Rome or Italy at all but with Brutus and Cassius in the East. A recent interpretation has questioned this view and argues that the abortion anne essay, proscriptions were a purely political act, designed to root out all opposition to the triumvirs in Italy.

Our sources preserve, in excruciating detail, dozens of tragic anecdotes about the proscribed as well as the 2009, text of the chilling proclamation announcing the proscriptions. Cicero, Antony's bitter enemy, was one of the first victims, with Octavian's compliance. The apparent financial reason for the triumvirs' need for money was soon to be made clear, when mass veteran settlements took place. Artwork Essay? Thousands perished in the chaos and mayhem that inevitably followed hard on the heels of the proscriptions. [[19]] Next, the Liberators had to be dealt with.

After a prelude in Africa early in 42 BC, in which a pro-senate governor was ousted by Octavian's appointee, Antony and Octavian moved on act essay prompts Cassius and Brutus in the summer and essay, autumn of that same year. The campaign took place in the Balkans and culminated in a double battle some weeks apart in October at Philippi in Macedonia. The Liberators were decisively defeated, Cassius and Brutus committed suicide, and the Caesarians established their control over the whole Roman world. Octavian, who had not played a glorious part in the battles, showed complete implacability in executing any and all of those implicated in the murder of Caesar who fell into his hands. A reshuffling of the provinces was required in light of the new situation: Antony got the East but retained Transalpine and Narbonese Gaul; Octavian got most of the West; Lepidus, fast being overshadowed by prompts 2009, his more ambitious and yoshida in idleness text, ruthless partners, was effectively sidelined in Africa. Following Philippi, Antony moved east, Octavian returned to Italy, and a new polarization of the Roman world began to prompts 2009, manifest itself. [[20]] In the West, Octavian faced an immediate problem: the settlement of abortion anne sexton essay, some 40,000 veterans in Italian communities. Veteran settlement was of act essay 2009, paramount concern, since it spoke to Octavian's trustworthiness as a patron and so could influence the about healthy eating, future loyalty of his armies.

The procedure entailed the act essay prompts 2009, forcible eviction of inhabitants from their land followed by its redistribution as individual plots among the ex-soldiers. Prior to Philippi, eighteen rich towns in Italy had been promised to the soldiers--now it was time to pay up. About Pyramid? Beginning in 41 BC and continuing for perhaps a year or more afterward, life in the towns and regions selected for settlement underwent massive disruption. Prompts 2009? It seems that the transition words for high essays, dispossessed were not compensated for their loss, so that the whole process made Octavian enormously unpopular in Italy. [[21]] This unpopularity generated an opportunity for the opponents of the triumvirate and led to the so-called Perusine War. One of the consuls of 41 BC was L. Antonius, brother of prompts 2009, Mark Antony. Playing on Octavian's poor reputation among the Italians, he stirred up as much trouble for the triumvir as he could. He began spreading rumors that Antony's veterans were being shabbily treated compared to Octavian's and, along with Antony's wife Fulvia, started lobbying for essays on contemporary american drama the dispossessed Italians.

His actions carried grave political dangers for Octavian, who could not allow army loyalties to be divided in Italy. The big question in all this remains how cognizant, even complicit, Mark Antony was in his brother's agitation. By late in 41 BC the situation had so deteriorated that war between Octavian and L. Antonius in Italy was inevitable. When hostilities broke out, operations focused on act essay prompts Perusia, where Octavian holed Lucius and Fulvia up in early 40 BC up. After several months of siege, Lucius surrendered and yoshida essays in idleness full, was magnanimously spared by Octavian, though the councilors and people of Perusia were not so fortunate: Octavian executed the local council and act essay prompts, gave the town over to his soldiers to plunder. He then adjourned to Gaul, there to supervise the kenko in idleness full, transfer of the region to his own command, since the Antonian governor had died. [[22]] Mark Antony reacted to act essay prompts 2009, this situation by moving west in words list for high essays the spring of 40 BC and besieging Brundisium.

Octavian gathered his forces and marched south to confront him. The triumvirate appeared to be over, its two chief members at war. However, neither army was keen for war and negotiations produced an agreement instead, termed the prompts, Pact of Brundisium. By means of this agreement, Antony ceded Gaul to Octavian, relinquishing his last foothold in the West, but was confirmed in the East. Lepidus continued to languish in Africa. Artwork Essay? Further, Antony was married to Octavian's sister, Octavia. (Fulvia had unexpectedly, and conveniently, died in Greece in the interim.) The triumvirs then travelled to Rome amidst scenes of great public rejoicing. [[23]] The attention of the triumvirs was then directed toward Sextus Pompeius in Sicily, who was posing a challenge to act essay, their authority in the West. Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey, is one of the chronological, more colorful characters of the Roman Revolution. Surviving the Pompeian defeat at Munda in 45 BC, he fought guerilla warfare in Spain and then took to 2009, the sea as a pirate leader.

When he was recalled to Rome following Caesar's murder, he cautiously sailed to Massilia and awaited developments. During the war at Mutina, when the fortunes of the senate and the Liberators appeared to be in the ascendant, he found himself appointed prefect of in idleness text, Rome's fleets and Italy's coastal zones (on 20 March, 43 BC). With the establishment of the triumvirate six months later, he seized Sicily and, as a beacon of act essay prompts, resistance against the triumvirs, was greatly reinforced by refugees from the proscriptions, survivors of Philippi, those dispossessed by the veteran settlements in Italy, and any remaining forces of republican sentiment. He beat off attempts by Octavian to oust him from drama, Sicily. Antony formed a pact with him, in order to make his move against Octavian in 40 BC but, if Sextus had hoped for some concrete reward for this service, he got none: he benefited in no way from the Pact of Brundisium and was not officially recognized by the triumvirs. Now he exacted revenge by blockading Italy and placing a stranglehold on Rome's grain supply.

Antony and Octavian were forced to act. Incapable of 2009, assailing Sextus militarily, they were forced to negotiate. At a meeting off the coast at Misenum or Puteoli, an agreement was reached (the Treaty of Misenum [or Puteoli]) in the summer of 39 BC. This agreement saw Sextus's control over Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily made official with a promise that he'd be given the Peloponnese and a consulship in due course. Sextus appeared well entrenched in triumviral politics, a fourth important player in the complex game. [[24]] The Treaty of Misenum was to have a short shelf life. Antony returned to the East, to Cleopatra and healthy eating pyramid, indecisive campaigns against the Parthians. Octavian remained in Italy and worked at extending his circle of act essay prompts 2009, followers and his influence in general.

Toward that end, the presence of artwork essay, Sextus Pompeius was an obstacle. When the Peloponnese did not come his way as had been promised, Sextus blockaded Italy again in 38 BC. Octavian moved against him, but lost a naval engagement at Cumae and much of his fleet in a subsequent storm. Act Essay? He now appealed to Antony for essays in idleness full text help. Act Essay Prompts? The two met at Tarentum in the summer of 37 BC. Aside from Octavian's acquisition of some 120 ships from on contemporary drama, Antony for the effort against Sextus (in return for a promise of act essay prompts 2009, 20,000 Italian troops for Antony's planned Parthian campaign), the meeting saw the triumvirate renewed for a further five years. The office had expired on 31 December, 38 BC, but none of the incumbents had paid any attention to that inconvenient detail and continued to exercise its prerogatives (illegally) for the first months of about pyramid, 37 BC. Act Essay? Now their power was renewed. [[25]]

Since equilibrium had been restored with Antony, Octavian now turned his full attention to defeating Sextus. Elaborate preparations, mostly under the direction M. Essays Drama? Vipsanius Agrippa, finally readied Octavian's fleet for action in 36 BC. While Agrippa held Sextus's fleet at bay, Lepidus was marshalled from act essay 2009, Africa, to assault Sicily from the essays american, south. Another of Octavian's generals was to converge on Italy from the northeast, while Octavian himself would move from Campania. But ship-destroying storms and another naval defeat for Octavian at the hands of Sextus seemed to prompts 2009, signal the failure of the eating pyramid, entire operation. Agrippa, however, saved the day and took several of Sextus's ports before engaging and destroying the rebel's fleet at the battle of Naulochus on 3 September, 36 BC. Sextus fled east but was murdered not long afterward.

Despite reverses, then, Octavian had ultimately emerged victorious and, in act essay 2009 Sextus, had eliminated one the transition list for high essays, rivals to 2009, his position of dominance in the West. Fate allowed him to neutralize the other. Lepidus, so long in the shadows, now decided to artwork essay, make a play for power. Finding himself in control of prompts 2009, twenty-two legions in Sicily, he defied Octavian and made demands that he quit the island for good. Octavian marched in his direction, at which point Lepidus's men deserted him. At an chronological order research embarrassing scene in Lepidus's camp, Octavian spared his former triumviral colleague but stripped him of his powers and confined him to house arrest at the pleasant seaside town of Circeii. There he lived out his life unmolested until he died, of natural causes, in 12 BC. [[26]] Octavian was now the unchallenged master of the prompts 2009, Roman West. In one campaigning season he had rid himself of the open challenge of Sextus Pompeius and the sleeping challenge of abortion anne sexton essay, Lepidus. Prompts 2009? He set about consolidating his position for the inevitable clash with Antony. The Triumvirate II: Showdown with Antony, 36-30 BC.

In the East, Antony was not faring terribly well. He had, since 36 BC, been involved in sporadic and difficult contests with the Parthians and Armenians. There had been no decisive outcome and, in fact, there was a rather hasty retreat back to Syria. This was all the more regrettable (in Antony's eyes), since Octavian had been successful against Sextus and then, in 35-33 BC, against the tribes of Illyricum. But Antony's behavior in the East raised problems for him in the political arena, fully exploited by Octavian. His continuing link with Cleopatra, despite his marriage to essays drama, Octavia, was among the most troublesome, and it had produced two children. Antony also appeared to have gone native, wearing eastern dress, with an act essay prompts eastern despot as a consort, and practising eastern customs. Sexton? Even more appalling, having seized Armenia in 34 BC, Antony staged a spectacle in Alexandria's gymnasium known since as the Donations of Alexandria. In this spectacle, Antony declared Cleopatra Queen of 2009, Kings and her son by Caesar, Caesarion, King of Kings; he then divided up the eastern Roman Empire among Cleopatra, Caesarion, and his own children. It seemed, from an Italian perspective, that Antony was under the order research, spell of Cleopatra, whose ultimate goal, it was rumored, was to become Queen of Rome.

Furthermore, Antony's recognition of Caesarion as Caesar's son undercut Octavian's most fundamental claim to act essay, political leadership. In an atmosphere such as this, tensions rose between Antony and Octavian. At Rome, meanwhile, Octavian further heralded his new image by having his righthand-man Agrippa appointed aedile in 33 BC to see to the restoration of many long-neglected services in the city, especially the sewer system and water supply. The city was also beautified with new buildings and the restoration of dilapidated ones, often by Octavian's supporters acting at his instigation. The popular image of Octavian's caring, popular administration must have been greatly bolstered by these actions. [[28]] The year 32 BC was a difficult one and saw Octavian and Antony finally embark openly on the road to on contemporary american drama, war. In the first place, Octavian's second term of triumviral powers ran out on prompts 2009 31 December, 33 BC. Artwork Essay? This made his legal position somewhat delicate, but the niceties of legality were far less important than his demonstrable exercise of power and influence, especially among his troops. Who was going to challenge him? It is interesting to observe that Octavian immediately ceased using the title triumvir; Antony did not.

In dropping the title, Octavian once more ostentatiously respected Roman tradition. As matters turned out, events at Rome were to offer Octavian a new basis for claiming legitimate leadership of the Roman people, albeit a non-legal one. On 1 January, 32 BC, the Antonian consul, C. Sosius issued a speech denouncing Octavian and proposing something that required a tribunician veto to quash (the precise content of the proposal is unknown). Octavian, not in the city at act essay the time, soon entered with an american drama armed escort, convened the senate, and denounced Antony. This action so effectively cowed the Antonians that Sosius and his fellow consul Ahenobarbus fled eastward followed by the other pro-Antony senators. News then reached Rome that Antony was forming his own senate in Alexandria from act essay prompts, among the abortion anne, exiled senators and that he had officially renounced Octavia as his wife.

Octavian, enraged, seized Antony's will from the Vestal Virgins (a completely illegal and unscrupulous act) and read it aloud in the senate. Its contents shocked Roman sentiment: Antony wished to be buried in Alexandria, next to 2009, Cleopatra. It seemed to many that, after all, he was indeed planning to artwork essay, establish a renegade eastern empire with a foreign queen at 2009 its helm. War was declared on Cleopatra, and traditional rituals revived to emphasize that the official enemy was a foreigner, not a fellow Roman. As preparations for war geared up in the summer of 32 BC, a remarkable thing happened. First Italy and then the western provinces swore an oath of essays american, allegiance to Octavian personally. Whether the oath was voluntary, as Augustus later claimed in his Res Gestae , or a more carefully orchestrated piece of political theater, Octavian could now claim to prompts 2009, be the people's choice for the war against Cleopatra. It was not a legal position, but it was an unassailable one. [[29]] In prospect, the war between Antony and Octavian promised to be the largest civil conflict ever conducted by the Romans. Abortion? Arrayed against each other were the resources of the entire empire, East against West.

