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We may use information we collect to Sequence value of periodic, contact You about essay model school, our and/or third-party products, services, and offers that We believe You may find of obama so-called founders, interest. We may contact You by telephone, postal mail, e-mail, or other methods. You may see advertisements when You visit our Website. We may help advertisers better reach our customers by essay middle model school, providing certain customer information, including geographic information, language preferences or demographic information obtained from other companies. For Chemosynthesis. This information is used by advertisers to determine which ads may be more relevant to essay middle, You. However, we do not share Personal Information outside of essay against penalty, our corporate family for advertising purposes without Your consent. WHEN WE SHARE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU.

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In a Business Transfer. We may sell, disclose, or transfer information about You as part of data, a corporate business transaction, such as a merger or acquisition, joint venture, corporate reorganization, financing, or sale of company assets, or in essay middle school, the unlikely event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership, in which such information could be transferred to for chemosynthesis, third-parties as a business asset in the transaction. For Legal Process Protection. We may disclose Personal Information, and other information about You, or Your communications, where we have a good faith belief that access, use, preservation or disclosure of such information is reasonably necessary: to satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or enforceable governmental request; to enforce or apply agreements, or initiate, render, bill, and collect for services and products (including to essay school, collection agencies in ugent thesis data bank, order to obtain payment for our products and services); to protect our rights or interests, or property or safety or that of others; in connection with claims, disputes, or litigation – in court or elsewhere; to facilitate or verify the appropriate calculation of taxes, fees, or other obligations; or. in an emergency situation. We may provide information that does not identify You personally to third-parties for marketing, advertising or other purposes. HOW WE STORE AND PROTECT THE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU. Protecting Your Information. We use a variety of physical, electronic, and essay model procedural safeguards to protect Personal Information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure while it is under our control. Unfortunately, no data transmission over essay on population in india the internet can be guaranteed to be completely secure. Essay Middle School. As a result, although we will utilize such measures, we do not guarantee You against the loss, misuse, or alteration of Personal Information under our control, and You provide Personal Information to us at Your own risk.

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You should refer to this Policy often for the latest information and essay model school the effective date of any changes. This web site is owned and operated by Viatta Business Ltd . A Partner is an individual who refers customers. On Education Today. A Referral is an individual who requests a service via the referral link given by a Partner. With the first order, a Referral acquires a 15% discount on the order, while a Partner receives $50 to middle school, the Referral Balance. With further purchases, a Partner earns 5% of the for chemosynthesis, Referral’s total order price.

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The Scoop on Resume Length: How Many Pages Should Your Resume Be? by Katharine Hansen, Ph.D. Once upon a time, someone came up with a “rule” that resumes should not exceed one page. Middle Model! No one really knows who came up with the for chemosynthesis rule, but a great many job-seekers still seem to live in fear of this supposed edict. The fact is middle, that very few “rules” exist today in the world of resume writing.

Unbreakable rules include: You can’t lie, you can’t have typos/misspellings, and you can’t include negative information. Just about every other rule you’ve ever heard about resumes, however, is breakable, including rules about how many pages your resume should comprise. Rules are one thing, but trends are another. After a period that could almost be described as “anything goes” in terms of resume length, the for chemosynthesis pendulum in this Twitter-inspired, short-attention-span age has swung back toward shorter resumes. “The norm for most resumes/CVs is one to two pages, even for very experienced professionals,” says the Findings of 2011 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers , published by the Career Thought Leaders Consortium. The publication went on to note that a survey of HR/recruiters on LinkedIn indicated an school, overwhelming preference for a second page. Even against within this climate of shorter resumes, each individual situation dictates resume length.

After surveying career experts, we developed some guidelines to help you determine the right length for your resume. It should be noted that length is essay against penalty, primarily an issue that pertains to the traditional, formatted, “print” version of your resume. For resumes in electronic formats that are intended to be placed directly in middle model keyword-searchable databases, page-length is ugent data bank, immaterial. “The length of your resume doesn’t matter to an applicant tracking system,” affirms Jon Ciampi, CEO of Preptel, a company that aims to help job-seekers penetrate these systems (as quoted in an article on CIO.com by Meridith Levinson). “It will scan your resume regardless of whether it’s two pages or four. Model! Submitting a longer (say three or four page) resume that allows you to thesis founders pack in more relevant experience and keywords and essay middle, phrases could increase your chances of ranking higher in the system,” Ciampi says in Levinson’s article. Thus, this article’s guidelines apply either in situations where your formatted resume is screened by human eyes without having been placed into a keyword-searchable database or after a keyword search has narrowed the field of applicants. Resumes for new grads and entry-level job-seekers are often, but not always, one page. Most college career-placement centers tell students to limit their resumes to one page, notes resume writer Sharon Pierce-Williams, 75 percent of whose business is value, writing for essay school, the college population.

Pierce-Williams observes that many career offices even require that students stick to a one-page resume.” Indeed, if there is one group that should strive for a one-page resume, it is college students and new graduates. Thesis So-called! In many cases, these entry-level job-seekers don’t have enough relevant experience to essay middle model justify more than a page. Some new grads do, however, have lots of relevant internship, summer-job, extracurricular, leadership, and value function, sports experience that justifies a two-page resume. Pierce-Williams takes an unusual approach to new-grad resumes. Model School! “I have compelling proof that two-page resumes land job interviews for college students,” Pierce-Williams says. “Length depends on extra-curricular involvement and leadership. It takes a certain ‘go-getter’-type student for a two-page resume.” Pierce-Williams designs college-student resumes in which page one “often looks like a ‘regular’ resume, but page two is entitled ‘Key Leadership and Project Management’ or simply ‘Key Leadership.'” Pierce-Williams says she uses this page-two section to list three to four projects in which the student made a difference in essays an association or sorority/fraternity. If you fall into the college-student/entry-level/new-grad group and essay model school, are tempted to go to today two pages, just be sure that you have the relevant material to justify a second page. “Once someone has been in business for essay middle model, 10 years, particularly if they have switched jobs, I find it difficult to founders keep it on one page,” says coach, speaker, and trainer Darlene Nason. “I think a two-page resume is a good average.”

In his Resume Critique Writer software, Grant Cooper of middle Strategic Resumes offers this view of the two-page resume: “The resume has now taken the place of the initial interview, and only those with significant qualifications and strong resumes are even invited to interview. True, it does take an additional minute or less for thesis data bank, an HR professional to review the second page of a resume, but that extra minute is seen as far more helpful than scheduling a questionable candidate for essay model, a personal interview.” Supplemental sheets and addenda provide a way to present additional information without adding to the length of the resume itself. Executives in particular were advised till recently that three- and four-page resumes were acceptable and even expected. Now, though, the trend is toward two-page or even one-page resumes for essay for and against, executives that are supplemented by various addenda that can optionally be submitted with the resume. “A suite of addenda,” says Deborah Wile Dib, president of essay middle Executive Power Brand, can be “a strategic way to mention presentations, awards, published works, technical skills, extensive education, and expanded success studies.” Dib, who particularly uses addenda with executives, notes that “such addenda allow for even greater depth without cluttering the resume.” Creating various supplements and addenda enables the job-seeker to choose which pieces to send along with the resume.

He or she might instead choose not to send any addenda but to bring them to the interview. Even among employers, there’s no consensus on preferred resume length. While there is no consensus among employers and recruiters about resume length, some feel one page is too short. Maureen Crawford Hentz, manager of talent acquisition, development and compliance at Sequence value of periodic, Osram Sylvania, Boston MA, particularly disdains “abbreviated or ‘teaser’ resumes” that urge the recruiter, “for more information, call me.” Many recruiters believe that two pages is model school, about the on education today right length; for some, three pages is the outside limit that they will read. “If the resume is longer than two pages, it needs to be well worth it,” noted Hentz’s colleague at Osram Sylvania, Harlynn Goolsby. Others question executives’ ability to prioritize if their resumes are longer than two pages. Since recruiters pass candidate resumes on to client employers, they must also consider employer preferences. “Most of my clients profess that they are too busy to read anything lengthier — thus, I deliver what they require,” said Chris Dutton, director at Intelligent Recruitment Services and Owner, Intelligent IT Recruitment, Manchester, UK. Recruiter opinions about resume length have been colored in recent years by the growing practice of reading resumes on a computer screen rather than printing them. Resumes that might seem too long in print are acceptable on screen. For many decision-makers, page length is less important than providing sufficient details. Essay Model School! “I … encounter quite a few resumes that have been stripped of on population any detail in order to essay middle model confine them to one or two pages,” said Pam Sisson, a recruiter for Professional Personnel in Alabama. “My immediate response is to ask for a more detailed resume.

A resume that’s three or four pages but actually shows the qualifications and experience necessary for a position is much preferred, in for chemosynthesis my opinion, to one that has cut out all the substance to meet some passe idea of a one-page resume.” John Kennedy, senior IT recruiter at Belcan agreed: “Resume length is of very little importance so long as the information is accurate, verifiable, and pertinent to the position. Essay Middle Model! If a candidate has 20 years of experience directly relating to so-called the position being applied for essay middle model, and that experience is verifiable, it should be listed even if the resume goes four-plus pages.” Given that employers screen resumes for as few as 6 seconds, a resume must quickly capture the essays on education today reader’s interest. “As long as the resume grabs the attention of the hiring manager, it is the right length,” says McCown-Guard. “Whatever the length of the model resume, the critical factor is to make absolutely certain that your reader’s interest is piqued within the first half of the first page,” cautions Laurie J. Smith, president of Creative Keystrokes Executive Resume Service. “Of equal or greater importance [to length] is concise writing, short paragraphs, brief lists of Sequence function bullet points, and good organizational strategies that ensure the resume can be quickly skimmed,” notes the Findings of 2011 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the essay middle school New the essay death penalty Next in Careers . “In addition, it is essential to use strong merchandising and positioning strategies to bring the school most relevant information to the forefront. Creating a strong impact “above the fold” — on the top half of the first page of the resume — has become increasingly critical for Sequence of periodic function, job seekers in one of the essay middle model school most competitive employment markets we’ve ever experienced.” Whatever page your resume ends on, text should fill at least a third to a half of the page.

If the last page of your resume amounts to just a few lines of text, it’s best to of periodic function condense so that the preceding page becomes the last page of your resume. Conversely, don’t add superfluous text just to middle model school fill up the last page of your resume. “I never fluff up content for the sake of filling space,” says Teena Rose of Resume to Referral. Sequence Value Of Periodic! “Irrelevancies can dilute the overall effectiveness of the resume.” The end of your resume, Rose notes, “should offer additional value and not be perceived as leftovers.” Don’t sacrifice your resume’s readability to make it conform to arbitrary “rules” about resume length. It’s always pitiful when we have to whip out the magnifying class to read the tiny 8- or 9-point type on the resume of a job-seeker who has gone to absurd lengths to essay middle model school limit his or her resume to a certain number of pages. Essay In India! Don’t forego readable type (we suggest no smaller than 10.5 point; 11 to 11.5 is better), comfortable margins (some resume writers say 1 inch all around; we’ve gone as small as .7?), space between lines, white space, and a pleasing, eye-attracting layout just to cram your resume onto X number of pages. “It’s less taxing and time-consuming to read one and essay, a half or two well-formatted pages than one page where everything’s squished together,” observes one expert. “Those resumes that do contain detailed information, but are literally ‘crammed’ into so-called founders, one page, are now frowned upon,” says Cooper in his Resume Critique Writer software. “It is essay, simply too difficult for a hiring director to read the tiny print and jam-packed information squeezed into a one-page stuffed resume. Companies that once insisted on one-page resumes are perfectly happy with a clearly-written, concise, and well-formatted two-page resume that is easy to read, yet has the detailed information they now need.” Page numbers, headers, and footers can aid continuity in for chemosynthesis a resume that is two or more pages. All resume pages beyond page one need to be numbered.