The not inconsiderable resources of Ptolemaic Egypt, the last surviving major Hellenistic kingdom, were also in the mix. In the end, however, the war ended not with a bang but with a fizzle. The massive forces moved against each other and converged in Greece, as had Caesar and Pompey at the outset of an earlier great conflict. 2009? The two sides encamped on the north side of the Ambracian gulf, near the promontory of Actium . Cleopatra's presence proved problematic for Antony, and artwork essay, there were defections to Octavian. Meanwhile, Antony and Cleopatra managed to get their ships blockaded in the gulf by Octavian's fleet, under Agrippa's able command.

In an attempt to break out on 2 September, 31 BC (almost five years to the day since Sextus' defeat at Naulochus) Antony was decisively defeated. Act Essay Prompts 2009? In ancient accounts, Cleopatra and then Antony fled the battle prematurely. The land forces never engaged, but Antony's men defected to Octavian en masse. Everything had been decided in a few hours of naval warfare. [[30]] The victory of Octavian was complete. Antony and Cleopatra fled to anne sexton essay, Egypt. Octavian made his way there via Syria, securing the loyalty of all as he went. Antony's forces and former supporters defected in droves. On reaching Egypt and Alexandria in the summer of 30 BC, Octavian faced Antony's forces on land and sea.

A great battle seemed imminent -- until Antony's navy and act essay prompts 2009, cavalry defected en masse before the words list, very eyes of their general and his infantry were defeated (1 August, 30 BC). Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and act essay 2009, passed from essays drama, historical reality into the realm of romantic legend. Prompts 2009? Octavian had Caesarion and Antony's eldest son (Antyllus) executed, and he annexed Egypt as a province of words list, Rome, ending the Ptolemaic period of prompts 2009, that country's history. He was now sole master of the entire Roman world. If, indeed, it had been his intention from the start to reach this position, it must have been a particularly rewarding day. For fourteen years he had played a careful, dangerous, and patient game. Now it was time to secure the future, for himself and for Rome. [[31]] From Octavian to Augustus: A New Order Established. In the wake of research, Actium , however, there was work to be done.

After taking Egypt and settling affairs there, Octavian stayed away from Rome as he saw to the organization of the prompts 2009, East. For the most part, Antony's arrangements were left in place, as long as old loyalties were suitably redirected. Octavian returned to Rome and Italy, amid tumultuous celebrations, in August of 29 BC. Large numbers of veterans were settled (perhaps 25 legions totalling 40,000 men or more) both in Italy and the provinces, this time without complaint, since the vast wealth of Egypt allowed for ample compensation. When he entered Rome, he celebrated three triumphs over three days (over Dalmatia, Actium, and essays on contemporary drama, Egypt). Act Essay Prompts 2009? Legally, his difficult position of for high school essays, 32 BC had been bypassed and Octavian held the consulship every year from 31 BC onwards (until 23 BC). Just as important, however, was the act essay prompts, non-legal basis for his dominance, later expressed by Augustus as universal consent. The roots of this consent must lie in the oath of 32 BC, now extended in principle, if not in practice, to essay about healthy pyramid, embrace the entire empire and all its armies. Act Essay 2009? Octavian was, as he later put it, in complete control of affairs precisely because everyone wanted him to be and, just as significantly, because he was the last man standing. There is list for high, political posturing in his claim to universal consent, to be sure, but possibly also some kernel of truth.

He had ended the civil wars, and all hopes for a peaceful future now rested with him and him alone. In light of this, the prompts 2009, senate and people voted him numerous honors in 29 BC, some of which Octavian judiciously refused, consonant with his image as respecter of chronological, tradition. [[32]] Octavian's holding continuous consulships would be insufficient as a mode of administration in the long term, especially if, as he intended, the old order was to prompts, be seen to be restored. He needed, somehow, to find a firm place simultaneously within and above established norms. Chronological Research? His position at act essay prompts the head of transition words for high, affairs therefore needed careful consideration, and this no doubt explains the eighteen-month gap between his return to act essay prompts, Rome in August 29 BC and the so-called First Constitutional Settlement of 13 January, 27 BC which, with the broadest of brush strokes, began painting the portrait of the new order. Memories of essays on contemporary american drama, Caesar's fate must have loomed large. Despite that dictator's huge popularity among the act essay prompts, masses, his complete victory over his enemies in civil war, and artwork essay, the devotion of act essay prompts, his troops, he had been laid low by a few dozen disillusioned aristrocrats. Among the uppermost considerations pressing on Octavian, therefore, must have been the chronological order research paper, need to appease the act essay 2009, sensibilities of the elite. In addition, the divided loyalties of highly politicized armies had been a plague on the Late Republic.

This situation too would require remedying. These two issues, in chronological research paper fact, were at the heart of the First Settlement, staged in the senate on 13 January, 27 BC. [[33]] On that day, Octavian entered the senate and, to the shock of those not in the know, surrendered his position and retired to private life. The senators, possibly confused, reacted with indignance and insisted that Octavian remain at the helm of the act essay prompts 2009, state. After a show of reluctance, Octavian graciously accepted a share in the running of the transition words, state, gaining command of Spain (except Baetica), Gaul, Syria, Cyprus, and Egypt while the senate and people kept the rest. Within his extended provincia , granted for ten years, Octavian could appoint legates to administer regions on his behalf. Modern scholars have failed to reach agreement on the exact legal status of Octavian's command over his provinces (was it by act essay 2009, virtue of imperium consulare or proconsulare , imperium maius or aequum ?), but the case for imperium proconsulare is the stronger; it also had precedents, in the form of the extraordinary commands of Pompey or Caesar in the Late Republic. This situation would have appealed to Octavian's desire to appear to be maintaining traditions while also doing nothing alarmingly new or innovative. Other honors and privileges were also forthcoming, at a second meeting on 16 January. Here Octavian was named Augustus, a word ringing with religious (augur) and social ( auctoritas ) meaning but not suggestive of overt political dominance. In Idleness? C. Julius Caesar Octavianus now became Imperator Caesar Augustus.

Other honors carried more symbolic meaning (laurels placed on the door of his house; award of the corona civica for saving the lives of citizens; the Shield of Virtues erected in his honor) but they were no less significant for that: they helped establish Augustus's pre-eminent place in the state and craft the act essay prompts, beginnings of an Augustan ideology. By means of this settlement, Augustus was simultaneously commander, leader, savior. [[34]] In the summer following the settlement, Augustus left Rome to tour Gaul and Spain. The journey kept him away from Rome until 24 BC--probably a wise choice on his part, to essays, be out of the public eye while the new arrangements took root. While he was away his aides Agrippa and Maecenas supervised matters in Rome. The summer after his return, probably in 2009 June or July, the artwork essay, Second Constitutional Settlement was staged. At around this time a conspiracy was unearthed and two principals, Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena, were executed. In the act essay prompts 2009, absence of evidence, scholarly debate has raged about the timing, aims, methods, and members of the conspiracy: was the Second Settlement a reaction to the conspiracy, or vice versa? Or were the events unrelated? In the end, the conclusion has to be left open, but the case for the conspiracy's occurring after the settlement seems the stronger, though any causative links between events remains little more than putative. The outline of the Second Settlement itself is clear enough, even if several details remain debatable.

Augustus relinquished the consulship (which he had been monopolizing since 31 BC) and was only to yoshida essays, take it up on two further occasions in the rest of his life, for dynastic reasons. In return, he received an empire-wide grant of proconsular power ( imperium proconsulare ) for 2009 five years. It is debated whether this imperium was greater ( maius ) than that of healthy pyramid, any other governor or equal ( aequum ) to it. Five decrees found in 2009 Cyrenaica, dated to the period 6-4 BC, show Augustus intervening in the internal affairs of this province. The implication is that his imperium overrode that of the governor on the spot (and so was maius ), though the possibility that it was co-extensive with it must also be allowed (making the imperium aequum ). Whatever the legal details, by virtue of this grant of imperium in 23 BC, he could intervene in the affairs of any province in the empire. Unlike other governors, he was also given dispensation to retain his power within the city limits of Rome (the pomerium ), probably for purely practical reasons: otherwise, every time he left the city, his proconsular power would need to be renewed. In relinquishing the consulship, Augustus lost certain powers and privileges within the city of Rome and its polity (his proconsular power notwithstanding).

These were now compensated for by a grant of tribunician power ( tribunicia potestas ), also for five years, that allowed him all the rights and privileges of research paper, a tribune of the people, without actually holding that office: he could summon the people, propose legislation, veto meetings and proposals, and so on. With both his tribunician power and proconsular power, Augustus now had the ability to prompts, direct affairs in every wing of sexton, domestic and foreign administration. These two powers were long to remain the twin pillars of the Roman emperors' legal position. [[35]] While the 2009, major settlements of 27 and 23 BC established the bases of Augustus's position, further refinements were necessary. As with the settlement of 27 BC, Augustus soon left Rome for the East (22-19 BC).

Before he left, he was forced to refuse offers of the dictatorship or perpetual consulship pressed on him by the people, who appear to have completely missed the american, subtleties of the Second Settlement the year before. Over the coming years, he received, piecemeal, some significant privileges and honors. In 23 BC, for instance, he was given the right to convene the senate whenever he saw fit ( ius primae relationis ). In 22 BC, he was appointed to oversee Rome's grain supply (for how long is unclear). In 19 , when he had returned from the East, he was given censorial powers for five years. When Lepidus finally died in 13 or 12 BC, Augustus became chief priest ( pontifex maximus ). Finally, in 2 BC, he was granted the title Father of his Country ( pater patriae ), a title of prompts 2009, which he was immensely proud. Artwork Essay? It is not hard to see why, since the title placed Augustus in a relationship with the Roman state analogous to act essay, that of a paterfamilias over his charges: he was to be in complete control of everything. In addition, there was his membership of on contemporary american drama, all the colleges of act essay, priests, numerous symbolic privileges (e.g., immunity from taxes), and the matter of auctoritas . This personal quality, impossible to translate into chronological order paper English with a single word, was a combination of authority and influence derived from one's social and political position, family, abilities, and achievements. It was, most importantly, an informal virtue: it could not be voted to anyone by the senate or the people. In this way, the extent of Augustus's auctoritas reflected the extent and success of his life's work, and it helped him get a lot of business done without constantly invoking his legally-conferred powers. Augustus simply had to make known his preferences for matters to transpire accordingly, so that, for instance, candidates for act essay 2009 office whom he favored invariably got elected.

No wonder he was proud to boast that he surpassed all in auctoritas . [[36]] The complex edifice of the Augustan Principate was, at heart, a sham. But, like any successful sham, it was one that people could believe in. Above all, there was political genius in artwork essay Augustus's slow and careful acquisition of overarching authority in every area of public life. Prompts 2009? At every step of the way--from the yoshida in idleness full, oath of 32 BC through the constitutional settlements and the honors and privileges conferred upon him piecemeal--he could present himself as the passive partner. On all occasions, the senate and people of Rome voluntarily conferred powers, privileges, and honors on act essay 2009 him. He sought nothing for himself; he was no Caesar. Indeed, he often expressed reluctance to accept offices and honors that struck him as excessive, and chronological order research paper, occasionally he refused them outright. In sharp contrast to Caesar, Augustus constantly had one eye on aristocratic sensitivities. Furthermore, none of act essay prompts 2009, his cardinal powers were conferred for life but, rather, for fixed periods of five or (later) ten years. That these powers were never rescinded when they came up for renewal is entirely beside the point: there was the yoshida essays in idleness text, illusion of prompts 2009, choice.

That is what mattered. The vocabulary Augustus chose to essays in idleness full, express his power, too, was a model of act essay prompts, tact: leading citizen ( princeps ) not dictator, authoritative influence ( auctoritas ) not command ( imperium ). Throw into the equation his modest lifestyle, affable approachability, routine consultation of the senate, and essay, genuinely impressive work ethic, and we have in Augustus one of the greatest and most skillfully manipulative politicians of any nation in any age. The Nature of the 2009, Principate and The Problem of the Succession. After Actium, Augustus moved on the succession problem quickly. He began to show signs of favor to essays on contemporary american drama, his nephew, Marcellus. He himself only had one natural child, Julia, his daughter by his second wife, Scribonia. The first sure sign of favor to Marcellus was his participation in Augustus's triple triumph of 29 BC. In 25 BC, Marcellus was married to Julia, forming a closer family link with Augustus.

The following year, Marcellus became aedile and, on Augustus's request, was granted the privilege of sitting as an ex-praetor in the senate and of standing for the consulship ten years in 2009 advance of the legal age. By 23 BC he was widely considered, in Velleius's words, Augustus's successor in kenko in idleness power ( successor potentiae ). Act Essay 2009? Then, a surprise. Augustus fell seriously ill in 23 BC. As he lay on what he thought was his deathbed, he handed an account of the state's resources to essay, the consul Cn. Calpurnius Piso, and his signet ring to act essay prompts 2009, Agrippa. The symbolic message was clear: Marcellus was too young; experience was yet preferred at the top. Augustus recovered from artwork essay, his illness, but later that same year Marcellus fell ill and was not so fortunate.

He was nineteen when he died and was entombed with all due pomp and ceremony in Augustus's family mausoleum. [[38]] The career of prompts 2009, Marcellus, short though it was, already revealed the elements of Augustus's methods: he was to use family links (marriage or adoption) in conjunction with constitutional privileges (office-holding and the privilege of standing for office early) to indicate his successor. Abortion Anne Essay? His inspiration appears to have been his personal experience: as Caesar had presented Octavius to the public at his triumphs of September 46 BC, so now did Augustus display Marcellus at his own triumphs in August 29 BC; as the senate had Octavius granted the prompts, right to artwork essay, stand for the consulship ten years in advance of the act essay prompts 2009, legal age in 43 BC, so Augustus had the same right granted to paper, Marcellus in 24 BC; and just as Caesar had bound Octavius to him by a familial link, so now did Augustus with Marcellus's marriage to Julia (although such political alliances through family ties had long been a staple of the act essay prompts 2009, Roman nobility). Each event had its precedent; it was their combination that was significant. [[39]] Marcellus was soon replaced by about healthy eating pyramid, Agrippa. 2009? Shortly before Marcellus's death, Agrippa had left for the East. In the face of transition for high, Marcellus's earlier preferment, the sources abound with rumors of Agrippa's voluntary departure in high dudgeon or of prompts 2009, his forcible exile, but such speculations are demonstrably without merit. Agrippa had been favored when Augustus was ill in 23 BC and subsequently went East with a grant of imperium proconsulare , a share in Augustus's own powers. This is not what Augustus would have done with a man of whom he was suspicious or who had fallen in any way from favor. Augustus had business in the East, to paper, which he was shortly to attend personally, and 2009, Agrippa was doubtless sent ahead to pave the way. Maecenas, Augustus's other chief advisor and no friend of chronological order, Agrippa, is reported to have commented in 21 BC that Agrippa had now been raised so high that either Augustus must marry him to Julia or kill him.

Augustus chose the former route. Julia was married to prompts, Agrippa in that year. Until his death in 12 BC, Agrippa was clearly intended to be Augustus's successor. Aside from his marriage to order research paper, Julia, in 18 BC Agrippa's proconsular power was renewed and, more significantly, he received a share of tribunician power (renewed in 13 BC). [[40]] By virtue of these powers and act essay prompts, privileges, had anything happened to Augustus in the years 21-13 BC, Agrippa would have been ideally placed to take over the reins of government. Coins of the period 13-12 BC depict Agrippa as virtual co-emperor with Augustus, although the latter was always the senior partner. Essay Healthy Eating Pyramid? This straightforward interpretation of the situation in these years has been complicated by Augustus's treatment of Agrippa and prompts, Julia's sons, Gaius (born in yoshida full 20 BC) and prompts, Lucius (born in 17 BC).

When Lucius was born, Augustus adopted them both as his own sons and they became Gaius and Lucius Caesar. A further complication is added when the ongoing careers of Augustus's stepsons, Tiberius and essays american, Drusus, who were also advanced over these years, are taken into consideration. The intent behind these labyrinthine machinations appears to have been to create a pool of eligible candidates, headed by a frontrunner. Any other princes as were advanced in the background are best considered as insurance against fate or as indicators of 2009, Augustus's preferences for the third generation of the Principate. In this way, Agrippa was to abortion, succeed Augustus, but the adoption of Gaius and Lucius signalled Augustus's desire that one of them succeed Agrippa (which one was to be preferred remains unclear, given subsequent events). Tiberius and Drusus, as imperial princes, can be expected to have enjoyed high public profiles and 2009, earned various privileges, but they were very much on the backburner in these years.

Notions of Regency (Agrippa over Gaius and Lucius) or paired succession (Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius and Drusus) proposed by modern scholars seem remoter possibilities. [[41]] Augustus's vision for the succession can be seen in action again in 12 BC, when Agrippa died. Julia, now widowed a second time, was married to Tiberius the following year. Tiberius was Augustus's stepson and the most senior and experienced of the chronological, secondary princes in prompts 2009 the imperial house. Words List Essays? As such, he was a natural choice. Act Essay Prompts? Not long afterward, Tiberius left for campaigns in Germany and Pannonia, possibly with a grant of proconsular imperium . In 7 BC he entered his second consulship and the following year his position was made plain when he received a large commission in the East and a grant of tribunician power. In short, between 12 and chronological order, 6 BC Tiberius was upgraded to take Agrippa's place in Augustus's scheme and was installed to be Augustus's successor. But it was to be a rocky road indeed that led to his eventual succession in AD 14. In 6 BC Tiberius unexpectedly retired to Rhodes, despite his prominent public position.

Augustus, apparently angered by Tiberius's action, had little choice (Drusus, Tiberius's brother had died in Germany in 9 BC). Act Essay Prompts? He appears to have relied on his increasingly robust health to see his adopted sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar to their maturity. But fate intervened once more and transition words list, both young men died, Lucius in act essay prompts 2009 AD 2 and Gaius two years after that. In a burst of abortion anne sexton, dynastic activity in act essay prompts 2009 June of AD 4, Tiberius was rehabilitated and adopted by Augustus, as was Agrippa Postumus (the youngest child of Julia and essay about pyramid, Agrippa); Tiberius was constrained to adopt his nephew Germanicus . Again, debate has swirled around these arrangements but, following the suggestions made above, it is probably best to prompts 2009, avoid notions of artwork essay, regency or paired succcession and see here an attempt by Augustus to re-establish a pool of princes from which to draw candidates, with Tiberius as the prompts, favored successor and Germanicus to come behind him. The adoption of Agrippa Postumus remains puzzling, but he was still only a teenager at the time and the move may have been intended only to secure his prominence in future succession plans. Germanicus , twenty years old at the time of his adoption by Tiberius , was clearly the artwork essay, frontrunner for the third generation of the Principate. Through him, also, Augustus could hope for act essay prompts 2009 a Julian heir to yoshida kenko full text, the throne, but it is far from clear whether this remote consideration played any decisive role in Augustus's thinking. [[42]] The succession issue was not a happy one for act essay prompts 2009 the imperial house and transition for high school, carried in its train some domestic tragedies. Aside from the deaths of the various princes, Augustus banished his own daughter Julia in 2 BC and prompts, her daughter, also named Julia, in AD 8. In AD 6-7 Agrippa Postumus was disinherited and banished to the small island of Planasia, only to be murdered shortly after Augustus's death. The banishment of Julia the Elder is emblematic of this group of events. Julia's marriage to Tiberius had not been successful and she appears to have sought solace in the arms of various noblemen and equestrians.

In 2 BC her indiscretions were brought to Augustus's attention and, enraged, he banished her to anne sexton essay, the island of Pandateria. She never returned to act essay 2009, Rome. The sources unanimously ascribe Julia's fate to her licentiousness and immorality, but modern scholars have rightly questioned this presentation and seen instead dynastic scheming behind Julia's actions and subsequent banishment. Whatever the actual degree of Julia's political acumen, the informal and allusive nature of the essay eating, succession system itself was the root cause of her demise. For, in the Augustan system, an act essay 2009 imperial princess who had been married to no less than three indicated favorites (Marcellus, Agrippa, and Tiberius ) and who then brought outsiders into her bed was also bringing them into the heart of the dynasty.

That could not be tolerated. That Augustus interpreted his daughter's misdeeds in political terms, at least in words list for high school essays part, is suggested by the trial for treason of 2009, one of Julia's lovers, Iullus Antonius, and his subsequent execution or suicide; others of her lovers were banished. The same can be said for the fall of Agrippa Postumus and then of transition for high essays, Julia the Younger. However murky the details in act essay prompts 2009 each case, they can all be seen as victims of the Augustan succession system. [[43]] In all, then, the essay eating, succession problem was a difficult one for Augustus, and his solutions only prompts perpetuated it for yoshida in idleness full all future emperors.

Despite the act essay prompts 2009, internal difficulties engendered by the issue, Augustus was keen to present a united image of the imperial house to the populace. This is best illustrated by order, the Altar of the act essay, Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ), dedicated in January, 9 BC, and laden with symbolic significance largely outside the about eating pyramid, purview of this biography. For our current purposes, most important is the presentation to the people, on act essay 2009 the south frieze, of the imperial family--women and children included--as a corporate entity. The message of dynastic harmony and the promise of future stability emanating from the imperial house is palpable. The reality, as we have just seen, was rather different. Augustus and the Empire I: the chronological order paper, Army.

Augustus completed the ongoing professionalization of the Roman military by establishing a force of 28 standing legions (three were to be lost in Germany in act essay 2009 AD 9), made up of volunteer recruits. For the citizen soldiers of the legions, service was for a prescribed period (first 16, then 20 years), on a regular wage, and with fixed rewards upon discharge. After 14 BC, land grants were discontinued in chronological order research favor of cash pension payments; such payments were funded, after AD 6, by a new public treasury (the aerarium militare ). For the first time, military service became a career choice in and of itself. Augustus also created a non-citizen wing of the army (corresponding to the Republican era's allies and extraordinarii ). These auxiliary troops were formed into prompts cohorts of essays on contemporary drama, infantry and wings ( alae ) of cavalry, usually 500 or 1000 strong, sometimes under their own commanders, sometimes under a Roman officer (an ex-centurion or tribune). Under Augustus, auxiliary units were mostly raised as needed and disbanded when the campaign(s) ended; some units were incorporated into the new permanent force, on terms of service similar to those for the legionaries. Augustus also regularized the organization and terms of prompts, service in the Roman navy and created the praetorian guard, a personal force which he discreetly and tactfully billeted in townships around Rome. [[44]] Augustus was careful to channel the loyalties of this new professional army solely in his direction. The troops' loyalty to Augustus was assured by their taking a personal oath of loyalty to him and by his role as their sole paymaster and guarantor of chronological paper, their rewards on discharge. Act Essay 2009? In short, he was their patron. The army's commanders on-the-ground were handpicked legates of Augustus; its campaign commanders were often the likes of Agrippa, Tiberius , or Gaius Caesar, that is, members of Augustus's own family or immediate circle. He also kept the army busy in major campaigns in Spain, the drama, Alpine regions, along the Danube and Rhine rivers, across the Rhine in act essay Germany, and in numerous small-scale actions all along the empire's frontiers.

Where active campaigns were not prosecuted, as in Gaul or in the East, the transition words essays, army was used as a means of act essay, aiding political settlements (as in the return of the anne, Parthian eagles in 20 BC or the meeting of C. Caesar and the Parthians on an island in the Euphrates in AD 2) or as a garrison over local populations (as in act essay 2009 Gaul). While Augustus did not go so far as to station the legions along the artwork essay, frontier as a defensive garrison force (as was to happen in later ages), he at least removed them from the center of power and began the process of keeping them in act essay the vicinity of the frontiers. Although Augustus appears to some scholars to have been aiming at establishing scientific frontiers along the Rhine/Elbe and Danube lines, the abortion essay, whole issue of his foreign policy--indeed, whether even such a policy existed--remains most unclear. For the scientific frontiers view to be true, certain problematic assumptions are requisite, not the least concerning the Romans' cartographic capabilities and their appreciation of geographic realities well beyond their immediate purview; it is also questionable to what degree the administration of the empire in act essay prompts 2009 general adhered to clearly conceived policy on anything, rather than reacting ad hoc as circumstances and local conditions dictated. On the whole, then, we should probably avoid notions of Roman imperial policy on the model of modern national policies. One of the chief political values of Augustus's campaigns was that it kept his new professional army busy--idle trained killers can be a somewhat destabilizing element in society--and afforded him considerable personal military glory, which further reinforced his claim to the loyalty of the troops. [[45]] The importance to Augustus, as well as to the state, of his monopolization of army loyalties is order paper, revealed in act essay two suggestive incidents in 27 BC, when the Augustan order was still in its infancy. At this delicate time, M. Licinius Crassus, grandson of the great Late Republican magnate, raised a serious problem for Augustus. As governor of Macedonia he had undertaken successful campaigns south of the Danube in essays full 29-28 BC and had personally killed the enemy leader in battle. Act Essay Prompts? In 27 BC, then, he was awarded a triumph but he went further: he claimed the ancient honor of spolia opima (the most honorable spoils), awarded to a Roman commander who had slain his counterpart with his own hand. These honors, involving the dedication of the enemy commander's captured panoply to Jupiter Feretrius, had only been earned on three prior occasions in all of Roman history.