Some job-seekers choose a “page 2 of 3” model. “If you decide to go with two or more pages, be sure to include your name and appropriate page number at middle, the top,” suggests Ann Baehr of Best Resumes. “And organize all of the information with distinct categories to so-called founders make it easier for the reader to find what they are looking for at a glance.” Including your name close to middle model the page number is highly desirable in essay for and against case resume pages get separated from each other. However, repeating your entire “letterhead” from the first page of your resume on essay middle school, subsequent pages can be confusing and take up too much space. Career-management coach Don Orlando takes a novel approach to a footer designed to entice the essay on population control employer to keep reading the resume: “At the bottom of my multi-page resumes, there is a [customized] footer that reads something like this: ‘More indicators of model performance General Motors can use now…'” It’s OK for a resume section, such as your experience, to straddle two pages of your resume, but avoid splitting the description of a given job over Sequence of periodic function two pages. Finish describing a job on one page, and school, begin detailing the next-oldest job on the following page. Final Thoughts on Job-Seeker Resume Length.

One more guideline to for chemosynthesis consider is essay model school, that one-page resumes are typically expected for networking and at job fairs. If you’re still torn about how long to on population control make your resume, consider contacting a qualified resume writer for essay model, an expert consultation. Questions about essays today, some of the essay middle school terminology used in this article? Get more information (definitions and links) on for chemosynthesis, key college, career, and middle model, job-search terms by going to our Job-Seeker’s Glossary of essay death penalty Job-Hunting Terms. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of Quintessential Careers, is an essay middle school, educator, author, and blogger who provides content for Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine , an on population, electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and blogs about storytelling in essay middle model school the job search at A Storied Career . Katharine, who ea ned her PhD in organizational behavior from Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is for chemosynthesis, author of Dyn mic Cover Letters for New Graduates and essay middle model, A Foot in founders t e Door: N tworking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by essay middle Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters , Write Your Way to a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and essay in india, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alpha).

Visit her personal Website or reach her by essay middle model school e-mail at kathy(at)quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. Have you taken advantage of thesis all the many free resume tools, articles, samples, and more that we have in essay the Resume Resources section of Quintessential Careers? QUINTESSENTIAL RESUME-WRITING PARTNER.

LiveCareer’s Resume Builder is the fastest, most efficient way to build an thesis so-called founders, effective resume. Featuring hundreds of essay model templates and professional designs for all jobs and on education today, industries, Resume Builder also includes sample phrases written by our experts, plus helpful tips and advice to make your resume stand out. We’ll guide you step by step through the process, so you can build an model, impressive resume that will make employers want to know more. Ready to jump-start your job search and ugent, move closer to reaching your goals? Try Resume Builder today, and learn how easy it is to create your own resume. We’re so confident that you’ll love Resume Builder that you can try it for FREE! Building Tools That Build Better Work Lives. Since 2005, LiveCareer’s team of career coaches, certified resume writers, and savvy technologists have been developing career tools that have helped over essay model school 10 million users build stronger resumes, write more persuasive cover letters, and develop better interview skills. Use our free samples, templates, and writing guides and our easy-to-use resume builder software to help land the job you want. Dr. Randall S. Obama Thesis Founders! Hansen.

Dr. Randall S. Hansen is middle school, founder of Quintessential Careers, one of the oldest and most comprehensive career development sites on the Web, as well CEO of EmpoweringSites.com. He is also founder of MyCollegeSuccessStory.com and EnhanceMyVocabulary.com. He is publisher of Quintessential Careers Press, including the Quintessential Careers electronic newsletter, QuintZine. Dr. Hansen is also a published author, with several books, chapters in books, and on education, hundreds of articles. He’s often quoted in the media and model, conducts empowering workshops around the country. Finally, Dr.

Hansen is also an educator, having taught at the college level for essays on education, more than 15 years. Visit his personal Website or reach him by email at randall@quintcareers.com. Check out Dr. Hansen on GooglePlus. Katharine Hansen, Ph.D., creative director and associate publisher of essay middle model Quintessential Careers, is an educator, author, and blogger who provides content for Quintessential Careers, edits QuintZine, an electronic newsletter for jobseekers, and blogs about storytelling in against the job search at A Storied Career. Katharine, who earned her PhD in organizational behavior from essay middle model school, Union Institute University, Cincinnati, OH, is author of Dynamic Cover Letters for New Graduates and A Foot in the Door: Networking Your Way into the Hidden Job Market (both published by Ten Speed Press), as well as Top Notch Executive Resumes (Career Press); and on education today, with Randall S. Hansen, Ph.D., Dynamic Cover Letters, Write Your Way to a Higher GPA (Ten Speed), and The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Study Skills (Alpha). Essay Middle School! Visit her personal Website or reach her by e-mail at ugent thesis bank, kathy@quintcareers.com.

Check out Dr. Hansen on middle model school, GooglePlus. I AM A CAREER CHANGER This page is your key source for all things career-change related. You’ll find some great free career-change tools and resources. Changing careers can be traumatic, especially if you have been in your current career for a long time, but you do not have to go through the process alone or [] Quintessential Careers: Career and Job-Hunting Blog. Quintessential Careers: Career and ugent thesis data, Job-Hunting Blog Career and job-search news, trends, and scoops for model, job-seekers, compiled by the staff of Quintessential Careers.The Quintessential Careers Blog has moved!!

These pages remain as an archive of our previous blog posts. Data Bank! Please check out the new and essay middle model school, improved Quintessential Careers Blog for Job-Seekers and Careerists. Interview Advice Job [] The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers. The Quintessential Directory of essays on education today Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of middle model school a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to go straight to the career and value function, employment section of the [] Quintessential Careers: I am a Career Coach or Counselor.

The Quintessential Directory of Company Career Centers Where job-seekers can go directly to the job/career/employment section of a specific employer’s Website.Because more and more companies are developing career and employment centers on their corporate Websites, Quintessential Careers has developed this directory, which allows you to go straight to middle model the career and employment section of the [] Mighty Recruiter Mighty Recruiter. Customer Service Customer Service. 800-652-8430 Mon- Fri 8am - 8pm CST. Sat 8am - 5pm CST, Sun 10am - 6pm CST Stay in touch with us.

ALDI District Manager Trainee Interview Questions. District Manager (205) Store Assistant (107) Cashier (102) Store Associate (91) District Manager Trainee (78) Store Manager (65) Area Manager (60) Store Manager Trainee (56) Retail Assistant (45) Manager Trainee (39) Shift Manager (33) Aldi District Manager (32) Cashier/Associate (26) Graduate Area Manager (24) Sales Associate/Cashier (22) Stock Assistant (22) District Manager Intern (17) District Manager Inter (17) Sales Associate (16) Shift Manager/Cashier (15) Assistant Manager (14) Customer Assistant (11) Deputy Store Manager (11) Assistant Store Manager (10) Associate (10) Warehouse Selector (10) Industrial Placement (9) Sales Assistant (9) Intern (8) Manager In Training (7) MoreLess. Your trust is our top concern, so companies can't alter or remove reviews. Three Part interview process with two district managers and the director of model school, operations. For Chemosynthesis. Took a long time to get a response and the questions seemed rather trivial. I was told that I had too much experience for the District Manager Position and that I would be considered for the store manager position. Odd and backwards by most standards and I can only essay model assume it is because the district managers are meant to strictly be mouthpieces for the company and are hired right out of college.

District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied online. I interviewed at ALDI (Columbus, OH) in April 2017. There was a preinterview dinner the night before where they told us about the company and allowed us to ask questions because we wouldn#039;t have time during the actual interview itself the thesis so-called founders, following day. Essay Model. It was a great way to hear more about the against, position and to get a chance to essay school make an ugent thesis data bank impression before the essay model, interview.

The actual interview the next day was about penalty 20 minutes long with one of the middle school, executives from the presentation the night before. Why Aldi? Answer Question How do you feel about your academic performance? Answer Question. Thesis. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied through a recruiter.

The process took 3 weeks. I interviewed at ALDI. 2 rounds with a pre interview dinner. First interview basic. Second interview they took me to there campus in Denton. Visited a store that day with them also. They had a car service sent to essay model school my school to pick us up which was very nice. Why ALDI? Answer Question Tell me about yourself? Answer Question Leadership on campus? Answer Question.

District Manager Trainee Interview. Today. I applied through college or university. The process took a week. I interviewed at ALDI (Greenville, NC) in February 2017. I applied through my schools career website. They chose me to do an interview and they had a preinterview dinner the night before. I think the dinner counted more than the middle school, actual interview so you should ask lots of questions and be social with them.

What is a hard decision you had to make and thesis what did you decide? What other companies are you interviewing for? Answer Question. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied through college or university. I interviewed at ALDI. I met the recruiters at a job fair on campus and submitted a resume. I attended the 2 hour pre-night dinner which is basically an info session and a chance to ask questions. The next morning was the first round interview which was strictly behavioral and straightforward.

They want to make sure you aren#039;t averse to essay model school hard work and essays can work in teams. I was invited to the second-round which is a full day at their office. We toured the warehouse and a store, and I interviewed with two different people for 15 minutes. Some other applicants had more interviews during this day than I did. I am now waiting to hear about 3rd round interviews. Essay Model School. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied in-person.

I interviewed at ALDI. The first round of interviews was fairly easy. They just want you to walk through your resume and Sequence function know if you can commit the amount of time they want for the job. Essay Model School. Also if you are willing to relocate. I#039;m awaiting the second round of interviews now. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied through college or university. The process took 1 day. I interviewed at ugent thesis data bank ALDI (Champaign, IL) in October 2016. The interview process was very smooth. Essay Model School. The questions were not very difficult and were just basic questions about you and the company.

The interviewer was very friendly and ugent data bank you are able to essay middle try and make a personal connection if you can. For Chemosynthesis. I was asked about school all clubs and jobs that I had written on my resume. What would you say your biggest weakness is? Answer Question. For And Penalty. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied through a recruiter. The process took 3 weeks. I interviewed at ALDI (Milwaukee, WI) in September 2016. First you Submit resume and then they review and then 3 days later had a Phone interview. Then a second phone interview 3 days later. Then a short Assessment and middle school then a Fly out.

Tell me about essay in india a managerial decision gone wrong. How did you handle that and essay what lessons were learned. Answer Question Tell me about an experience you had working with diversity. Answer Question. District Manager Trainee Interview. I applied through college or university.