Since Crassus's claim to the spolia opima would have raised Crassus into the uppermost echelons of military glory, it had the potential to confuse the soldiers' loyalty toward Augustus. So Augustus blocked the claim on a technicality. Crassus held his triumph and promptly disappears from our records. (It is unlikely that he was killed but, rather, that his public profile died a death in the face of essays on contemporary drama, Augustus's displeasure, a good example, if true, of the workings of act essay 2009, auctoritas .) Not long afterward, another governor proved problematic. C. Cornelius Gallus had been appointed the first prefect of Egypt on its annexation in 30 BC. Like Crassus, he had embarked on campaigns to surpress revolts and to attack neighboring people. Artwork Essay? He then celebrated his successes with statues of himself and bragging inscriptions, one of act essay prompts 2009, which has survived.

Enraged, Augustus let it be known that he no longer considered Gallus his friend. Charges were immediately brought and abortion anne essay, proposals laid that Gallus be convicted in absentia , exiled, and his property given to Augustus. His social status and political career in ruins, his very life perhaps in danger, Gallus committed suicide (possibly in 26 BC). Both of these men had behaved fully within the boundaries of republican precedent but had failed utterly to appreciate a fundamental rule of the new order: there was to be no military glory but Augustus's. In contrast, Agrippa, for prompts so long Augustus's right-hand man, repeatedly refused honors and triumphs granted to him; all his victories were celebrated by Augustus. [[46]] Augustus and the Empire II: Administration. In the sphere of external affairs, many of the army's conquests were formed into new provinces, especially along the south shore of the Danube (Moesia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia) and the Alps (Alpes Cottiae and Maritimae). Chronological Research? In the East and in Mauretania in North Africa, client kingdoms and principalities were allowed to exist, sometimes in very complex arrangements, as with the act essay 2009, Tetrarchs in essays on contemporary Palestine or the numerous lesser kingdoms that dotted the prompts, interior and eastern reaches of Asia Minor. From 27 BC onward these provinces were divided into those that fell into the vast provincia of Augustus (the imperial provinces) and those that were retained by the senate and artwork essay, people (the senatorial or public provinces; see above, From Octavian to 2009, Augutus: A New Order Established). On Contemporary Drama? When the prompts, disposition of the provinces is examined (as it stood on Augustus's death in AD 14), it shows that the imperial territories outnumber the kenko essays in idleness full, public ones by act essay prompts, a factor of almost two, and words for high, that all but one of the 2009, empire's twenty-five legions then in essay about eating pyramid service fell under the act essay 2009, emperor's command. Further, the Cyrenaica decrees reveal the emperor making decisions about the internal operation of this, a public province.

Such interference on Augustus's part was legitimated by the improved imperium proconsulare granted him in the settlement of 23 BC and brings into question any notions of essay about healthy eating, joint rule by senate and princeps (so-called dyarchy). Ultimately, all the provinces were Augustus's concern. [[48]] Overall, it is fair to say that the provinces, whether public or imperial, benefited enormously from Augustus's reign. Not only had he brought them peace, he also brought them good government. Legates in imperial provinces were appointed by Augustus for act essay periods of three years or more depending on local conditions, whereas proconsuls in anne the public provinces continued to prompts, rotate annually. The men varied in rank from senators (proconsuls, usually of praetorian rank, in public provinces; legates of praetorian or consular rank in imperial ones) to yoshida essays full text, equites (governing as prefects, as in Egypt and some of the smaller, unarmed provinces). Whatever their status, under the new order governors had no reason to extort from act essay 2009, their provinces the huge sums of money that Republican-era proconsuls and propraetors had used to bankroll their domestic political careers, since the success of those careers now depended less on victory at sexton the polls and more on the emperor's favor. Indeed, extortion in the provinces could be positively dangerous, as it raised suspicions about the nature of one's ultimate ambitions. These strictures applied no less in the public than in the imperial provinces, since all governors were now answerable to act essay 2009, a single source of authority in a way they had not been under the Republic.

This does not mean that rapacious governors entirely disappeared as a breed but that, for artwork essay the most part--the disappointments of Gallus and Crassus aside--Augustus's gubernatorial appointments were sound. We hear of no major failings in the management of the provinces during his reign and certainly nothing on a par with the rapacious activities of the likes of Caesar or Sulla under the Republic. Augustus, by virtue of proconsular power, could also intervene directly in any provincial dispute, as he did famously in Cyrenaica. Hardly surprising, then, is the fact that of act essay 2009, all the emperors, Augustus's image is the kenko essays, most commonly found in act essay 2009 the provinces, even long after his death. The remarkable period of peace and prosperity ushered in by Augustus's reign is known not only as the Pax Romana but also as the Pax Augusta . [[49]] Augustus, as the protector and guardian of Roman tradition, also sought to artwork essay, inculcate a return to that tradition by means of 2009, legislation: by new laws passed at my instigation, I brought back those practices of our ancestors that were passing away in our age ( RG 8.5). Thus, for instance, he passed laws limiting public displays of extravagance (so-called sumptuary legislation) in the manner of the old Republican senate, and he attempted through marriage regulations to put a cap on divorces and punish childlessness and adultery among the elite. He also reinforced the traditional social hierarchy, making sure that everyone knew their place in it. Minimum property qualifications for membership of the upper orders were reinforced, and status symbols for all the classes, especially the amorphous equestrians, clearly established. The convergence of this sort of essay, legislation is illustrated by prompts 2009, the series of laws pertaining to essays american, freed slaves, passed between 17 BC and act essay prompts, AD 4. In the first place, the numbers of slaves that could be informally manumitted or freed in american wills was restricted in proportion to the total number of slaves owned. This is a piece of sumptuary regulation, limiting overly extravagant displays of wealth and generosity in public.

Second, informally freed slaves were placed into a special class of quasi-citizenship termed Junian Latinity that was capable of act essay prompts, being upgraded to full citizenship only after the Junians had proved themselves worthy; one way of artwork essay, achieving worthiness was to have children. Such regulations, then, encapsulated the Augustan attitudes toward public extravagance, maintenance of the social hierarchy, and prompts, marriage and reproduction. In his private life, Augustus fell short of his own ideals (witness the turmoil engendered in words list his family by adultery and infidelities of all sorts), but the thrust of his social legislation was less to regulate individuals' private behavior than to act essay prompts, maintain the proper outward appearance of dignitas and decency that Augustus felt had been lost during the abortion anne essay, Late Republic. As such, it pertained to the ruling classes of the state and hardly at all affected the commoner on the street. [[50]] Finally, there is the issue of the worship of Augustus. The imperial cult evolved gradually over many centuries, and it has been long recognized that ruler worship extended back well before Roman times in the eastern Mediterranean. In the prompts, East, then, the worship of Augustus as a god commenced not long after Actium.

Augustus, reticent in this regard, often rejected divine honors outright or insisted that his worship be coupled with that of Rome. He probably had an eye on Caesar's fate in so acting. The situation in the West, however, was more difficult. In Rome itself there could be no question of Augustus being worshipped as a living god, which would go against the grain of the Principate. In any case, he was already the son of yoshida full text, a god and the revered one (Augustus). A compromise solution appears to have been to have his will ( numen ) or essence ( genius ) recognized as divine. In Italy and out in act essay the western provinces Augustus did not actively block direct worship, and two major cult centers were established at Lugdunum in Gaul and Cologne on the Rhine with altars at transition essays each place to Rome and Augustus, maintained by officials drawn from the local elite. In communities all across the West, in fact, altars and temples to Rome and Augustus and to Augustus himself are attested, all staffed by locals.

Such cult centers therefore acted not only to prompts 2009, promote unity in the previously barbarous western provinces and to american, direct loyalties accordingly, but they also facilitated the assimilation of 2009, local populations into a Roman way of life. [[51]] The Augustan literary scene was also exceptionally vibrant. This is the era of some of Rome's most famous and influential writers, including Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Propertius, and Tibullus in poetry, and Livy in prose. Vergil, in particular, crafted a new national epic for the Romans in the Aeneid , which quickly came to replace Ennius's Annales as the transition words list school, poem every schoolchild learned by heart. This great flowering of literary activity was generated by the development of prompts 2009, literary circles of patronage, which had been mostly in abeyance since the second century BC. Essay Healthy? The most famous literary, indeed artistic, patron of his day was C. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Maecenas, a close associate of Augustus from the very beginning but one who never played an essay active role in politics (in contrast to Agrippa). Something of a bon vivant , he actively supported the careers of Vergil and Horace, for instance, until his death in 8 BC. Another circle formed around M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus, who promoted the careers of Tibullus and Ovid. For the historian the most intriguing question such literary circles prompt is the degree to which the political and cultural sentiments expressed by act essay 2009, these writers were officially directed, and artwork essay, so in effect provided propaganda for the Augustan regime. When all the evidence is weighed, there can be no question of act essay prompts, a state-controlled literature (on the model of media in modern totalitarian states) but there may have been encouragement from the top to express the correct view coupled, no doubt, with genuine gratitude and relief on the part of the patrons and writers alike that Augustus had restored peace and stability to essay, public affairs. In this way, Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics can reflect the act essay, hope Augustus brought for a restoration of peace to the Italian countryside, while the order research paper, Republican sentiments of Livy's history could be so pronounced that Augustus jokingly termed him my Pompeian.

The point is that both authors flourished under the regime. Act Essay Prompts 2009? [[53]] The inscription entitled The Achievements of the Divine Augustus ( Res Gestae Divi Augustae ; usually abbreviated RG ) remains a remarkable piece of evidence deriving from Augustus's reign. The fullest copy of it is the bilingual Greek and Latin version carved into the walls of the Temple of Rome and Augustus at Ancyra in Galatia (for this reason the essays, RG used to be commonly referred to as the Monumentum Ancyranum ). Other evidence, however, demonstrates that the original was inscribed on two bronze pillars that flanked the entrance to the Mausoleum of act essay 2009, Augustus in Rome. The inscription remains the only first-person summary of any Roman emperor's political career and, as such, offers invaluable insights into the Augustan regime's public presentation of itself. [[55]] In looking back on yoshida kenko in idleness full the reign of Augustus and its legacy to the Roman world, its longevity ought not to be overlooked as a key factor in its success. People had been born and prompts, reached middle age without knowing any form of government other than the Principate. Yoshida Kenko Essays? Had Augustus died earlier (in 23 BC, for instance), matters may have turned out very differently. Prompts? The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican aristocracy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a monarchy in these years. Paper? Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his great political acumen also played their part. Act Essay Prompts? All of these factors allowed him to put an end to abortion anne, the chaos of the act essay, Late Republic and re-establish the Roman state on a firm footing.

He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at transition words school essays or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle so often employed in act essay prompts the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy, however, was the peace and prosperity the empire was to enjoy for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. Artwork Essay? His memory was enshrined in act essay the political ethos of the Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor; although every emperor adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, only a handful earned genuine comparison with him. Benario, H.W., Octavian's Status in 32 BC, Chiron 5 (1975): 301-9. Birch, R.A., The Settlement of 26 June, AD 4 and its Aftermath, CQ 31 (1981): 443-56. Bleicken, J., Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat: Zum Charakter des Zweiten Triumvirats (Göttingen, 1990).

________. Augustus (Berlin, 1998). Bradley, K.R., Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1987). Braund, D., Augustus to Nero: A Sourcebook on abortion anne sexton essay Roman History 31 BC - AD 68 (London, 1985). Carter, J. M., The Battle of act essay prompts 2009, Actium: The Rise and Triumph of Augustus Caesar (New York, 1970). Conlin, D.A., The Artists of the transition school essays, Ara Pacis (Chapel Hill, 1997).

Corbett, J.H., The Succession Policy of Augustus, Latomus 33 (1974): 87-97. Crook, J., Consilium Principis: Imperial Councils and Counsellors from prompts, Augustus to Diocletian (Cambridge, 1955). Demougin, S., L'Ordre equestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (Rome, 1988). Durry, M., Les Cohortes Prétoriennes (Paris, 1938). Eck, W., Die Verwaltung des römischen Reiches in der hohen Kaiserzeit , 2 volumes (Basel, 1995). W. Eck, The Age of Augustus (Oxford: Blackwell's, 2003)

Eder, W., Augustus and essay pyramid, the Power of Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link between Republic and Empire, in prompts Raaflaub and Toher, 71-122. Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Latin West (Leiden, 1987). Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction (Princeton, 1996). Gowing, A.M. The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio (Ann Arbor, 1992). Gray, E.W., The Imperium of essays on contemporary, M. Agrippa, ZPE 6 (1970): 227-38. Gruen, E. S., The Imperial Policy of Augustus, in Raaflaub and Toher, 395-416 (expanded on prompts in his entry in CAH vol. 10) Gurval, R.A., Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War (Ann Arbor, 1995).

Hadas, M., Sextus Pompey (New York, 1930; reprint, 1966). Issac, B., The Limits of yoshida essays, Empire: The Roman Army in the East , revised edition (Oxford, 1992). Jameson, S., Augustus and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 24 (1975): 287-314. Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik, eine Ausstellung im Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, 7. Juni-14. August 1988 . (Mainz, 1988) . Keppie, L., Colonisation and prompts, Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47-14 BC (London, 1983). ________. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire , updated edition (Norman, 1998). Kienast, D., Augustus: Prinzeps und Monarch (Darmstadt, 1982).

________. Römische Kaisertabelle , 2nd edition (Darmstadt, 1996). Kolb, F., Zur Statussymbolik im antiken Rom, Chiron 7 (1977): 239-59. Lacey, W.K., Augustus and the Principate: The Evolution of the System (Liverpool, 1996). Lanza, C., Auctoritas Principis (Milan, 1996). Levick, B., Drusus Caesar and the Adoptions of AD 4, Latomus 25 (1966): 227-44. ________. Abdication and Agrippa Postumus, Historia 21 (1972): 674-97. ________.

Julians and Claudians, Greece and in idleness text, Rome 22 (1975): 29-38. Lintott, A., Imperium Romanum: Politics and Administration (London, 1993). Jones, A.H.M. Augustus (London, 1970) Magdelain, A., Auctoritas Principis (Paris, 1947). Mette-Dittman, A., Die Ehegesetze des Augustus: Eine Untersuchung im Rahmen der Gesellshaftspolitik des Prinzeps (Stuttgart, 1991). Millar, F., The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces, JRS 56 (1966): 156-66. ________. Triumvirate and Principate, JRS 63 (1973): 50-67. ________.

The Emperor in the Roman World (London, 1977). ________. Prompts? The Roman Empire and its Neighbours , 2nd edition (London, 1981). Millar, F. and E. Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford, 1984). Ostrow, S.E., The Augustales in the Augustan Scheme, in list essays Raaflaub and Toher, 364-78. Pollini, J., Man or God: Divine Assimilation and Imitation in act essay prompts 2009 the Late Republic and Early Empire, in Raaflaub and Toher, 334-63. Prince, S.R.F., Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984) Raaflaub, K., and L. J. Samons II, Opposition to american drama, Augustus, in Raaflaub and 2009, Toher, 417-54.

________. and M. Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate (Berkeley, 1990). Ramage, E.S., The Nature and Purpose of Augustus's Res Gestae (Stuttgart, 1987). Rawson, E., Discrimina Ordinum: The Lex Julia Theatralis, PBSR 55 (1987): 83-114 (reprinted in her Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers [Oxford, 1991], 508-45). Rich, J.W., Cassius Dio and the Augustan Settlement (Warminster, 1990). Reinhold, M., Marcus Agrippa: A Biography (Rome, 1965). Roddaz, J.-M., Marcus Agrippa (Rome, 1984).

Salmon, E.T., The Evolution of Augustus's Principate, Historia 5 (1956): 456-78. Schlüter, W. The Battle of the essay eating, Teutoburg Forest: Archaeological Research at Kalkreise near Osnabrück, in J.D. Creighton and R.J.A. Wilson (eds), Roman Germany: Studies in Cultural Interaction (Portsmouth, RI, 1999), 125-59. Shotter, D.C., Augustus Caesar (London, 1991) Simon, E., Augustus: Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende (Munich 1986). Southern, P., Augustus (London, 1998). Syme, R., The Roman Revolution , rev. ed. (Oxford, 1952).

________. History in Ovid (Oxford, 1978). ________. 2009? The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford, 1986). Talbert, R.J.A., The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton, 1984). Taylor, L. R., The Divinity of the Roman Emperor (Middletown, 1931; reprint, New York, 1979). Von Premerstein, A. Vom Werden und Wesen des Prinzipate. (Munich, 1937). Ward-Perkins, J.B., Roman Imperial Architecture , 2nd edition (Hammondsworth, 1981). Weigel, R.D., Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir (London, 1992). Whittaker, C.R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (Baltimore, 1994).

Williams, G., Did Maecenas 'Fall from Favor'? Augustan Literary Patronage, in Raaflaub and Toher, 258-75. Zanker, P., The Power of essays, Images in the Age of act essay prompts, Augustus (Ann Arbor, 1988). NOTES (throughout the notes, items in the bibliography are referred to in abbreviated form) [[1]] The chief ancient sources for the life of Augustus (mostly available as Penguin Classics or in the Loeb Classical Library) are: Appian B. Civ . books 3-5; Dio, books 45-56; Cicero, Philippics and some letters; Nicolaus of Damascus, Augustus ; Plutarch, Mark Antony ; Suetonius, Augustus ; the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (see the edition by P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore [Oxford, 1967]). Fragments of the biography of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus (fl. ca. 20 BC) are especially valuable, since this work is widely accepted as preserving elements of Augustus's lost De Vita Sua (covering the years down to 25 BC; Suet. Aug . 1-18 appears also to be based on this autobiography). The surviving text of Nicolaus, however, only treats Octavian's life down to the raising of his private legions in 44 BC (for editions with English translations and notes, see J. Bellemore, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of essays american, Augustus [Bristol, 1984]; C.M. Act Essay? Hall, Nicolaus of Damascus: Life of Augustus [Baltimore, 1923]).

There are also innumerable references to him in abortion anne essay other ancient literary works and inscriptions, and act essay prompts, large quantities of iconographic evidence (statues, busts, reliefs, gems, etc). Essays In Idleness Full? The number of modern accounts is also formidable, with useful and concise introductions to be found in Shotter, Augustus Caesar and Jones, Augustus . More thorough and specific treatments include Bleicken, Augustus ; Kienast, Augustus ; Millar and Segal, Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects ; Raaflaub and Toher, Between Republic and Empire ; Southern, Augustus ; Syme, Roman Revolution ; id. History in Ovid . In the interests of conciseness, the notes emphasize the ancient evidence; most of the secondary studies just cited tackle the prompts 2009, issues addressed in this article. [[2]] The fall of the Roman Republic has also generated vast quantities of bibliography; see, esp., P.A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays (Oxford, 1988); M. Crawford and M. Sexton Essay? Beard, Rome in the Late Republic (Ithaca, 1985); F. Millar, The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic (Ann Arbor, 1998); E. Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic (Berkeley, 1974); Syme, Rom. Rev . [[3]] The lack of popular enthusiasm for Caesar's naked autocracy is reflected in a famous incident during the prompts, Lupercalia (15 February) in 44 BC.

Caesar had twice been offered a royal diadem in front of the crowd. Essay About Pyramid? The crowd, we hear, reacted badly to act essay prompts, this spectacle, remaining largely silent, despite the presence of yoshida essays text, a pro-Caesar claque in their midst. Only when Caesar refused the crown did the crowd cheer wildly. See Dio 44.11-12; App. B. Civ . 2.109; Plut.

Caes . 61-62. Act Essay 2009? Suet. Caes . Essays American Drama? 79.2 only act essay alludes to the incident. [[4]] Ancient accounts of Augustus's birth and early life are seriously marred by fantastical prophesies of future greatness, so that the historical reality is hard to weed out. He seems, however, to have lived a largely uneventful first nineteen years.

See Dio 45.1-2; Suet. Aug . 1-8; Nic. Aug . 2-5; Tac. Dial . 28.5 Cicero's letters provide the only contemporary evidence for Augustus's early career, and are indispensable for that, but provide little information on abortion sexton essay his early life. A note on names: Augustus was born C. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Octavius, became C. Julius Caesar Octavianus (usually abbreviated Octavian in modern sources) in 44 BC, and was renamed yet again as Imperator Augustus Caesar in 27 BC. Following standard practice, I shall refer to him by his appropriate name in each period. [[5]] Association with Caesar: Nic.

Aug . Essay About Healthy? 7-12. Aftermath of murder: App. B. Civ . 3.9-11. Octavian seems to have arrived in Italy in act essay 2009 early April or late March: Cicero, in a letter from Astura dated 11 April, inquired of Atticus how it went ( Att . 14.5.3 = SB 359). Sexton? Note that the influential Caesarian L. Munatius Plancus had taken note of the young Octavius prior to Caesar's murder, so the young man had not gone entirely unnoticed by the elite; see Cic. Fam . 10.24.5. [[6]] For ancient narratives of the events here described, see App. B. Civ . 2009? 3.11-98; Dio 45.5.1-46.52.4; Nic. Aug . Abortion Essay? 16-31; Suetonius ( Aug . 8.3-12) presents a conflated and rather confused account.

Augustus's own summary of this phase of his career ( RG 1.1) is restricted to the simple and tendentious assertion he successfully championed the liberty of the republic when it was oppressed by prompts, the tyranny of a faction. [[7]] Technically, however, the adoption was not made official until October/November 43 BC. Abortion Anne Essay? That is why, it seems, Cicero comments that, when he met Octavian at Puteoli on prompts 2009 22 April, 44 BC, his followers call him Caesar, but Philippus [Octavian's stepfather] does not, so neither do I ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366); the Liberator M. Junius Brutus also refers to Octavian as Octavius (Cic. Ad Brut . 17.5-6, 25.1, 2, 7, 8, 11; dated June and July 43 BC). In contrast, L. Words List For High Essays? Munatius Plancus, a Caesarian, calls Octavian Caesar in letters roughly contemporary with Brutus's (e.g., Cic. 2009? Fam . 10.23.6, 10.24.4-8). The political importance of the name was beyond doubt to contemporaries. [[8]] Cicero first met Octavian in chronological order research Naples on 19 April, 44 BC, one day after Octavian had arrived in the city ( Att . 14.10.3 = SB 364). A few days later, on 22 April, he had decided that Octavian's influence on events could not be good, since his supporters were threatening death to the Liberators ( Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366).

[[9]] For his part, Cicero paid little attention to Octavius, at least initially: on 12 April, 44 BC he wrote to Atticus ( Att . 14.6.1 = SB 360), As for act essay Octavius -- it's neither here not there. [[10]] Appian ( B. Civ . 3.14-21) puts windy speeches into both their mouths: Octavian asks for his inheritance, Antony refuses by claiming the list school essays, money is tied up in litigation, largely spent already, or not yet counted. In contrast, Dio (45.5.3) merely comments that Antony insulted Octavian, despite the latter's deference and act essay 2009, failure to demand his inheritance. Research Paper? Regardless of the details, in act essay both accounts the meeting was not successful. [[11]] Cicero, in letters to Atticus dated 11 and 18 May, 44 BC ( Att . 14.20.5 = SB 374, 14.21.4 = SB 375, and 15.2.3 = SB 379), makes reference to Octavian addressing a contio in Rome and preparing to give games (see Dio 45.6.4). Artwork Essay? C. Act Essay? Matius, an obscure but affluent Caesarian, saw to the games at Octavian's request (Cic. Fam . 11.28.6). [[12]] See App. Artwork Essay? B. Civ . 3.27, 30; Dio 45.9.3. [[13]] All of this took place in October and act essay prompts 2009, November 44 BC, as Cicero's letters make plain ( Att . 16.8.1-2 = SB 418; Fam . 12.23.2).

See also App. B. Civ . 3.40-48; Dio 45.12. [[14]] Cicero, however, had been from the outset doubtful about Octavian's nature and intentions; see Att . 14.12.2 = SB 366 (April 44 BC) and 16.9 = SB 419 (November 44 BC). Needless to say, it was also to the political benefit of the Liberators and their supporters (Cicero among them) to keep the artwork essay, Caesarian leadership quarrelling. [[15]] Cicero's speeches against Antony, called the Philippics , have survived. 2009? In Philippics 3-5 (dated 20 December, 44 BC - 1 January, 43 BC), Cicero secured Octavian's appointment as propraetor from the senate. See also Cic. Fam . 10.28.3 (dated 2 February, 43 BC) [[16]] App. B. Civ . 3.49-73; Cic. Fam . 11.8.2 (Cicero to Decimus Brutus, dated late January, 43 BC), 10.30.4 (letter from Ser. Sulpicius Galba serving with consuls at Mutina, dated 15 April, 43 BC), 10.33.3-4 (letter from C. Artwork Essay? Asinius Pollio, dated late May, 43 BC); Cic.

Phil . 14; Dio 45.12-46.38. Act Essay Prompts? Cicero's quip, reported back to him by Decimus Brutus in a letter dated 24 May, 43 BC ( Fam . 11.20.1) was that the youth [Octavian] should be praised, decorated, immortalized (the Latin-- laudandum, ornandum, tollendum --is deliberately ambiguous: tollere can mean both raise up and destroy). [[17]] App. Words List For High School Essays? B. Civ . 3.74-95; Cic. Act Essay Prompts? Fam . 11.10.2, 11.13.1, 11.14.2 (correspondence to and from Decimus Brutus, dated May, 43 BC), 10.23.6 (letter from Plancus, dated 6 June, 43 BC).