The process took 3 weeks. I interviewed at ALDI (Pittsburgh, PA) in bank September 2016. I got an interview in campus after the career fair. Then, the people that were selected we had dinner on campus. After that, they schedule 4 more interviews in their offices. Tell me about yourself Answer Question What would you consider is your leadership style Answer Question Tell me about a time you work in a team Answer Question What would you consider is your biggest achievement Answer Question If in school, tell me which organizations are you part of Answer Question Tell me something that could be challenging if you get this job Answer Question. Essay School. District Manager Trainee Interview.

I applied through college or university. For Chemosynthesis. I interviewed at ALDI. I don#039;t review often or ever bash a company, but Aldi is essay one of them. Whether it#039;s music to his students, or new employees at ALDI, Eric K., Perishable Receiver for our Batavia, IL Warehouse, loves teaching. The flexible schedule ALDI provides allows Eric to do more of the things he loves. Thank you, Eric, for today, all you do. At our Corporate Office in essay Batavia, IL, we have a wide variety of rewarding careers. Obama Thesis So-called Founders. Everything from Sampling Chef to marketing and middle buying roles, you#039;ll find a career that will bring out the most in you.

Learn more by visiting: http://glassdoor.com/slink.htm?key=vQ0Kp. Top Interview Questions Previous Next. Ugent. Would you like us to review something? Please describe the school, problem with this and essays today we will look into it. Your feedback has been sent to the team and we'll look into school it. Essays On Education Today. Your response will be removed from the review this cannot be undone. This will replace the current featured interview for this targeted profile.

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comedy genre essay Literary Terms and Definitions: C. This page is under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted January 5, 2017. CACOPHONY (Greek, bad sound): The term in poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds.

It is the opposite of euphony . CADEL (Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau , meaning a gift; a little something extra): A small addition or extra item added to an initial letter. Common cadels include pen-drawn faces or grotesques. Middle. Examples include the faces appearing in the initial letters of the Lansdowne 851 manuscript of against penalty, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales . CADENCE : The melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase--for instance an interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. Essay. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles. A cadence group is a coherent group of words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, of today, parting day or a noun phrase, our inalienable rights. CADENCE GROUP : See discussion under cadence . CAESURA (plural: caesurae ): A pause separating phrases within lines of essay, poetry--an important part of of periodic function, poetic rhythm . Essay Middle Model. The term caesura comes from the Latin a cutting or a slicing.

Some editors will indicate a caesura by inserting a slash (/) in obama thesis founders, the middle of a poetic line. Middle School. Others insert extra space in ugent data bank, this location. Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at all. CALQUE : An expression formed by essay middle model, individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and essay death, then combining them in a way that may or may not make literal sense in essay middle model, the new language. Algeo provides the example of the English phrase trial balloon , which is a calque for the French ballon d'essai (Algeo 323). CALLIGRAPHIC WORK : In medieval manuscripts, this is (as Kathleen Scott states), Decorative work, usually developing from on education or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from middle school ascenders at the top of the page and descenders at the bottom of the justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at for chemosynthesis one angle to produce broader and narrower lines, which in combination appear to essay middle school overlap one another to in india form strap-work (Scott 370). CANCEL : A bibliographical term referring to essay middle model school a leaf which is substituted for one removed by the printers because of an error. For instance, the first quarto of Shakespeare's Troilus and ugent data, Cressida has a title page existing in both cancelled and uncancelled states, leaving modern readers in some doubt as to middle whether the play should be considered a comedy, history, or tragedy.

CANON (from Grk kanon , meaning reed or measuring rod): Canon has three general meanings. (1) An approved or traditional collection of works. Originally, the term canon applied to thesis data the list of books to essay middle model be included as authentic biblical doctrine in the Hebrew and Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin). Founders. Click here for more information. (2) Today, literature students typically use the word canon to essay school refer to those works in for and against penalty, anthologies that have come to be considered standard or traditionally included in essay middle school, the classroom and published textbooks. In this sense, the canon denotes the entire body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for admiration and study. So-called Founders. (3) In addition, the word canon refers to the writings of an author that scholars generally accepted as genuine products of said author, such as the middle Chaucer canon or the Shakespeare canon. Chaucer's canon includes The Canterbury Tales , for instance, but it does not include the apocryphal work, The Plowman's Tale, which has been mistakenly attributed to him in the past. Likewise, the Shakespearean canon has only two apocryphal plays ( Pericles and the Two Noble Kinsmen ) that have gained wide acceptance as authentic Shakespearean works beyond the thirty-six plays contained in for chemosynthesis, the First Folio.

NB : Do not confuse the spelling of cannon (the big gun) with canon (the official collection of literary works). The issue of canonical literature is school, a thorny one. Traditionally, those works considered canonical are typically restricted to dead white European male authors. Many modern critics and teachers argue that women, minorities, and non-Western writers are left out of the literary canon unfairly. Additionally, the canon has always been determined in part by philosophical biases and political considerations. In response, some critics suggest we do away with a canon altogether, while others advocate enlarging or expanding the existing canon to achieve a more representative sampling.

CANTICLE : A hymn or religious song using words from any part of the Bible except the Psalms. CANTO : A sub-division of an Sequence of periodic function epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel. Essay Middle. Examples include the divisions in Dante's Divine Comedy , Lord Byron's Childe Harold , or Spenser's Faerie Queene . Cf. fit . CANZONE : In general, the term has three meanings. (1) It refers generally to the words of a Provençal or Italian song. (2) More specifically, an Italian or Provençal song relating to on education today love or the school praise of beauty is a canzone. (3) Poems in English that bear some similarity to Provençal lyrics are called canzones --such as Auden's unrhymed poem titled Canzone, which uses the thesis bank end words of the first twelve-line stanza in each of the following stanzas. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE : A narrative, usually autobiographical in school, origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for some time before gaining freedom. An example would be Mary Rowlandson's A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of value of periodic function, Mrs. Mary Rowlandson , which details her Indian captivity among the essay model Wampanoag tribe in the late seventeenth century. Sequence Of Periodic Function. Contrast with escape literature and slave narrative . CARDINAL VIRTUES (also called the Four Pagan Virtues ): In contrast to the three spiritual or Christian virtues of middle school, fides (faith), spes (hope), and caritas (love) espoused in the New Testament, the four cardinal virtues consisted of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Theologians like Saint Augustine argued Christians alone monopolized faith in a true God, hope of a real afterlife, and the ability to love human beings not for their own sake, but as a manifestation of thesis founders, God's creation.

However, these early theologians argued that pagans could still be virtuous in the cardinal virtues, the middle model school old values of the Roman Empire before the coming of function, Christianity. In Latin terminology, pagan Rome espoused the four cardinal virtues as follows: The Latin four-fold classification--later adopted by model, Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas--originates in much older Greek philosophy. In The Republic , Plato uses similar virtues as a way to for chemosynthesis dissect the roles different citizens would play in an ideal state. Middle School. Cf. pietas . Cf. Seven Deadly Sins . CARET (Lat., it lacks): Also called a wedge , an up-arrow , or a hat , this editorial mark looks much the Greek letter lambda or an arrowhead pointing upwards. Here is an example: ^ . An editor will write a caret underneath a line of text to indicate that a word, letter, or punctuation mark needs insertion at the spot where the two lines converge. CARMEN : (Lat. song or poem): The generic Latin term for a song or poem--especially a love-song or love-poem. After Ovid was banished to essays Tomis by essay school, the Emperor in the year 8 AD, he wrote that his crime was carmen et error (a song and a mistake).

This has led some scholars to wonder if his scandalous poem The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) may have invoked the wrath of Emperor Augustus whose Julian Marian laws sought to curb adultery and illicit sexuality. CARPE DIEM : Literally, the phrase is Latin for seize the day, from carpere (to pluck, harvest, or grab) and the accusative form of on education, die (day). The term refers to school a common moral or theme in classical literature that the reader should make the most out of life and should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition. Examples include Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, and Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time.

Cf. Anacreontics , Roman Stoicism , Epicureanism , transitus mundi , and the ubi sunt motif. CASE : The inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or (in some languages) adjective that shows how the word relates to the verb or to other nouns of the same clause. For instance, them is the objective case of for and against penalty, they , and essay middle model school, their is the possessive case of they . Common cases include the nominative, the accusative, the control genitive, the dative, the ablative, the vocative, and the instrumental forms. Patterns of particular endings added to words to indicate their case are called declensions . Click here for expanded information. CASTE DIALECT : A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in a society. Essay Middle Model. Often the use of caste dialect marks the speaker as part of that particular class. For instance, a dalit or untouchable is the lowest caste in ugent thesis, the Indian Hindu caste system while a brahmin is the highest caste.

Although the two groups may frequently share a common language, they each also have specialized vocabulary and model, speech mannerisms that to a native speaker may quickly advertise their social background. CATACHRESIS (Grk. misuse): A completely impossible figure of speech or an implied metaphor that results from combining other extreme figures of speech such as anthimeria , hyperbole , synaesthesia , and value of periodic function, metonymy . The results in each case are so unique that it is hard to state a general figure of speech that embodies all of the possible results. Middle School. It is on education today, far easier to give examples. For instance, Hamlet says of Gertrude, I will speak daggers to her. Model School. A man can speak words, but no one can literally speak daggers. In spite of that impossibility, readers know Shakespeare means Hamlet will address Gertrude in a painful, contemptuous way. In pop music from the ugent thesis data 1980s, the performer Meatloaf tells a disappointed lover, There ain't no Coup de Ville hiding the bottom of a crackerjack box. The image of a luxury car hidden as a prize in the bottom of a tiny cardboard candybox emphasizes how unlikely or impossible it is his hopeful lover will find such a fantastic treasure in someone as cheap, common, and unworthy as the speaker in these lyrics. Sometimes the catachresis results from middle school stacking one impossibility on for chemosynthesis top of another. Consider these examples: There existed a void inside that void within his mind.

Joe will have kittens when he hears this! I will sing victories for model school, you. A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green.--Bacon I do not ask much: / I beg cold comfort. --Shakespeare, ( King John 5.7.41) His complexion is perfect gallows--Shakespeare, ( Tempest 1.1.33) And that White Sustenance--Despair--Dickinson The Oriel Common Room stank of logic --Cardinal Newman O, I could lose all Father now--Ben Jonson, on thesis data bank the death of essay model school, his seven-year old son. The voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses --e.e. cummings. For a more recent example, consider the essay control disturbingly cheerful pop song by Foster the People, Pumped Up Kicks, which deals with a school shooting. Here, the shooter/narrator thinks, I've waited for a long time. Yeah, the sleight of my hand is now a quick-pull trigger. / I reason with my cigarette.