Octavian's election to the consulship took place on 19 August (as attested in the Feriale Cumanum , InscIt 13.2.278ff.), though his demand for the consulship appears to order research, have begun in June (Cic. Ad Brut . 18.3); Dio 46.39-49. On Cassius and act essay 2009, Brutus in the East, see App. B. Transition List School Essays? Civ . Prompts 2009? 3.26, 63, 77-79, 96; Dio 47.20-36. [[18]] Overtures to abortion, Antony: App. B. Civ . 3.80-81. Meeting and formation of the act essay, triumvirate: App.

B. Civ . 3.96-4.3 (Appian places the meeting at Mutina); Dio 46.54.3-55.5. On Contemporary Drama? Passage of the lex Titia : App. B. Civ . 4.7; Dio 47.2.2. The terminal date of the triumvirate is prompts 2009, unequivocally established by the Fasti Colotiani . Words List For High? On the legalities of the Second Triumvirate, see Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat ; see also Millar, Triumvirate. [[19]] See App. B. Civ . 4.8-9 (text of proclamation) and act essay prompts, 4.10-51 (anecdotes of the proscribed); see also Dio 47.9-13. Death of Cicero: App.

B. Civ . 4.19; Dio 47.8.3-4; Plut. Cic. 46-49. Plutarch ( Cic . Artwork Essay? 49.5) preserves the moving anecdote of Augustus, years later, unexpectedly confronted by his compliance in Cicero's murder. When visiting one of his grandsons, the fearful child attempted to conceal the book of Cicero he was reading. Augustus took the book, read it for some time, and gave it back to the boy saying, A learned man, my boy, learned and a true patriot. Prompts 2009? Dio (47.8.1), Pliny ( HN 7.147), Plutarch ( Ant . Artwork Essay? 21), Suetonius ( Aug . 27.1), and Velleius (2.66.1-3) unite in blaming the proscriptions mainly on Antony (and Lepidus), the former public enemies out for 2009 revenge; there has to be a suspicion of pro-Augustan retroactive finger-pointing here. (Perhaps the later tradition of Octavian's reluctance stems from apologia in Augustus's own Memoirs , now lost.) The final count of the dead is given by transition words list essays, Appian ( B. Civ . 4.5) as 300 senators and 2,000 Knights. Southern (57-59) joins Kienast (35) in arguing forcefully that the proscriptions were motivated by act essay prompts 2009, the mentality of the political purge, not financial need. [[20]] Africa: App. B. Civ . 4.53-56. Campaign of essays on contemporary american drama, Philippi: App.

B. Civ . 4.86-139; Dio 47.37-49. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Octavian's limited role in essay the fighting: Dio 47.41.1-4; Pliny HN 7.148. Re-alignment of the triumviral provinces: App. B. Civ . 5.3, 12; Dio 48.1.2-3. (Cisalpine Gaul now ceased to be a province and was finally integrated into Italia.) [[21]] On the depradations of the soldiers in Italy, see Dio 47.14.4-5. On this settlement, see Keppie, Colonisation , 58-69. Act Essay? On the methods and impact of veteran settlement, see ibid., 87-133. The eighteen towns: App. B. Civ . 4.3 (Appian says the towns were remarkable for their wealth and fine lands and houses). It should be noted that where the territory of a designated veteran colony proved insufficient for the requirements of settlement, the territory of neighboring towns would be encroached upon, occasionally to artwork essay, the point of total subsumption (e.g., Caudium, entirely absorbed by act essay prompts 2009, the settlement at Beneventum).

Thus, many more than the eighteen towns mentioned by Appian were affected by artwork essay, the settlement process. [[22]] On the Perusine War, see App. B. Civ . 5.14, 30-51; Dio 48.13-14 . Antony's complicity: App. B. Civ . 5.21-22; Dio 48.28. Execution of councilors: App. B. Civ . 5.48; Dio 48.14.3. Acquisition of Gaul: App.

B. Civ . 5.51, 53; Dio 48.20.1, 3. [[23]] Threatened war and Pact of Brundisium: App. B. Civ. 5.52-65; Dio 48.28-30. [[24]] Career of Sextus: App. Act Essay Prompts 2009? B. Civ . Essays On Contemporary American? 2.105, 122, 3.4, 4.25, 36-54 (passim), 83-85, bk. Act Essay? 5 (passim); Dio 47.36.4, 47.49.4, 48.16-20. Date of appointment of Sextus to the prefecture of the fleet: Cic. Phil . Artwork Essay? 13.13.

Sextus's pact with Antony: App. B. Civ . 5.56. Treaty of Misenum/Puteoli: App. B. Civ . 5.67-74 (Appian places the meeting at Puteoli); Dio 48.36-38. Act Essay Prompts? The scene at the latter was almost comical (as described by Appian): Antony and Octavian sat on a platform built over the sea close to the land; Sextus had his own, more seaward platform with his ships behind. A narrow strip of water separated the two platforms.

Negotiations were then shouted across the sea until agreement was reached. On Sextus Pompeius, see also Hadas, Sextus Pompey . In Syme's view ( Rom. Rev ., 221), the Peace of Puteoli enlarged the Triumvirate to include a fourth partner, which is something of an overstatement, given its evidently expedient nature. [[25]] Collapse of Misenum/Puteoli agreement and war: App. B. Civ . 5.77-92; Dio 48.45.4-49 . Treaty of Tarentum and renewal of triumvirate: App. On Contemporary American Drama? B. Civ . 5.93-95; Dio 48.54.1-6. Act Essay? The issue of the duration of the second period of the triumvirate has proven difficult: was it renewed at Tarentum (September?, 37 BC) retroactively from 1 January, 37 BC (to end on 31 December, 33 BC) or did it run directly from September(?), 37 BC (to end sometime toward the end of 32 BC)? The more convincing case is on abortion anne essay the side of the retroactive view: see the prompts, excellent summary in Benario, Octavian's Status. See also Bleicken, Zwischen Republik und Prinzipat , 65-82; id., Augustus , 269-70; W. Words List For High School Essays? Eder, Augustus and the Power of act essay prompts, Tradition: The Augustan Principate as Binding Link Between Republic and Empire, in research Raaflaub and Toher, 97-98; Jones, 31; Kienast, 55; Southern, 94. In all likelihood, Republican legalities played a lesser part in the considerations of the time than the observable reality of the triumvirate's dominance and, therefore, in the actual operation of act essay 2009, its power; see below, n. 29. On the growth of Octavian's party at this time, see Syme, Rom.

Rev ., 227-42. [[26]] Final campaign against Sextus: App. B. Civ . 5.96-144; Dio 49.1-18. Lepidus: App. B. Civ . 5.123; Dio 49.11.2-12.4; see also Weigel, Lepidus . Lepidus's rash actions were, in Syme's words, sparked by a strange delusion ( Rom.

Rev ., 232). These events in Sicily were capped by chronological order research paper, unrest among the prompts, legions there, with the soldiers demanding rewards for service. Octavian discharged 20,000 of them on the spot and promised the rest bounties after campaigns in Illyricum; see Appian and Dio locc. citt.; Keppie, Colonisation , 69-73. [[27]] One of the honors allegedly given to artwork essay, Octavian after Naulochus, late in 36 BC, was the prompts 2009, tribunician power (App. Essay? B. Civ . 5.132). However, Augustus later reckoned his tribunician power from 23 BC, which settles the argument decisively: he did not get it in 36 BC. Dio is probably correct (49.15.6) in saying that he was given a tribune-like protection from insult or injury ( sacrosanctitas ). Refusal of the pontificate: App.

B. Civ . 5.131; Dio 49.15.3; Suet. Aug . Act Essay 2009? 31.1. Burning of the records: App. B. Civ . 3.132. [[28]] Antony's wars in the East: Dio 49.19-30; Plut. Ant . 37-52. Artwork Essay? Octavian in Illyricum: App. Ill . 12-28. Antony's behavior and the Donations of Alexandria (much of it no doubt drawn from pro-Augustus propaganda): Dio 49.41, Plut. Ant . 54.3-6 (Donations); Dio 50.4-5 (behavior). 2009? Cleopatra's ambitions: Dio 50.4.1, 5.4.

Rising tensions: Plut. Ant . 54-55. Agrippa's aedileship and munificence instigated by Octavian: Dio 49.43.1-4; Pliny HN 36.121; Roddaz, 145-57 (aedileship); Suet. Aug . 29.4-5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4 (munificence). [[29]] On the date of the expiration of the triumviral powers, see above n. 25.

It is my opinion that many modern scholars, wedded to contemporary paradigms of legally-sanctioned government, have overstated the anne sexton essay, importance of legalities in establishing the powers of Roman Republican officials; precedent, ritual, and appearance were just as important, if not more so. Certainly traditional procedures and practices were used during the Republic to legitimate magisterial authority, but many of these niceties had fallen by prompts 2009, the wayside in artwork essay the years since Pompey and act essay, Caesar. Time and again in the period after Sulla extraordinary powers and privileges had been voted to generals in recognition of their de facto supremacy. So too now, with Octavian. Technically, his triumviral powers had lapsed. No one, however, not even the artwork essay, Antonian consuls for 32 BC, C. Sosius and Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, were going to point that out publicly; although the content of Sosius's anti-Octavian speech of prompts 2009, 1 January, 32 BC has not survived, that he focused on the expiration of the triumviral powers is unlikely, since the essay healthy, lapse applied to Antony as well. The reality of Octavian's pre-eminence in the West overshadowed the strict legalities of his position.

On ritual, ceremony, and appearance in Republican magistracy, see D.J. Gargola, Lands, Laws and Gods: Magistrates and Ceremony in the Regulation of Public Lands in 2009 Republican Rome (Chapel Hill, 1995), esp. Kenko Essays Full Text? 16-24; R. Stewart, Public Office in Early Rome: Ritual Procedure and Political Practice (Ann Arbor, 1998). The 1 January meeting of the prompts, senate and aftermath: Dio 50.2.3-7. Reading Antony's will: Dio 50.3.1-4.1, Plut. Anne? Ant . 58.3-4. Act Essay? Oath: RG 25.2; Dio 50.6.3-4 (where the oath is unmentioned but implicit); Suet. Aug . Sexton? 17.2.

Augustus himself ( RG , loc. cit.) states that the oath was voluntary ( sponte sua ), but it may not have been (see Dio and Suetonius, locc. citt.). Syme ( Rom. Rev ., 284) was convinced the oath came before the denunciation of Antony in 2009 the senate and the declaration of war and, in a rousing phrase, believed the oath riveted the shackles of [Italy's] servitude. [[30]] Campaign at Actium: Dio 50.10-35; Plut. Ant . 61-68.3; Vell. Pat. 2.84-85; Carter, Battle of essay eating, Actium . The forces on each side were monumental: about 30 legions apiece, and Antony had 500 warships to Octavian's 250 (Plut. Act Essay Prompts? Ant . 61).

For the later reception of the order paper, Actian campaign, see Gurval, Actium and Augustus . [[31]] Aftermath of Actium: Dio 51.1-17; Plut. Ant . 68.4-86. Date of the act essay 2009, fall of Alexandria: Fasti Praenestini and Amiterini ( InscrIt . 13.2.107 and 13.2.185). Cleopatra, according to Plutarch ( Ant . 78-86.3), was taken alive by essays on contemporary, Octavian, who planned to act essay prompts 2009, display her at his triumph. Kenko? But she had an prompts 2009 asp smuggled into a banquet she was holding, hidden among a plate of artwork essay, figs. (The asp bit her on the arm, not the breast, according to Plutarch [ Ant . 86.1-3] and Dio [51.14.1-2].) The revolt or plot of Lepidus is a shadowy affair: Vell.

Pat. 2.88; Dio 54.15.4; Suet. Aug . 19.1. [[32]] Settling affairs in prompts the East: Dio 51.18. Veteran settlements: Keppie, Colonisation , 73-82. Wealth of Egypt used for settlements: Dio 51.17.6-8. Three triumphs: Dio 51.21.6-9.

By universal consent I was in complete control of affairs: RG 34.1. On 11 January, 29 BC the doors of the Temple of Janus in Rome were closed, symbolizing that the entire Roman world was at peace (though Dio is quick to point out the various wars still in yoshida progress in diverse locales): it had only happened twice before in all of Roman history (Dio 51.20.4-5). Such a symbolic gesture must have had a powerful effect on those who witnessed or heard about prompts, it and reinforced the notion of Octavian as the bringer of peace. Honors: Dio 51.19-21. [[33]] None of this is meant to suggest that the system later called the Principate was, in its entirety, planned out and effected according to a pre-ordained blueprint, but rather that Octavian, in the run up to the First Settlement, must have given careful thought to his position and acted accordingly. That attitude, in fact, had marked his behavior from the very outset of his career and artwork essay, was encapsulated in his favorite aphorisms, Rush slowly ( festina lente ) and Whatever is done well enough is done quickly enough ( sat celeriter fieri quidquid fiat satis bene ; see, for both, Suet. Aug . 25.4).

These are the mottoes of a patient and careful planner. Nevertheless, that the Principate emerged piecemeal over almost three decades was demonstrated long ago by E.T. Salmon in his seminal article, The Evolution of Augustus's Principate; see also Lacey, Augustus and the Principate . Need for a rector : Cic. Rep . 2.51; 5.5, 6; 6.13. As consul in 28 BC, Octavian had annulled all the illegal acts of the triumvirate, effectively wiping the slate clean in 2009 that department (Dio 53.2.6); his behavior in this year, with Agrippa as his colleague, was generally traditional, generous, and exemplary (Dio 53.1-2). Essays On Contemporary? A new beginning was being heralded, support for it organized, and its nature indicated: later, Augustus himself considered the act essay prompts 2009, events of 28 and anne sexton essay, 27 BC as part of a single process of prompts, transferring the republic from my power to chronological research paper, the dominion of the senate and people of Rome ( RG 34.1).

[[34]] First Settlement: Dio 53.3-17.1; RG 34.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1; Vell. 2.89. Settlement staged: Dio 53.2.7. Division of provinces: Dio 53.12; see also Millar, The Emperor, the Senate and the Roman Provinces. Debate over legal status of Octavian: Southern, 111-13. Imperium proconsulare is more likely to have been granted for prompts 2009 ten years than imperium consulare , which Octavian already held by order, virtue of his consulship: or was it expected he would be consul every year for act essay the following ten years? On the settlement, see, e.g., Bleicken, 315-42; Rich, Cassius Dio ; Southern, 111-17; Syme, Rom.

Rev . 313-30. [[35]] Travels of anne essay, Augustus: Dio 53.22.5. Illness and recovery: Dio 53.30.3; Hor. Epist . 1.15; Pliny HN 25.77; Suet. Aug. 81.1. Conspiracy: Dio 54.3.2-3 (who dates the event to 22 BC, so breaking the direct link between it and the Settlement of 23); Vell. Act Essay 2009? Pat. 2.91.2; the details are perceptively discussed by Raaflaub and Samons, Opposition to Augustus, 425-27; see also Rich, Dio Cassius , 168-69.

Second Settlement: Dio 53.32; RG 10.1; Suet. Aug . 28.1. Yoshida Kenko Essays? For the Cyrenaica decrees, see below n. Prompts? 48. [[36]] Refusal of dictatorship et al.: Dio 54.1.3-4; RG 5.1-2; Vell. Pat. 2.89.5; Suet. Aug . 52. Cura annonae : Dio 54.1.3. Ius primae relationis : Dio 54.3.3. Privileges of 19 BC: Dio 54.10.3-7; RG 6.1; Suet.

Aug . 27.5. Father of the Country: Dio 55.10.10; RG 35.1; Suet. Artwork Essay? Aug . 58. Prompts 2009? Priesthoods: RG 7.3. Auctoritas : RG 34.3; see also Cic. Off . 2.2; Magdelain, Auctoritas Principis ; Lanza, Auctoritas Principis ; a useful overview is now Galinsky, 10-41.

Dio (55.34.2) reports that in AD 8, when he had become too infirm to attend elections in person, Augustus would post the names of the candidates for office he favored; it's hard to imagine such candidates failing. Galinsky (42-79) surveys the transition words list for high school, establishment of the Principate with emphasis on the terminology of power Augustus uses to describe it. [[37]] Continuity of act essay prompts 2009, Principate: Suet. Aug . 28.1-2. [[38]] Before marrying Livia Drusilla in 39 BC, he had been married to Clodia, stepdaughter of Antonius ( PIR 2 C 1057), from essay, 43-41 BC; and 2009, then to Scribonia ( PIR S 220), from 40-39 BC. Appearance at triumph: Suet. Tib . 6.4.

Marriage: Dio 53.27.5. Aedile/legal age: Dio 53.28.3. Successor in power: Vell. Pat. 2.93.1. Deathbed scene: Dio 53.30.1-2; Suet. Aug . 28.1. Death and burial of Marcellus: Dio 53.30.4.

Livia 's rumored hand in his demise (Dio 53.33.4.) is entirely unproven; that summer in Rome was considered particularly unhealthy and essay about, death by illness was widespread (Dio loc. cit.). Marcellus was not adopted by Augustus: the RG (21.1) refers to him as my son-in-law as does Marcellus's epitaph (Braund, 27). [[39]] Octavius in Caesar's triumph: see n. 5. Octavius granted right of standing early: App. B. Civ . 3.51. [[40]] Agrippa goes East: Dio 53.31.2-4; Pliny HN 7.149; Tac. Ann . 14.53.3; Suet.

Aug . 66.3, Tib . Prompts 2009? 10.3. Chronological Order Research? Agrippa's power in the east: Gray, Imperium of M. Agrippa. Maecenas's quip: Dio, 54.6.5. Prompts 2009? Marriage: Dio 54.6.5; Suet. Aug . 63.1. Agrippa's powers: Dio 54.12.4-5 (18 BC), 54.28.1 (13 BC). [[41]] Coins: RIC nos. 407, 408, 414.

Gaius and Lucius Caesar: Dio 54.18.1, Tac. Ann . Transition Words Essays? 1.3. Tiberius and act essay 2009, Drusus' advancement: see DIR's Tiberius . As to the Regency or paired-succession propositions (for which, see, respectively, R. Essays On Contemporary Drama? Seager, Tiberius [London, 1972], 18-22, 24-26, 29-38, recently restated in Southern, 162, 168; and B. Levick, Tiberius the Politician (London, 1976), 19-67; ead., Drusus Caesar), what ensured that Agrippa the regent would step down when required to act essay 2009, do so? What mechanisms realistically existed for depriving an incumbent regent or princeps of anne sexton essay, his powers? Indeed, if Agrippa did not step down but died in office, what makes him a regent and not an emperor? The paired accession idea is no more convincing, since Augustus was under no illusions as to the extreme inadvisability, if not impossibility, of attempting to share supreme power (see Suet. Aug . 28.1): his own career as triumvir was illustration enough of that. As it was, joint accessions were not seriously entertained until the second century and beyond, when the Principate was well established, and most were unsuccessful. That Augustus was blind to the danger of prompts, presenting two equally qualified and favored candidates to the armed forces is all but inconceivable. [[42]] Death of Agrippa: Dio 54.28.2-3, 29. Marriage of Tiberius and Julia: Dio 54.31.2.

For more detailed discussion of anne essay, these events with reference to the ancient material involved, see the DIR's Tiberius , C. and L. Caesar, Germanicus , Agrippa Postumus. See also, Birch, Settlement; Levick, Drusus Caesar; Seager, Tiberius , 35-38. Germanicus, the son of Tiberius' brother Drusus, was himself a Claudian but his marriage to act essay 2009, Agrippina (Augustus's granddaughter) offered hope of essay about healthy pyramid, a Julian heir in the fourth generation. [[43]] Fall of Julia the Elder: Dio 55.10.12-16; Suet. Aug . 65.1, Tib . 11.4; Tac. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Ann . 1.53.1; Vell. Pat. 2.100.2-5. For the political scheming view, see Levick, Julians and Claudians. Fall of essay about healthy, Agrippa Postumus: Dio 55.32.1-2; Suet.

Aug . 65.1, 65.4; Levick, Abdication; Jameson, Augustus and Agrippa Postumus. Prompts? Fall of Julia the words list, Younger: Suet. Aug . 19.1, 65.1. [[44]] For a concise account of the Roman army under Augustus, see Keppie, Making of the Roman Army , 145-71; also Bleicken, 541-63, Jones, 110-16. On the praetorians, see Durry, Cohortes Prétoriennes , esp. Prompts 2009? 65-89. [[45]] On Augustus's campaigns, see RG 26-27; Keppie, loc. cit. in n. 44.

On the artwork essay, Varan disaster, see Schlüter, The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. For an overview of Augustus's foreign policy, see Gruen, Imperial Policy. On the bigger question of frontiers and imperial growth, see Isaac, Limits of Empire , esp. 372-418; Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire , esp. 10-98 (who includes discussion of ancient concepts of space and cartography). On the reactive nature of act essay prompts, ancient government, see Millar, Roman Empire and in idleness text, its Neighbours , esp.

52-80. For the stations of the legions on Augustus's death, see n. 48. [[46]] On the Crassus affair, see Dio 52.23.2-27.3; Livy 4.19-20 (the previous awards of spolia opima were to A. Cornelius Cossus in the late fifth century BC and M. Claudius Marcellus in 222 BC). On Gallus, see Dio 53.23.5-24.1. The inscription ( ILS 8995) is worth quoting: C. Cornelius Gallus, son of Cnaeus, Roman knight, appointed the first Prefect of Alexandria and of Egypt after its kings had been defeated by Caesar, son of a god; he [Gallus] was twice victor in act essay 2009 pitched battles during the Theban revolt, within 15 days, in which he defeated the enemy; he took by assault five cities (Boresos, Coptus, Ceramice, Diospolis Magna, and Opheium) and captured the order research, leaders of their revolts; he led an army beyond the cataphract of the Nile, into which region arms had not previously been borne either by the Roman people or by the kings of Egypt; he took Thebes, the shared fear of all the act essay prompts, kings (of Egypt); he received ambassadors of the Ethiopian king at Philae and received that king into his protection; he appointed a ruler over the Ethiopian region of Triacontaschoenus. He [Gallus] gave and essay about healthy eating, dedicated this monument to act essay 2009, the ancestral gods and the Nile, his helper. About Eating? A useful overview of both incidents is provided by Southern (115-17).

Augustus arrogated for himself victories won by his generals: the successes of Tiberius and Drusus on act essay 2009 the Rhine and Danube in 12 and 11 BC caused him to artwork essay, add two imperatorial acclamations to his titles; Tiberius and Drusus got none (Dio 54.33.5). Agrippa refusing triumphs: Dio 53.23.4 (general modesty of Agrippa), 54.11.6 (over the Cantabri), 54.24.7 (over the Bosporus). [[47]] For a useful overview of 2009, this subject, see Lintott, Imperium Romanum , 111-28. On the consilium , instituted between 27 and 18 BC, see Dio 53.21.3-5 (quote at 53.21.6); Suet. Aug . 35.4; Crook, Consilium Principis . Artwork Essay? On the role of the imperial senate, see Talbert, Senate of Imperial Rome , esp. Part Three: Functions.

On suffect consuls, see ibid., 202-7. Newly-created positions: Suet. Act Essay Prompts? Aug . 37. Pyramid? On the equestrians, see Demougin, Ordre Equestre . The rosy picture of imperial rule painted by Velleius Paterculus (of equestrian status) reflects, perhaps, not only Velleius's sycophantic personality but also a genuine sense of gratitude toward the imperial regime on the part of his class as a whole. Note also Syme, Augustan Aristocracy . [[48]] Cyrenaica decrees: SEG 9 (1944) 8 = FIRA 1.68. Act Essay? The disposition of the empire's territories on Augustus's death was as follows: Territory Status Type of Governor Legions. Baetica Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Lusitania Imperial legat.

Aug. (ex-praetor) - Tarrocensis Imperial legat. Aug. Essays? (ex-consul) 3. Narbonensis Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Aquitania Imperial legat. Aug. Act Essay Prompts 2009? (ex-praetor) - Belgica Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lugdunensis Imperial legat. Order Research Paper? Aug. 2009? (ex-praetor) - Germany (after AD 9, the area west of the Rhine) Military zone n/a 2 legat.

Aug. (ex-consuls) 8 (4 and eating, 4) (Upper and Lower) Cottian Imperial equest. pref. - Maritime Imperial equest. pref. - Upper Danube region. Raetia Imperial equest. pref. - Noricum Imperial equest. pref. - Lower Danube region/northern Balkans. Illyricum Imperial (11 BC) legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2.

Pannonia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 3. Moesia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 2. Macedonia Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Achaea Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Thrace Client kingdom - - Asia Public proconsul (ex-consul) - Bythinia-Pontus Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Galatia Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-praetor) - Lycia Free federation - - Pontus Client kingdom - - Cappadocia Client kingdom - - Several client principalities - - Syria Imperial legat. Aug. (ex-consul) 4.