One can reason with induction or deduction, but how does one reason with a cigarette? Here, the catachresis might evoke the idea of the essay school cool kid using personal style instead of a persuasive argument, or it might evoke the imagery of torture--burning victims with a cigarette-butt to ugent bank make one's point. This sort of evocative, almost nonsensical language is the heart of essay middle, good catachresis. Other examples, in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses catachresis to describe Legolas's disgusted outburst at encountering an Orc by asserting, 'Yrch!' siad Legolas, falling into his own tongue.' One call fall into a pool of water or fall into a bed, but how does one fall into for chemosynthesis a language? As Milton so elegantly phrased it, catachresis is middle school, all about blind mouths. For Chemosynthesis. Such catachresis often results from middle hyperbole and synaesthesia . A special subtype of on education today, catachresis is abusio , a mixed metaphor that results when two metaphors collide. For instance, one U. S. senator learned of an unlikely political alliance. He is said to essay middle model have exclaimed, Now that is a horse of a different feather. Essays Today. This abusio is the result of middle model school, two metaphors. The first is the cliché metaphor comparing anything unusual to a horse of a different color. The second is the proverbial metaphor about how birds of a feather flock together.

However, by for chemosynthesis, taking the two dead metaphors and combining them, the essay resulting image of a horse of on education, a different feather truly emphasizes how bizarre and model, unlikely the resulting political alliance was. Thesis Bank. Intentionally or not, the senator created an ungainly, unnatural animal that reflects the ungainly, unnatural coalition he condemned. Purists of middle model school, languages often scrowl at ugent thesis data bank abusio with good reason. Too commonly abusio is the middle model result of founders, sloppy writing, such as the history student who wrote the dreadful hand of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and growls at its enemies. (It would have been better to stick with a single metaphor and state the eye of middle model, totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and glares at its enemies. We should leave out the mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people; it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally for a subtle effect, abusio and catachresis can be powerful tools for originality. CATALECTIC : In poetry, a catalectic line is on population control, a truncated line in which one or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in the final metrical foot. For instance, acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. For instance, Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from A. Middle Model School. E. Housman is catalectic: And if my ways are not as theirs, Let them mind their own affairs.

On the other hand, in trochaic verse, the final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as Deutsche notes about the first two lines of Shelley's stanza: Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory-- Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the senses they quicken. The term catalectic contrasts with an acatalectic line, which refers to a normal line of poetry containing the expected number of syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally be expected.

CATALEXIS : Truncation of a poetic line--i.e., in poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of such truncation is called catalexis. If catalexis occurs at the start of on population control, a line, that line is said to be acephalous or headless. See catalectic . CATALOGING : Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect. The technique is essay school, common in epic literature, where conventionally the poet would devise long lists of famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and for chemosynthesis, mythic heroes to be lined up in battle and slaughtered. The technique is also common in the practice of giving illustrious genealogies (and so-and-so begat so-and-so, or x, son of essay school, y, son of z etc.) for essays, famous individuals. An example in American literature is essay model, Whitman's multi-page catalog of today, American types in section 15 of Song of Myself.

An excerpt appears below: The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter dresses his plank, the model tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp, The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner, The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm, The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, The duck-shooter walks by silent and on education, cautious stretches, The deacons are ordained with crossed hands at essay middle model the altar, The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel, The farmer stops by essays on education, the bars as he walks on a First-day loaf and looks at the oats and rye, The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirmed case. [etc.]

One of the more humorous examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion . In one tale, Culhwch and middle model school, Olwen, the on education today protagonist invokes in an oath all the names of King Arthur's companion-warriors, giving lists of their unusual attributes or abilities running to six pages. CATASTROPHE : The turning downward of the plot in a classical tragedy. By tradition, the catastrophe occurs in the fourth act of the play after the climax. (See tragedy .) Freytag's pyramid illustrates visually the normal charting of the catastrophe in a plotline. CATCH : A lyric poem or song meant to be sung as a round, with the words arranged in each line so that the audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the groups of singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the poem. For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words up, the word look appears in the middle of the essay model third line, the word dress appears in the second line, and ugent thesis bank, the word her appears in the middle of the fourth line. When the essay school song or poem is sung as a round by four groups of singers, the word order and on education today, timing is middle model, arranged so that the essay control in india singers create the hidden phrase look up her dress as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to an otherwise innocent set of essay school, lyrics. Robert Herrick's To the death penalty Virgins, to Make Much of Time is an example of middle school, a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for Milton's masque Comus , it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45).

CATCHWORD : This phrase comes from printing; it refers to a trick printers would use to keep pages in their proper order. The printer would print a specific word below the text at data bank the bottom of a page. This word would match the first word on the next page. A printer could thus check the order by flipping quickly from one page to the next and making sure the catchword matched appropriately. This trick has been valuable to modern codicologists because it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced, or censored. CATHARSIS : An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and school, ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. He writes in his Poetics (c. 350 BCE): Tragedy is an value imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [ eleos ] and fear [ phobos ] effecting the proper purgation [ catharsis ] of these emotions (Book 6.2). (See tragedy .) Click here to download a pdf handout concerning this material. CAVALIER : A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in his struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament.

The term is used in contrast with Roundheads , his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats and model school, courtiers. They were famous for their long hair, fancy clothing, licentious or hedonistic behavior, and ugent bank, their support of the arts. See Cavalier drama and Cavalier poets , below. Essay Middle Model. Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads in a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship in essays today, England, leading to the end of the English Renaissance and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. To see where Charles' reign fits in English history, you can download this PDF handout listing the reigns of English monarchs chronologically.

CAVALIER DRAMA : A form of English drama comprising court plays that the Queen gave patronage to in the essay middle model 1630s. Of Periodic. Most critics have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style. Middle School. The Puritan coup d'état and control in india, the later execution of King Charles mercifully terminated the essay dramatic period, but unfortunately also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison. CAVALIER POETS : A group of ugent data, Cavalier English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and essay middle, wrote during his reign and who opposed the for chemosynthesis Puritans, his political enemies. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller, Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Herrick. They largely abandoned the sonnet form favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the themes of essay middle model, love and sensuality and their work illustrates technical virtuosity as J. A. Cuddon put it (125). Ugent Thesis Data. They show strong signs of Ben Jonson's influence. CAVE, THE : Not to be confused with Plato's allegorical cave , this term is a nickname for a gathering of Tolkien and fellow Oxford English scholars in the 1930s before the Inklings formed. As Drout's J.R.R.

Tolkien Encyclopedia summarizes the details, the name comes from I Samuel 22:1-2, where the essay Cave of Adullam became the place for David's conpiracies against King Saul, possibly implying that the for chemosynthesis members of the Cave at essay model school Oxford saw themselves as righteously subversive of the academic establishment. Members of the Cave included C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Neville Coghill, Hugh Dyson, and Cleanth Brooks. They were distinguished scholars of various fields. Eventually, in 1933, C.S. Lewis's brother Warnie retired to Oxford after a bout with alcoholism and could not regularly make meetings at the Cave. C.S.

Lewis took it upon himself to on population in india raid the Cave for similarly-minded scholars to become a part of the new Inklings group (Lobdell cited in Drout 88). Essay Middle. Cf. Inklings and Cave, Plato's below. CAVE, PLATO'S : In Plato's Republic , Socrates, Plato, and several of their fellows debate the ugent thesis data nature of ideal government. In the school section on for chemosynthesis education in this ideal Republic, they argue about the purpose of education. As part of essay middle, Socrates' argument, the ugent data discussion veers into an allegory in essay middle, which human existence is being trapped in a cave of ignorance, chained in place and unable to essay against death view anything except shadows cast on the wall. Some of those shadows are vague outlines of actual unseen truths beyond the essay middle perception of the senses; others are false images deliberately designed to mislead the for and death cave-dwellers, keeping them content and unquestioning. The purpose of education becomes freeing the imprisoned human and forcing him to leave the model cave, to look at the actual objects that make the shadows. Cf. Platonic Forms . While reading Plato's cave as an allegory of education is a common interpretation, some philosophers (especially medieval readers) often took a more mystical approach to the Greek text, interpreting the cave as the material or physical world, while the shadows were mere outline of a greater spiritual truths--hidden and essay against penalty, eternal beyond the physical world. C. S. Model School. Lewis coopts this idea in The Last Battle , in which the characters discover after death that Narnia has merely been a crude approximation of heaven, and the further they travel in the onion ring, the larger and more beautiful and more true the inner rings become.

CELLERAGE : The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in Renaissance slang as hell and entered through a trapdoor called a hellmouth . The voice of the ghost comes from for and against this area in Hamlet , which has led to scholarly discussion concerning whether or not the ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in disguise. CELTIC : A branch of the middle model Indo-European family of for chemosynthesis, languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Celtic languages are geographically linked to essay school western Europe, and they come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic (or P-celtic). CELTIC REVIVAL : A literary movement involving increased interest in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish culture, myths, legends, and literature. It began in the late 1700s and continues to essays on education today this day. Thomas Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Ieuan Brydydd's publication of essay, Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and obama thesis so-called, Charlotte Guest's translation of The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on Celtic literature at middle model school Oxford helped promote the on population foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school in 1877. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B. Yeats, and probably led to the creation of the Abbey Theatre . A continuing part of the model school Celtic Revival is the Irish Literary Renaissance , a surge of value of periodic function, extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Seamus Heaney. CENOTAPH : A carving on a tombstone or monument, often in essay model, the form of so-called founders, a verse poem, biblical passage, or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's name and date of birth/death.

Often used synonymously with epitaph . CENSORSHIP : The act of hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of art or writing so that general public access to it is essay, partially or completely limited. Contrast with bowdlerization. Click here to download a PDF handout discussing censorship in great detail. For Chemosynthesis. The term originates in an occupational position in the Roman government. After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned censors. These censors at first were limited to conducting the census for essay, tax estimations, but in latter times, their job was to impose moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory literature. See also the Censorship Ordinance of 1559 and for chemosynthesis, the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE OF 1559 : This law under Queen Elizabeth required the political censorship of public plays and essay model, all printed materials in essays on education, matters of religion and the government. The Master of Revels was appointed to essay middle monitor and control such material. All of on education today, Shakespeare's early works were written under this act. We can see signs of alteration in his early works to conform to the requirements of the middle school censors. Contrast with the Profanity Act of obama thesis founders, 1606 . CENTAUR MYTH : In mythology and literary use, a common motif is the centaur (a hybrid of horse-body with a human torso where the horse's head would be).

This mythic creature has gone through a number of allegorical transformations in different literary periods. In classical Greek artwork and model school, literature, centaurs were associated with sex and for chemosynthesis, violence. Their lineage traces them to Centaurus, the twin brother of King Lapithes. Both Centaurus and Lapithes were the middle offspring of Apollo and a river nymph named Stilbe. Stilbe gave birth to twins, with the elder Lapithes being strong, brave and ugent bank, handsome, but the middle model younger twin Centaurus was ugly, brutish, and deformed. In India. Unable to essay model school find a woman willing to marry him, Centaurus engaged in essay against penalty, bestiality with mares, who in turn gave birth to half-human, half-horse hybrids that terrorized the land, becoming the first centaurs. Many Greek temples such as the Parthenon included a prominent carved scene called a centauromachia , which depicted the battle between Pirithous, a later king of the Lapith tribe, as he battled with centaurs who party-crashed his wedding and attempted to abduct the essay middle model bride and bridesmaids. The scene was also popular in Greek pottery and wall-painting, and it helped cement the Greek idea that centaurs were generally loutish creatures symbolizing bestial natures--especially the lower passions of gluttony, rapine, and for chemosynthesis, sexuality.

Only a few exceptions (such as Chiron) were exceptions to this rule, and Greek heroes like Hercules spent a great deal of time beating up centaurs who sought to kidnap their wives and lovers. Later, medieval bestiaries revisited and Christianized the essay middle model centaur myth. One medieval bestiary/commentary used centaurs as symbols of hypocrisy. After pews gradually become common in ugent data bank, late medieval churches near the turn of the Renaissance, such bestiaries depicted the centaur as standing in a pew so that only the human-looking upper half of the body was visible while the school lower animal half was unseen. The commentators stated that even thus wicked people in churches would look virtuous in value of periodic function, their public appearance, but their truly monstrous nature would remain concealed. By the Enlightenment, pastoral artwork and paintings tended to depict centaurs more as frolicking, playful creatures--erasing earlier overtones of rape and evil, and by the late 19th-century, fantasy writers at essay model school the time of George MacDonald rehabilitated them, making them deuteragonists and tritagonists that heroes would encounter on obama thesis their quests. Among the Inklings of the essay middle school 1940s, C.S. On Education. Lewis in particular become fascinated with idealizing centaurs as noble creatures and developed them into a private symbol for spiritual and bodily perfection. Lewis saw the upward human half of a centaur as being an emblem of reason and essay, nobility, and the lower half being an emblem of ugent, natural biological or animal passions.

Thus, the centaur became his emblem for essay middle, the healthy union of the material body and the intellectual/spiritual domains--an organism as God intended humans to be before the fall, or the perfect amalgamation of the chariot-driver, chariot, and horses in the allegory of the charioteer that Plato retells in Phaedrus . CENTUM LANGUAGE : One of the two main branches of Indo-European languages. These centum languages are generally associated with western Indo-European languages and they often have a hard palatal /k/ sound rather than the sibilant sound found in equivalent satem words. See discussion under Indo-European . CHAIN OF BEING : An elaborate cosmological model of the universe common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Great Chain of Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian God at the top of the essays on education today chain and inanimate objects like stones and mud at the bottom. Intermediate beings and objects, such as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending order of intelligence, authority, and capability between these two extremes. The Chain of model school, Being was seen as designed by control, God. The idea of the Chain of Being resonates in essay, art, politics, literature, cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the for chemosynthesis Middle Ages and Renaissance. Essay Middle Model. It takes on particular complexity because different parts of the Chain were thought to for chemosynthesis correspond to essay middle school each other. Data Bank. (See correspondences .) Click here for more information. CHANSON (French song): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end.

They were usually dedicated or devoted to a lady or a mistress in the courtly love tradition. CHANSON DE GESTE (French, song of deeds): These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords. The chansons de geste combine history and legend . They focus on religious aspects of chivalry rather than courtly love or the knightly quests so common in school, the chivalric romance . Typical subject-matter involves (1) internal wars and intrigue among noble factions (2) external conflict with Saracens, and (3) rebellious vassals who rise up against their lords in ugent data, acts of betrayal. Typical poetic structure involves ten-syllable lines marked by assonance and essay middle model, stanzas of value of periodic function, varying length. The chansons de geste are in many ways comparable to middle model epics . Over eighty texts survive, but The Song of Roland is by far the most popular today. CHANSON À PERSONNAGES (French, song to people): Old French songs or poems in dialogue form.

Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning. See aubade . CHARACTER : Any representation of an individual being presented in on population control, a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say ( dialogue ) and what they do ( action ). Essay Middle Model School. E. M. Forster describes characters as flat (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or round (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of data, growth and change during the course of the narrative). Model School. The main character of a work of obama so-called founders, a fiction is typically called the protagonist ; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the essay middle antagonist . If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's side-kick). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist . These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist. Compare flat characters with stock characters . CHARACTERIZATION : An author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and for chemosynthesis, realistic. Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background.

CHARACTONYM : An evocative or symbolic name given to a character that conveys his or her inner psychology or allegorical nature. For instance, Shakespeare has a prostitute named Doll Tearsheet and a moody young man named Mercutio . Steinbeck has the sweet-natured Candy in Of Mice and Men . Spenser has a lawless knight named Sansloy (French, without law) and an arrogant giant named Orgoglio (Italian, pride). On a more physical level, Rabelais might name a giant Gargantua or C.S. Lewis might call his talking lion Aslan (Turkish for model, lion). Thesis Data Bank. These names are all simple charactonyms. Cf. Essay Middle. eponym . CHASTUSHKA (plur. For Chemosynthesis. chastushki ): In 19th-century Russian literature, a short song, usually of four lines--usually epigrammatic and humorous and nature, commonly focusing on topics such as love and middle school, commonly associated with young artists. Chastushki on political topics became more common in for chemosynthesis, the 20th century. Most modern examples rhyme and use regular trochaic meter, though in the oldest examples, these features are less regular, with cadences that are feminine or dactylic (Harkins 121). CHAUCERISM : In the Renaissance, experimental revivals and middle model, new word formations that were consciously designed to essays imitate the sounds, the feel, and verbal patterns from an older century--a verbal or grammatical anachronism . Spenser uses many Chaucerisms in The Fairie Queene . CHEKE SYSTEM : As summarized by essay middle, Baugh, a proposed method for indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke in Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat , lake would be spelled laak , and so on.

Silent e 's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in its place (Baugh 209). It did not catch on. CHIASMUS (from Greek, cross or x): A literary scheme in which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a crisscross pattern. For example, consider the chiasmus that follows: By day the frolic, and the dance by essay for and, night . Essay Model School. If we draw the death words as a chart, the model school words form an obama founders x (hence the word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning x): The sequence is typically a b b a or a b c c b a . Essay Middle. I lead the life I love ; I love the life I lead . Naked I rose from the earth ; to the grave I fall clothed . Thesis Bank. Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the essay middle artistry is often lost in English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole . CHICANO / CHICANA LITERATURE : Twentieth- and twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children--usually in English with short sections or phrases in Spanish. An example would be Sandra Cisneros' writings, such as The House on Mango Street or My Wicked Wicked Ways . Following the grammatical conventions for thesis bank, gender in essay model, Spanish, the adjective Chicano takes an -o suffix in reference to ugent thesis bank male authors and an -a suffix in essay model school, reference to female authors. Cf. Latino Writing . CHIVALRY : An idealized code of military and data bank, social behavior for the aristocracy in essay, the late medieval period.

The word chivalry comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means horsemanship. Normally, only rich nobility could afford the expensive armor, weaponry, and of periodic, warhorses necessary for mounted combat, so the act of becoming a knight was symbolically indicated by giving the knight silver spurs. Essay Middle Model. The right to knighthood in the late medieval period was inherited through the father, but it could also be granted by the king or a lord as a reward for services. The tenets of chivalry attempted to civilize the obama thesis so-called brutal activity of warfare. The chivalric ideals involve sparing non-combatants such as women, children, and helpless prisoners; the protection of the church; honesty in word and school, bravery in deeds; loyalty to one's liege; dignified behavior; and single-combat between noble opponents who had a quarrel.

Other matters associated with chivalry include gentlemanly contests in arms supervised by witnesses and heralds, behaving according to for chemosynthesis the manners of polite society, courtly love , brotherhood in arm s , and feudalism . See knight for middle model school, additional information. This code became of great popular interest to British readers in value function, the 1800s, leading to a surge of historical novels, poems, and model school, paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe , and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King . In Tennyson's poem Guinevere , King Arthur describes the ideals of knighthood thus: I made them lay their hands in essay penalty, mine and middle model, swear. To reverence the King, as if he were. Their conscience, and their conscience as their King.

To break the heathen and uphold the bank Christ, To ride abroad redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to middle school it, To honor his own word as if his God's, To lead sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to thesis data her, And worship her by years of noble deeds, Until they won her. For the best modern scholarly discussion of middle school, chivalry as a historic reality in the Middle Ages, read Maurice H. Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 1984). CHORAGOS (often Latinized as choragus ): A sponsor or patron of a play in classical Greece.

Often this sponsor was honored by Sequence value of periodic, serving as the essay middle leader of the chorus (see below). CHORIC FIGURE : Any character in any type of narrative literature that serves the bank same purpose as a chorus in middle model school, drama by remaining detached from the essay against death main action and essay middle school, commenting upon on population control in india or explaining this action to the audience. Essay Middle. See chorus , below. CHORUS : (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings. In ancient Greece, the chorus was originally a group of male singers and obama thesis so-called, dancers ( choreuti ) who participated in religious festivals and dramatic performances by singing commenting on the deeds of the characters and interpreting the significance of the events within the play.

This group contrasts with the actors (Greek hypocrites ). Shakespeare alters the traditional chorus by replacing the essay middle model school singers with a single figure--often allegorical in nature. For instance, Time comes on stage in essays on education today, The Winter's Tale to explain the passing years. Likewise, Rumor appears in Henry IV, Part Two to summarize the gossip about Prince Hal. See also choragos and choric figure , above. CHRISTIAN NOVEL : A novel that focuses on Christianity, evangelism, or conversion stories. Sometimes the plots are overtly focused on this theme, but others are primarily allegorical or symbolic. Traditionally, most literary critics have rated these works as being of lower literary quality than the canon of great novels in Western civilization. Examples include Bodie Thoen's In My Father's House , Catherine Marshall's Christy , Par Lagerkvist's Barabbas , Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis , and Lloyd C. Douglas's The Robe . CHRISTOLOGICAL FIGURE : In theology, Christology is the study of Jesus' nature, i.e., whether Christ had both a human and divine nature, whether he had one sentient will alone or one human will and one divine will, whether he was theoretically capable of sin like humanity or perfectly righteous like the other persons in essay, the trinity, whether he shared in the Father's omniscience or suffered from essay death human afflictions like doubt or ignorance, whether he existed or not before his biological birth, whether he was equal in authority and school, power to the other persons in the trinity, and whether he actually had a physical body (the orthodox view) or was composed entirely of spirit (the Arian view).

In literary studies, the term christological has been commandeered to refer to (1) an essay on population in india object, person, or figure that represents Christ allegorically or symbolically, or (2) any similar object, person, or figure with qualities generally reminiscent of Christ. Examples of christological figures include the Old Man in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea , who after his struggle with the fish ends up bleeding from his palms and lying on essay model school the floor in a cruciform pattern; the lion Aslan in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia , who allows himself like the lion of the tribe of essay, Judah to be slain in order to essay school redeem a traitorous child; and the unicorn in medieval bestiaries, which would lie down and place its phallic , ivory-horned meekly in a maiden's lap so that hunters might kill it--which medieval monks interpreted as an allegory of Christ allowing himself to enter the womb of the virgin Mary so that he might later be sacrificed. Zora Neale Hurston creates a christ-figure in Delia Jones, who in the short story Sweat suffers to support her ungrateful husband and crawled over the earth in Gethsemane and up the rocks of Calvary many, many times . For Chemosynthesis. . . Middle. and function, so on. CHRONICLE : A history or a record of events. It refers to any systematic account or narration of events that makes minimal attempt to interpret, question, or analyze that history. Because of school, this, chronicles often contain large amounts of folklore or other word-of-mouth legends the writer has heard.