Judaea Imperial equest. pref. Prompts 2009? - Several client principalities - - Egypt Imperial equest. pref. 2. Cyrenaeca Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Africa Public proconsul (ex-consul) 1. Mauretania Client Kingdom - - Sicily Public proconsul (ex-praetor) - Sardinia Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro abortion anne legato - Corsica Imperial (AD 6) equest. pref pro act essay 2009 legato - Cyprus Public (23 BC) proconsul (ex-praetor) - Crete was part of Cyrenaeca. [[49]] For a concise overview of artwork essay, Augustus's arrangement and administration of the prompts, provinces, see Jones, 94-109. See also Bleicken, 391-438; Eck, Verwaltung , 1.83-158. In the regions of Augustus's military activity, of course, matters were not so pleasant; see Dio 56.16.3 on the comment of drama, Bato, leader of the Pannonian revolt of AD 6-9, that the Romans were responsible for the war, since you send as guardians of your flocks not dogs or shepherds, but wolves. Sulla in the East: Plut. Sulla 12.3-9 (pilfering of Greece), 22.5 (indemnity from Mithridates), 25.2 (vast fine extorted from Asian communities). Act Essay 2009? Caesar in Spain and Gaul: Plut.

Caes . 12.4 (Spain), 29.3-4. On Augustus's image, see Zanker's seminal work, The Power of chronological order, Images . [[50]] There remains to be written a comprehensive account of Augustus's legislation and social programmes; most of the act essay prompts, standard biographies contain pertinent chapters or sections of on contemporary american drama, chapters (e.g., Jones, 131-43; Southern, 146-52). On the marriage laws, see Mette-Dittman, Ehegesetze . On the status symbols of the equestrians, see Kolb, Status-symbolik. Prompts 2009? A good example of abortion essay, his stiffening of the social hierarchy was the regulation of act essay 2009, seating arrangements at spectacles by social class, enforced empire-wide: see Suet. Aug . Essay Healthy Pyramid? 44.1; Rawson, Discrimina Ordinum. Legislation on manumission and freedmen: Bradley, Slaves and Masters , 84-95. Augustus's private foibles: Suet. Aug . 68-71. [[51]] On the imperial cult, see the still classic study of Taylor, Divinity . Prompts? For regional studies, see Fishwick, Imperial Cult (on the West) and Price, Rituals and Power (on the words for high school, East).

On the growth of the cult in Augustus's lifetime, see Galinsky, 312-31; Ostrow, Augustales ; Pollini, Man or God. On the contemporary worship of Augustus's numen , see, e.g., Hor. Epist . 2.1.15; Ovid Trist . 3.8.13. [[52]] Quote: Dio 56.30.3; Suet. Aug . 28.3. Building projects: RG 19-21, 24. Augustus's building activity and his encouragement of others to munificence: Suet.

Aug . 28.2-29.5; Vell. Pat. 2.89.4. A succinct survey of the Augustan building programme in Rome remains Ward-Perkins, Roman Imperial Architecture , 21-44. On the act essay prompts, much-studied Ara Pacis, see RG 12.2; Dio 54.25.1-4; recent analyses include Conlin, Artists of the Ara Pacis ; Galinsky, 141-55.

For a survey of the varied artistic achievements of the essay about eating, period, see Galinsky, 141-224; Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik . [[53]] On the literature of the act essay prompts, period, consult any standard history of Latin literature (e.g., the Cambridge History of Classical Literature , vol. 2, ed. E.J. Kenney, [1982]); for a concise overview, see Galinsky, 225-87. Words List For High School Essays? On Maecenas, see Williams, Did Maecenas 'Fall from act essay prompts 2009, Favor'? (note also the individual chapters in Raaflaub and Toher treating Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid). For the definitive presentation of the state-controlled model of Augustan literature, see Syme, Rom. Rev ., 459-75.

For more moderated views, see., e.g., Galinsky, passim (esp. 229-34). Artwork Essay? My Pompeian: Tac. Ann . 4.34.4 (the anecdote, ironically, appears in the context of the trial of a later historian, A. Cremutius Cordus, charged with maiestas under Tiberius in AD 25 for praising Brutus and Cassius in his history). [[54]] Withdrawal: Dio 55.33.5, 55.34.2, 56.26.2-3, 56.28.1-2; see also Southern, 181-90. Tiberius's position: Suet.

Tib . Act Essay Prompts 2009? 21.1; Vell. Pat. American? 2.121.1. Livia 's alleged involvement: Dio 56.30. Death and 2009, burial: Dio 56.29-42; Suet. Aug . 98-101. Essays American Drama? Will: Dio 56.32; Suet. Aug . 101.4. [[55]] Original position of the RG : RG pr.; Suet.

Aug . 101.4. ). For a recent analysis, see Ramage, Nature and Purpose . Copyright 1999, Garrett G. Fagan. This file may be copied on the condition that the act essay prompts 2009, entire contents, including the header and artwork essay, this copyright notice, remain intact. Updated: 5 July 2004. For more detailed geographical information, please use the DIR / ORB Antique and Medieval Atlas below. Act Essay? Click on artwork essay the appropriate part of the act essay prompts 2009, map below to access large area maps.

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What value do they want an employee to provide? What extra skills or qualities not listed would add unexpected value? Indy’s Job Description - Cocktail Server. 3. Research the Job - Find Out What is Valuable. Find a few similar job posts.

Again, highlight or underline all of the keyword skills and requirements. Compare the new keywords to those in your job description. Anything that does not have a duplicate could add extra value to your resume. Look up other professionals on LinkedIn with the kenko essays, same job as the one you want. Their skills section should give you a sense of what recruiters value in 2009 that profession.

4. Tailor Your List - Make Your Skills List a Recruiter’s Wish List. Which of artwork essay my skills and accomplishments match those listed in the job description? How do my accomplishments and skills position me to solve the employer’s problems? What details can I add for amplification (numbers, details, proof like certificates or awards)? 5. Start With Your Title to Define Yourself Out of the Gate. Starting a professional summary for a resume with your professional title allows a recruiter to know right away that your resume is act essay prompts, relevant. Pro Tip: Make your professional title bold in order to draw attention to it, so that it is easy for recruiters to find. You will also want to add the number of years you worked in that position. Sassy Marketing Manager with 5+ years of experience. 6. Focus on Specific Results to Prove and Demonstrate Value.

Now it’s time to go back to your master list. Condense your list of 6 accomplishments down to about 3 concise and specific sentences. As you describe your accomplishments and skills, add numbers, details, and proof. Focusing on chronological order paper, quantifiable results in a career summary for a resume does a couple of things: Draws the eye of the recruiter and gives them a tangible sense of what you’ve achieved. Provides proof that your claims are more than just hot air. Sets you above other candidates who did not elaborate on their accomplishments. Helps the recruiter imagine you achieving the same results for them. Indy’s Professional Resume Summary Sample. Cocktail Waiter Improved collection of tickets onboard German zeppelin by 100%.

An analytical, fast learner with 2+ years of experience in global, on-demand service positions on act essay prompts 2009, zeppelins, boats, and order research, trains. Act Essay Prompts 2009? Leveraged extensive cultural and linguistic knowledge (Mandarin Chinese and Hindi) to yoshida essays full text recover the Sankara Stones while maintaining the highest level of customer service. Act Essay? Able to endure exposure to elements such as lava and artwork essay, snake pits, and able to physically outmaneuver such obstacles as giant boulders in boobytrapped tombs. Guest Services, Sales, and People Skills Able to Learn and Master New Information Basic Math Bilingual Extensive Physical Activity Exposure to act essay Elements. As you can see, Indy starts his sample resume summary statement by essay about healthy pyramid opening with the title of the job (one of his professional titles) and prompts 2009, a headline. His headline is supported by details: He then adds five of the six skills from the job description that match his skill set to his resume summary . He also adds details to artwork essay amplify the information:

“Linguistic knowledge” is amplified by “Mandarin Chinese and Hindi,” which also covers the “Bilingual” language bonus from the job description. He avoids the first person, has added keywords like “exposure to elements,” and has added extra value by exhibiting experience in wait service on various modes of transportation that might be interesting to an employer seeking a waiter to serve drinks on act essay, a boat. Dr. Essays? Jones has also managed to squeeze in a transferable skill - “cultural sensitivity/knowledge.” 7. The Name Drop - A Tried and True Way to prompts 2009 Generate Interest. Mention the artwork essay, organizations, clients, and prompts, past employers that you’ve worked for where appropriate. Name dropping is an old marketing technique that you can use when writing a resume summary for a resume to transition words list for high school impress and establish authority and credibility. One word of warning:

Employers could see name dropping as unprofessional snobbery. Act Essay? You need to artwork essay make sure you don’t cross the line. Also, you don't want to name drop confidential clients - because, you know, they're confidential. What you can do instead is say: I worked with top, global clients from act essay prompts 2009 (insert specific industry here) . It is best to name drop when it proves the thing you want to show the hiring manager in yoshida kenko essays in idleness full a professional summary for a resume. The candidate who did it right has name dropped to prove that her clients are large, multi-national companies. The 7 Dos and Don’ts of Writing a Resume Summary. 1. Consider Adding a Headline for prompts 2009 Extra Oomph.

After you write your title, you can add a headline that sums up the main benefits of hiring you. Improved collection of tickets onboard German zeppelin by 100%. 2. Microsoft Word is artwork essay, Not an Accomplishment So Leave It Out. Leave your core competencies for the skills section of your resume. The resume summary section is for your best skills and keyword skills. Microsoft Office is boring and pedestrian. Your mom, your sister, and your dog can all use Word. And to further avoid being boring in a professional summary for a resume, consider using action verbs to describe your best skills. Avoid boring adjectives like “articulate” or “innovative.” Also, get rid of overused verbs like “managed” or “organized.”

Action verbs are energetic and specific: Don’t go overboard. You don’t want to sound like a Freshman English major flexing a large vocabulary for act essay prompts 2009 the sake of essay about it. Remember that you should use keywords even if they are adjectives. There is a good chance that your resume will be fed through an act essay Applicant Tracking System (ATS).

The ATS will scan your resume for keywords from the order research, job description. Prompts? So you need to include them throughout your resume. 3. Ditch the First Person Pronouns to Focus on the Employer. By skipping the kenko in idleness, “I” and act essay, “me” stuff, your resume summary section will stay focused on the employer. When you use the essays, third person and the present tense, a recruiter will be able to act essay 2009 envision you doing that work for them. Here are some resume summary statement examples with and without the first person. If you think it's more appropriate to use the first person, you should. It's up to artwork essay you to decide.

4. Act Essay? Ignore Tasks You Hate For Your Sake. When you are making lists of what to artwork essay include on prompts 2009, a resume don’t add anything you hate doing. Same goes for a summary in a resume. If you hate doing something (even if you are really good at it), leave it. You will just get stuck doing it again at your new job, and artwork essay, it won’t make you happy. 5. Avoid Being Generic By Tailoring Each Resume Summary to the Job. Yes, that’s right.

Every time you respond to prompts 2009 a different job post, you will need to kenko essays in idleness text write a new resume summary. The professional resume summary is act essay prompts 2009, only at yoshida kenko in idleness text, peak effectiveness if you tailor it to fit one job description. So, if you are applying for 100 jobs, you need 100 resume summaries. You don't have to rewrite the entire thing. Prompts 2009? You can simply retouch your best resume summary by changing keywords.

Just make sure that it is tailored to the job post. How long should a resume be? In a word: short. Some experts will tell you about the in idleness full, “one-page rule.” You should aim for prompts 2009 one page, but resumes are not glass slippers. You do not need to cram everything on one page like an ugly stepsister if it doesn't fit. A good rule of thumb is to condense resume sections like the resume summary section at the end of the writing process.

Trim the fat and essay, keep it lean. Good professional summary examples don't exceed a paragraph of prompts 2009 text or a few bullet points. If you're having trouble with the length of transition school essays your resume, have a look at our guide on resume length: How Long Should A Resume Be? Everything You Need To Know 7. Act Essay 2009? Avoid the chronological order paper, Cardinal Sin of Resume Writing. No good will come out of prompts 2009 lying on your resume - even if it’s just a little white lie. Maybe you aren’t as good at creating spreadsheets as you made it sound. Good luck explaining that when an elaborate spreadsheet is your first task.

Let's say you lie in your hobbies section - you say you like Game of chronological order research paper Thrones when you don't. Who cares? Maybe the prompts, rabid fan who is for high school essays, conducting your interview. Now you know nothing, Jon Snow. Uh oh. The best resume summary grabs recruiters’ attention by shouting out: And this is useful when it falls into the hands of a bored and overworked recruiter.

In three punchy lines, you can show anyone reading your resume the brightest moments of your career and your dazzling set of skills. Bonus: Download these super-actionable examples of resume summaries that match real job posts here: Resume Summary Examples for Your Profession.” Do you have any question about how to write a great resume summary for your position? Leave a comment. I'll be happy to answer. Natalie is prompts, a writer at Uptowork.

She loves writing about resumes and eating tacos more than life itself. She spends her free time reading complicated novels and binge watching TV series.

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