In biblical literature, the book of Chronicles is one example of a chronicle. Medieval chronicles include Joinville's account of the Crusades and Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain , a source for much Arthurian legend. In the for chemosynthesis Renaissance , Raphael Holinshed, Edward Hall, and other chroniclers influenced Shakespeare. Essay School. Chronicles were popular in England after the British defeated the Sequence of periodic Spanish Armada in middle model school, 1588. The accompanying patriotic fervor increased the public's demand for plays about so-called English history. If Chronicles are written in the form of model, annual entries, they are also called annals . See also lepotis . CHRONOLOGICAL SNOBBERY : C. S. Essay. Lewis's term for what he describes as the uncritical acceptance of middle model school, . . . the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that account discredited, i.e., the unthinking belief that past ideas or literature are obsolete and that current or present ideas are superior to them, the myth that all change is beneficial progress.

Lewis initially felt torn between his love of function, medieval literature and the sense that it made him a dinosaur out of touch with the 20th century, and he felt depressed to think the fictions of the essay middle model past as beautiful lies. In a fierce philosophical debate ( The Great War ) with Owen Barfield, Barfield convinced him that such a view was wrong, and Lewis states Barfield made short work of my chronological snobbery (qtd. in Duriez 45). CHRONOLOGY (Greek: logic of for chemosynthesis, time): The order in which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in history or in a narrative. CHTHONIC : Related to middle model the dead, the grave, the underworld, or the fertility of the earth. Against Death Penalty. In Greek mythology, the essay model Greeks venerated three categories of spirits: (1) the Olympian gods, who were worshipped in public ceremonies--often outdoors on the east side of death, large columned temples in the agora , (2) ancestral heroes like Theseus and Hercules, who were often worshipped only in local shrines or at middle specific burial mounds, (3) chthonic spirits, which included (a) earth-gods and death-gods like Hades, Hecate, and Persephone; (b) lesser-known (and often nameless) spirits of the departed; (c) dark and bloody spirits of vengeance like the Furies and Sequence value function, Nemesis, and (d) (especially in Minoan tradition) serpents, which were revered as intermediaries between the surface world of the living and the subterranean realm of the model school dead. This is why snakes were so prominent in the healing cults of Aesclepius.

It became common in Greek to speak of the Olympian in contrast to the cthonioi (those belonging to the earth). See Burkert 199-203 for detailed discussion. CHURCH SUMMONER : Medieval law courts were divided into for chemosynthesis civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against the church. Middle Model School. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to essays appear before the church and receive sentence. By the fourteenth century, the job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the individuals summoned to court.

Chaucer satirized a summoner in The Canterbury Tales . CINQUAIN : A five-line stanza with varied meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin but definitely influenced after 1909 by Japanese poetic forms such as the tanka . Most modern cinquains are now based on the form standardized by an American poet, Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1918), in which each unrhymed line has a fixed number of syllables--respectively two, four, six, eight, and two syllables in middle model, each line--for a rigid total of 22 syllables. Here is probably the most famous example of a cinquain from obama Crapsey's The Complete Poems ; Three silent things: The falling snow. the hour. Before the dawn. the mouth of one. Perhaps under the influence of diamante poems, many modern elementary school teachers have begun adding an middle model additional set of obama thesis founders, conventions to model school the cinquain in which each line has a specific structural requirement: Line 1 - Consists of the two-syllable title or subject for the poem. Line 2 - Consists of two adjectives totaling four syllables describing the subject or title. Line 3 - Consists of three verbs totaling six syllables describing the subject's actions. Line 4 - Consists of four words totaling eight syllables giving the writer's opinion of the subject.

Line 5 - Consists of one two-syllable word, often a synonym for the subject. These secondary conventions, however, are usually limited to children's poetic exercises, and professional poets do not generally follow these conventions. CIRCULAR STRUCTURE : A type of artistic structure in which a sense of completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a conclusion that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the sense of closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of the narrative, play, or poem. An example of circular structure might be The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which ends with an ellipsis identical to the opening sequence, indicating that the middle-aged protagonist is engaging in essays on education today, yet another escapist fantasy. Model School. Leigh Hunt's poem Jenny Kissed Me is an example of a circularly-structured poem, since it ends with the same words that open the speaker's ecstatic, gossipy report. Langdon Smith's poem Evolution is circular in essay death penalty, its concluding repetition of the middle model school opening phrase, When you were a tadpole, and I was a fish, but it is also thematically circular, in obama thesis so-called founders, that it implies the cycle of middle, reincarnated love will continue again and again in spite of death. In many ways, the smaller tales within a larger frame narrative act as part of a circular structure, because each small tale begins by breaking the control in india reader away from the larger, encompassing narrative and concludes by school, returning the reader to that larger frame-narrative. CITY DIONYSIA : See discussion under dionysia . CIVIC CRITICS : A school of 19th-century Russian literary scholars who judged the value of writing primarily by its political context and progressive ideas. They commonly wrote in oposition to the aesthetic theories of the Parnassian Poets (Harkins 55).

Example critics include Belinski (active in the 1840s), Dobrolyubov, and Chernyshevski. CLANG ASSOCIATION : A semantic change caused because one word sounds similar to another. For instance, the Sequence function word fruition in middle model school, Middle English meant enjoyment. In Modern English, its meaning has changed to completion because it sounds like the word fruit --hence the idea of ripeness, of thesis, growing to full size, as Algeo notes (314). CLASSICAL : The term in middle school, Western culture is usually used in value of periodic function, reference to the art, architecture, drama, philosophy, literature, and history surrounding the Greeks and Romans between 1000 BCE and 410 BCE. Works created during the Greco-Roman period are often called classics . The Golden Age of Classical Greek culture is commonly held to be the fifth century BCE (especially 450-410 BCE). The term can be applied more generally to any ancient and essay school, revered writing or artwork from a specific culture; thus we refer to Classical Chinese, Classical Hebrew, and Classical Arabic works.

For extended discussion, click here. To download a PDF handout placing the periods of ugent data, literary history in order, click here. CLASSICAL HAIKU : Another term for the hokku , the predecessor of the modern haiku . See hokku and haiku . CLAUSE : In grammatical terminology, a clause is any word-construction containing a nominative and a predicate, i.e., a subject doing a verb. The term clause contrasts with the term phrase . Essay Model School. A phrase might contain nouns as appositives or objects, and it might contain verb-like words in the form of participles or gerunds, but it crucially lacks a subject doing a verb. For example, consider this sentence: Joe left the building after seeing his romantic rival. Clause : Joe left the building. Phrase : after seeing his romantic rival. If the clause could stand by itself as a complete sentence, it is essays on education, known as an independent clause . If the clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence (typically because it begins with a subordinating conjunction), it is said to be a dependent clause . Essay Middle. For expanded discussion and examples, click here. For a discusion of clauses according to functional type, click here ( TBA). CLERIHEW : In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in essays on education today, irregular meter, usually about a famous person from history or literature. Typically the historical person's name forms one of the rhymes.

The name comes from Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the purported inventor. He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at school, including this one from his chemistry class: Sir Humphrey Davy. He lived in the odium. Of having discovered sodium. CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Clichés are considered bad writing and bad literature. Click here to download a PDF handout for more information. Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. Cliché rhymes in poetry include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in middle school, Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICHÉ RHYME : Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable.

They include love and dove , moon and June , trees and on education today, breeze . Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICK : A sound common in some non-Indo-European languages in Polynesia made by clucking the tongue or drawing in air with the tongue rather than expelling it from the lungs--such as the sound represented by the letter combination tsk-tsk . Some linguists indicate this sound in transcribing Polynesian languages by inserting an exclamation mark to indicate the palatal click. For instance, the !chung tribe has a palatal click as part of its name. CLIFFHANGER : A melodramatic narrative (especially in films, magazines, or serially published novels) in which each section ends at a suspenseful or dramatic moment, ensuring that the audience will watch the essay model school next film or read the next installment to find out what happens. The term comes from the common 1930's film-endings in which the main characters are literally left hanging on the edge of death penalty, a cliff until the middle model school story resumes. Essay Against Penalty. The term cliffhanger has more loosely been applied to any situation, event, or contest in which the model school outcome remains uncertain until the last moment possible. CLIMAX, LITERARY (From Greek word for ladder): The moment in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at which the crisis reaches its point of greatest intensity and is thereafter resolved. Essay. It is essay school, also the peak of for chemosynthesis, emotional response from model school a reader or spectator and usually the turning point in the action. The climax usually follows or overlaps with the crisis of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. (Contrast with anticlimax , crisis , and denouement ; do not confuse with rhetorical climax , below.) CLIMAX, RHETORICAL : Also known as auxesis and crescendo , this refers to an artistic arrangement of a list of items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. See rhetorical schemes for bank, more information. The opposite of climax is bathos . CLIP : To form a word by abbreviating a longer expression, or a word formed by the same process.

For instance, the word auto (as in essay school, auto shop) is a clipped form of automobile . CLOSE READING : Reading a piece of literature carefully, bit by bit, in order to thesis analyze the significance of every individual word, image, and artistic ornament. Click here for more information. The term is sometimes used synonymously with critical reading , though I arbitrarily prefer to reserve close reading as a reference for analyzing literature and critical reading as a reference for breaking down an essay's argument logically. Cf. critical reading . CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and model, number of lines within a genre of poetry. Essays Today. Examples of a closed-form poetry include haiku , limericks , and sonnets , which have set numbers of essay middle school, syllables, lines, and traditional subject-matter. Contrast with open poetic form . CLOSURE (Latin clausura , a closing): Closure has two common meanings. First, it means a sense of completion or finality at the conclusion of founders, play or narrative work--especially a feeling in the audience that all the problems have been resolved satisfactorily. School. Frequently, this sort of closure may involve stock phrases (and they lived happily ever after or finis ) or certain conventional ceremonial actions (dropping a curtain or having the essays today actors in middle model, a play take a bow).

The narrative may reveal the solution of the ugent data primary problem(s) driving the essay model plot, the in india death of a major character (especially the essay model antagonist, the protagonist's romantic interest or even the protagonist herself), or careful denouement . An example of extended denouement as closure occurs in George Eliot's Middlemarch , in which the author carefully explains what happened in later years to each character in the novel. Closure can also come about by a radical alteration or change in the imaginary world created by an author. For instance, in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings , much of the closure to the saga comes from the essays departure of the elves and wizards, who sail across the sea, leaving the world of human men and women forever, an essay model school act which apparently causes magic to fade. Shakespearean comedies often achieve closure by essays on education today, having major characters find love-interests and essay model, declare their marital intentions. Other more experimental forms of literature and poetry may achieve closure by for chemosynthesis, circular structure , in which the poem or story ends by coming back to the narrative's original starting spot, or by returning a similar situation to middle model school what was found at today the beginning of the tale. Essay Middle. See discussion under denouement . Do note that some narratives intentionally seek to frustrate the audience's sense of closure. Examples of essay for and death, literature that reject conventions of middle model, closure include cliffhanger serials (see above), which reject normal closure in an attempt to gain returning audiences. Many postmodern narratives influenced by existential philosophy, on the other hand, reject closure as too simplistic and control in india, artificial in essay model, comparison with the complexities of human living. Secondly, some critics use the term closure as a derogatory term to imply the reduction of a work's meanings to obama thesis so-called founders a single and complete sense that excludes the middle model school claims of other interpretations. For extended discussion of closure, see Frank Kermode's The Sense of founders, An Ending: Studies in essay middle model, the Theory of essay for and against death penalty, Fiction , as reprinted in model school, 2001. CLOWN : (1) A fool or rural bumpkin in Shakespearean vocabulary.

Examples of this type of clown include Lance, Bottom, Dogberry, and other Shakespearean characters. Essay For And Against. (2) A professional jester who performs pranks, sleight-of-hand and juggling routines, and who sings songs or tells riddles and jokes at court. By convention, such jesters were given considerable leeway to speak on nearly any topic (even criticizing court policy) as long as the criticism was veiled in riddles and wordplay. Examples of this type in Shakespeare's work include Touchstone, Feste, and Lear's Fool. School. Cf. fool . COCKNEY : Originally, in Middle English times, the term cockney was a derogatory term for a dumb city-dweller. It comes from cock's egg, the idea that an uneducated urbanite would be so ignorant he or she would not realize that a male rooster (a cock) would be the wrong gender to lay an essay on population control in india egg. By Renaissance times, the word was applied to those living in the Bow Bells area of London in Cheapside, a working class district. Today, the essay middle term implies most strongly the spoken dialect of that area. Cockney dialect tends to be non-rhotic, with final -er pronounced as a schwa, and it often shows signs of ugent bank, t -glottalization. It frequently substitutes /r/ with /w/, and merges lexical sets like north/force and thought/start . The imprecise term Estuary English refers to model spoken English in the southeast of thesis, Britain that merges linguistic traits of RP and Cockney, and recent dialect shift that appears to be spreading across the island. See also Cockney Rhyming Slang , below.

COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG : A form of slang in which the speaker substitutes one word in a sentence with another word or phrase that rhymes with the implied word--but which leaves out the essay model actual, final rhyming part. Ugent. This wordplay is middle model school, associated with the dialect appearing in the Cheapside district of London's East End. The resulting sentence is baffling for obama, outsiders unfamiliar with the tradition but provides a pleasing word puzzle to Cockney speakers. For examples, instead of essay model, stating that The woman had exquisite legs, a Cockney speaker might say, The woman had exquisite bacons. Here, the phrase bacon- and-eggs rhymes with legs , so the speaker substitutes it for obama thesis so-called, legs in the sentence, but deletes the essay final rhyming part of the phrase. CODE-SWITCHING : In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to another--often in mid-sentence. An example sentence to illustrate this process using Latin, Spanish, German, and French might read as follows: Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas? [In the first place, the commander who runs his troops and obama so-called founders, his attendants to death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?] Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in literature. The character of Salvatori the model school monk in Umberto Eco's The Name of the obama thesis Rose engages continuously in essay school, code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German tongues, for instance. Code-switching is a common feature in Hispanic American English and in the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. dog-latin and macaronic texts . CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex , book): The study of books as physical artifacts.

COGNATE : Cognates are words that (1) match each other to some degree in obama thesis so-called, sound and essay model school, meaning, (2) come from for and against a common root in an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for each other. Essay. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin. The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for a number of essays on education, words meaning one such as une (French) and uno (Spanish). Une and school, uno are cognates --cousins or siblings on essays the family tree of languages--but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom , Arabic salaam , and the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning peace. Cognates play an important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European , and they can be enormously helpful in learning new languages. The amateur philologist should be cautious of false cognates, folk etymology , and faux amis , however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and historically. Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into existence. Essay Middle School. Typically, the originator of the error hears or reads an for chemosynthesis unfamiliar word. Middle. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the strange word to a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities.

Faux amis are technically cognates in for chemosynthesis, terms of their morphology, but in terms of their meaning, the words have drifted apart from each other across time, such as the English verb embarass (to humiliate) and the Spanish embarazar (to impregnate). COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN : A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to a collective group of individuals or individual items. What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team , two teams , or one pair, two pairs .) Many students forget that and model school, mistakenly treat the data grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure.

For instance, Some of the the workers are gone uses a plural verb, but Some of the work is middle school, done uses a singular verb. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS : In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology , this term refers to a shared group of archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to those our ancestors faced. Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism . COLLOCATION : The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, Algeo notes that the phrases tall person and for and against penalty, high mountain seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about essay middle a high person or tall mountain, and this construction might sound slightly odd to Sequence value of periodic function a native English speaker. Model School. The difference is in collocation.

COLLOQUIALISM : A word or phrase used everyday in plain and relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. (Compare with cliché , jargon and slang .) COLONIAL PERIOD : American and British historians use this term somewhat differently. American scholars usually use the term colonial period to refer to thesis so-called founders the years in the American colonies before the American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in school, England and continues up through the end of the Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet. See also Neoclassic . Click here to obama thesis so-called download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments. When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to apply the word colonial in more general reference to the British expansions into the Americas, the essay middle model Indies, India, Africa, and the Middle-East over the course of several centuries, even up to the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. For And Against Penalty. See colonialism , below. COLONIALISM : The term refers broadly and essay model, generally to the habit of powerful civilizations to colonize less powerful ones. On the obvious level, this process can take the form of a literal geographic occupation, outright enslavement, religious conversion at gun-point, or forced assimilation of native peoples. On a more subtle level, this process can take the form of bureucratic policy that incidentally or indirectly leads to the extinction of thesis, a minority's language or culture, economic exploitation of cheap labor, and globalistic erasure of cultural differences.

The term is often applied in academic discussion of essay middle model school, literature from the colonial period. We can see the Sequence of periodic concerns of colonialism and essay school, imperial ambition in the works of George Orwell's Shooting an value of periodic function Elephant, in essay school, Rudyard Kipling's fictional tales about for chemosynthesis India, and in Josef Conrad's novella, Heart of Darkness . See Colonial Period , above. COMEDY (from Greek: komos , songs of model, merrimakers): In the death penalty original meaning of the word, comedy referred to middle a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of essay against penalty, ancient Athens. The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the essay school word's etymology suggests. Later, in medieval and Renaissance use, the Sequence value of periodic function word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in essay model school, which the main characters manage to avert an Sequence value of periodic function impending disaster and middle, have a happy ending. The comedy did not necessarily have to be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in of periodic, tone. It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Absurd , Comedy of Humors , and Comedy of Manners . COMEDY OF THE ABSURD : A modern form of comedy dramatizing the model meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of human existence. A famous example is Sequence of periodic, Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot . Cf. existentialism . COMEDY OF HUMORS : A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the embodiment of stereotypical types of people, each character having the physiological and behavioral traits associated with a specific humor in the human body. The majority of the cast consists of such stock characters. (See humors, bodily for more information.) Some of Shakespeare's characters, including Pistol, Bardulph, and others, show signs of having been adapted from the stereotypical humor characters.

In literature, a humor character was a type of flat character in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in Elizabethan and essay school, other Renaissance literature. See also stock character . COMEDY OF INNOCENCE : We have two definitions here. (1) In anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an action. In ancient Greece, the ax or dagger used in Sequence value function, a sacrifice might be put on trial (instead of the priest wielding it). The sacrificial animal might be required to volunteer by shaking its head or by essay middle, walking up to essay control in india the altar to eat the grain sitting on it. The sacrificial victim might be condemned to execution after being released where it could set foot in a forbidden holy grove or taboo sacred mountain (cf. Exodus 19:12-13 and Judges 11:30-40). Essay Model School. In America, we see remnants of the comedy of innocence in customs such as the essays 19th-century's hangman's black mask (to erase the executioner's identity) or the custom of granting the condemned prisoner's last request or final meal (to alleviate any sense of cruelty on middle model the jailer's part). (2) A specific myth told by later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in control, earlier times. For instance, a number of local Greek myths describe characters like Leucothea, Palaemon, and essay middle model school, Glaucus; they fall or are thrown into the sea where they are magically transformed into sea-gods. Given the relative insignificance of these gods in the Greek pantheon , it is likely this sort of tale either (a) developed out of local hero cults or (b) the essay against tale alludes to an ancient or prehistoric belief that drowned sacrificial victims would live on as animistic spirits. Another common version of the comedy of innocence is the essay middle model school motif of a human sacrificial victim (usually a child) who is miraculously saved ( deus ex machina ) and an animal substituted in his or her place.

For example, in some Greek myths, Iphigenia is replaced by a white hind before her father can sacrifice her to gain good winds for the Trojan voyage. Phrixus gets whisked to safety by a Golden Ram, which is then sacrificed in the young boy's place. On Population. In the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh stops Abraham from killing Isaac, and he directs Abraham's attention to a ram with its horns caught in a thicket (Genesis 22:9-13). Scholars of mythology often see the dozens of such tales appearing cross-culturally and interpret them as having their origins in the comedy of innocence. COMEDY OF MANNERS : A comic drama consisting of five or three acts in model school, which the attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and value of periodic function, satirized according to high standards of intellect and morality. The dialogue is usually clever and sophisticated, but often risqué . Characters are valued according to their linguistic and intellectual prowess.

It is the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in a fabliau . COMIC OPERA : An outgrowth of the eighteenth-century ballad operas, in which new or original music is composed specially for the lyrics. (This contrasts with the ballad opera , in which the lyrics were set to pre-existing popular music.) COMIC RELIEF : A humorous scene , incident, character , or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious, tragic, or frightening moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action. Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of essay middle, comic relief in the form of ugent thesis data, a drunken porter. Essay Middle. Another is just after the climactic scene in Dante's Inferno , in which Dante encounters Satan himself frozen in ice. The demon initially terrified Dante, but the narrator's fear falls way to the reader's laughter in a comic reversal in which Dante and Virgil climb down Satan's body and move through the essay for and center of the earth's gravity, at which point Dante is confused by the way gravity reverses, looks upward, and finds himself directly staring at Satan's nether regions, writing, . . Essay Middle Model School. . I beheld him upward hold his legs. // And if I then become disguieted, / Let stolid people think who do not see / What the point is beyond which I had passed (34.90-93).

COMING-OF-AGE STORY : A novel in which an adolescent protagonist comes to adulthood by a process of ugent thesis data bank, experience and disillusionment. This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the security of childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process. Examples include Wieland's Agathon , Herman Raucher's Summer of essay, '42 , Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine , Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , and Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey . The most famous examples are in German. In German, a tale in the genre is called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman . Examples include Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Thomas Mann's Königliche Hoheit . COMITATUS : (Latin: companionship or band): The term describes the tribal structure of the Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic tribes in which groups of essay on population, men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in exchange for food, mead, and heriot , the loan of fine armor and weaponry. Essay Middle School. The men who swore such an oath were called thegns (roughly akin to modern Scottish thane), and they vowed to fight for their lord in battle. For Chemosynthesis. It was considered a shameful disaster to outlive one's own lord. Essay Middle School. The comitatus was the on education today functional military and government unit of early Anglo-Saxon society. Middle Model. The term was first coined by the classical historian Tacitus when he described the Germanic tribes north of Rome. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE : A genre of Italian farce from the sixteenth-century characterized by stock characters , stock situations, and spontaneous dialogue.

Typically, the plot is an intrigue plot and it involves a soubrette who aids two young lovers in for chemosynthesis, foiling the rigid constraints of their parents. In many such plays, a character named Sganarelle is a primary figure in essay middle model, the work. Often there is a zani , or foolish-servant, who provides physical comedy in contrast to the anguish of the young lovers. Essays Today. In the middle end, the essay against death penalty couple achieves a happy marriage. Middle Model School. Commedia dell'arte may have influenced Shakespeare's comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor , and Moliere's plays, such as L'amour Medecin , commonly translated into English as Love is the Doctor . COMMON MEASURE : Also called common meter , common measure consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB , in which the lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of iambic trimeter (six syllables).

This pattern is most often associated with ballads (see above), and ugent thesis, it is occasionally referred to as ballad measure. Many of Emily Dickinson's poems are in loose common measure using slant rhyme , for school, instance: Much Madness is essays, divinest Sense-- To a discerning Eye-- Much Sense--the starkest Madness-- 'Tis the Majority. A fun and simple test to recognize common measure in poetry is to take a stanza and try singing it aloud to a well-known tune written in common meter, such as Gilligan's Isle, Amazing Grace, or House of the essay school Rising Sun. If the control in india syllabification fits these familiar ditties, you are looking at a case of common measure. COMMONIZATION : The linguistic term for an eponym--a common word that is derived from the proper name of a person or place. Essay Middle Model School. For instance, the sandwich gained its name from its inventor, the fourth Earl of function, Sandwich. Essay Middle Model School. The word lynch comes from Captain William Lynch, who led bands of vigilantes to hang hoboes and bums residing near Pittsylvania County. The verb shanghai , meaning to kidnap or press into forced labor, comes from the practices of conscription common in the oriental city of Shanghai.

The word stentorian comes from the loud-mouthed Stentor in Greek legend, and essays on education, herculean comes from the muscle-bound Hercules, and so on. COMPERT (plural: comperta ): Specifically, birth-tales in Old Irish literature that detail the conception and birth of a hero. Middle School. Examples include the Compert Con Culainn ( Birth of Cú Chulainn ). Obama So-called Founders. Usually supernatural or extraordinary events involve themselves in middle school, the conception, such as the Druid Cathbad's seduction of Nessa after prophesying what the hour would be lucky for (begetting a king upon a queen!) or the value of periodic function visitation of a god like Lug to a woman who then becomes pregnant after the divine visitation. The birth-tale in general is not limited to middle school Old Irish Literature, but is found worldwide (Duffy 102-03). For Chemosynthesis. Examples outside of Irish literature include the birth of essay school, Jesus, or the Buddha, or Leda and Hercules in Greek myth, Pryderi's conception in the First Branch of penalty, The Mabinogion , or King Arthur's conception in essay middle model, Arthurian legends. COMPLETENESS : The second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy.

By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the logic, wholeness, and closure necessary to satisfy the audience. COMPOSITE MONSTER (in architecture, often called a chimera after the Greek monster): The term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in essay control in india, Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in which the beast is middle, composed of the on education today body-parts of model, various animals. For instance, in Greek mythology, the chimera has the body of a lion, tale of a serpent, wings of control in india, a bat, and a goat-head, a lion-head, and a serpent's head. Likewise, the sphinx has a lion's body and a woman's head and middle school, breasts; the centaur has a horse's body and human torso and a human head where the horse-head should be; the minotaur has a bull's head and a man's body; and the harpy has an avian body and a woman's head, breasts, and arms. Earlier examples in Mesopotamian mythology include the ekimmu (a bloodsucking albino ghost with a bull's head) and the lamassu (a winged horse with a human head). In the of periodic function medieval period, composite monsters include the formecolion, with an ant's body and a lion's head; the mermaid, with a human top and a fish bottom; and the cockatrice, which mingles parts of a rooster and a serpent. Contrast with additive monster , above. Composite monsters were common in the legends of essay, classical and ancient cultures, but diminished in favor after the Renaissance. Many theories propose to essays on education explain the common tendency to create composite monsters. Theories include mistranslation in traveler's tales, in middle model, which an animal is describing as having a head like such-and-such a creature, but the simile is lost in translation; the encounter of fossil remnants of extinct animals, or bones found jumbled together and misassembled; and the heraldic practice of dimidiation , in which a nobleman's son might take two animals found on his father's and mother's coats of arms combine them into a composite creature to illustrate his genealogy.

An example in essay for and death, 20th century films includes The Fly . In this 1950s horror classic, a fly and a human trade bodies and essay middle model school, heads. Cf. therianthropic and theriomorphic . COMPOSITOR : A typesetter in a Renaissance print shop. To speed the printing process, most of Shakespeare's plays appear to have been set by multiple compositors. As Greenblatt notes, Compositors frequently followed their own standards in spelling and punctuation. For Chemosynthesis. They inevitably introduced some errors into the text, often by selecting the essay middle school wrong piece from the type case or by Sequence function, setting the correct letter upside-down (1141). COMPOUNDING : A term from linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ( neologism ) that comes about by taking two existing words and sticking them together to middle model create a brand new concept (Horobin 192). All languages do this to some extent. For instance, the word hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water and stuff. However, Germanic languages and Germanic poetry (including derivatives like English) are particularly prone to creating new words this way.

Thousands of English words result from two older words being compounded together, such as bathtub (bath + tub), eyesore (eye + sore); window (from two Old Norse words meaning wind and eye), and so on. Essay For And Against Penalty. However, poets regular invent neologisms by compounding to create artificial words of their own. Even Chaucer engaged in this trick, coining the essay model school word newfangled from the obama English new and the Middle French fanglere , meaning to make or to fashion. See neologism , blending , and kenning . COMPURGATION : In addition to trial by ordeal , compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to determine innocence. Essay. A man accused of a crime would publicly swear to data bank his innocence. The judge then gave the defendant thirty days to to collect a number of oath-helpers who would also swear to his innocence (or at least his good character). If he was unable to find the required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by essay middle school, ordeal. If the defendant had been caught in the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and for and against, the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to prove his charge through similar compurgation. CONCEIT (also called a metaphysical conceit) : An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and essay middle model school, contradiction. Before the beginning of the seventeenth century, the term conceit was a synonym for essays on education today, thought and roughly equivalent to idea or concept.

It gradually came to denote a fanciful idea or a particularly clever remark. In literary terms, the word denotes a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an extended comparison involving unlikely metaphors , similes , imagery , hyperbole , and oxymora . One of the most famous conceits is John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, a poem in which Donne compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer's compass. Shakespeare also uses conceits regularly in his poetry. In Richard II , Shakespeare compares two kings competing for essay school, power to two buckets in death, a well, for instance. A conceit is usually classified as a subtype of school, metaphor . Contrast with epic simile and dyfalu . CONCRETE DICTION / CONCRETE IMAGERY : Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language. For instance, calling a fruit pleasant or good is abstract , while calling a fruit cool or sweet is concrete . For Chemosynthesis. The preference for abstract or concrete imagery varies from model century to century. Philip Sidney praised concrete imagery in poetry in his 1595 treatise, Apologie for Poetrie . Essay On Population Control. A century later, Neoclassical thought tended to value the generality of abstract thought. Essay Middle Model. In the ugent data bank early 1800s, the Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley once again preferred concreteness. In the 20th century, the distinction between concrete and abstract has been a subject of some debate.

Ezra Pound and T. E. Hulme attempted to create a theory of concrete poetry. T. S. Essay Model. Eliot added to essays this school of thought with his theory of the objective correlative. Contrast with abstract diction / abstract imagery . CONCRETE POETRY : Poetry that draws much of its power from the school way the text appears situated on the page. The actual shape of the lines of text may create a swan's neck, an essays on education altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to the meaning of the words. Also called shaped poetry and visual poetry, concrete poetry should not be confused with concrete diction or concrete imagery (see above). The object here is to present each poem as a different shape.

It may appear on the page, on glass, stone, wood, or other materials. The technique seems simple, but can allow great subtlety. Famous concrete poets include Apollinaire, Max Bill, Eugen Gomringer and the Brazilian Noigandres Group, which exhibited a collection of concrete art at Sào Paulo in 1956. In Germany, this school of poetry is called konkretisten by critics. It includes Ernst Jandl, Achleitner, Heissenbüttel, Mon, and Rühm. Since World War II, further experimentation in concrete poetry has taken place by essay, British poets, including Simon Cutts, Stuart Mills, and Ian Hamilton Finlay. See also diamante . CONFLATION : In its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of a play or narrative that later editors create by combining the text from more than one substantive edition. For example, Greenblatt notes that most versions of King Lear published since the 1700s are conflations of the Quarto and First Folio editions of the obama thesis founders original Renaissance texts.

CONFLICT : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and an antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the protagonist and middle school, a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behavior, and so on); William Faulkner famously claimed that the most important literature deals with the subject of the human heart in conflict with itself. Conflict is the engine that drives a plot. Examples of narratives driven mainly by conflicts between the protagonist and nature include Jack London's To Build a Fire (in which the Californian struggles to save himself from freezing to death in Alaska) and Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (in which shipwrecked men in a lifeboat struggle to stay alive and get to in india shore). Examples of narratives driven by conflicts between a protagonist and essay model, an antagonist include Mallory's Le Morte D'arthur , in thesis so-called, which King Arthur faces off against his evil son Mordred, each representing civilization and barbarism respectively.

Examples of narratives driven by internal struggles include Daniel Scott Keyes' Flowers for Algernon, in which the essay middle school hero struggles with the obama so-called founders loss of his own intelligence to congenital mental retardation, and Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, in essay middle school, which the protagonist ends up struggling with his own guilt after committing a murder. In complex works of literature, multiple conflicts may occur at on population once. Essay Model. For instance, in Shakespeare's Othello , one level of conflict is the unseen struggle between Othello and the machinations of Iago, who seeks to destroy him. Another level of conflict is control in india, Othello's struggle with his own jealous insecurities and his suspicions that Desdemona is cheating on middle model school him. CONFUCIAN CLASSICS : Five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. Essay On Population In India. The five classics include the I Ching ( The Book of Changes ), the Shu Ching ( The Book of History ), the essay Shih Ching , ( The Book of Odes ), the Record of Rites ( Li Chi ), and against death penalty, the Spring and Autumn Annals . To see where this material fits in an outline of Chinese history, click here. CONJUGATION : The inflection of a verb to show its person, number, mood, or tense. Here is a sample conjugation of the present tense indicative forms of to sing in English and cantar in Spanish: CONNOTATION : The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the minimal, strict definition found in a dictionary.

For instance, the essay middle model terms civil war , revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at social or political change. However, civil war carries historical connotations for essay on population, Americans beyond that of revolution or rebellion . Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and it does not necessarily connote violence. Rebellion , for model, many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against a legitimate authority (thus we speak about rebellious teenagers rather than revolutionary teenagers). On Population. In the same way, the words house and home both refer to a domicile, but home connotes certain singular emotional qualities and personal possession in a way that house doesn't. I might own four houses I rent to others, but I might call none of these my home , for example.

Much of poetry involves the poet using connotative diction that suggests meanings beyond what the essay middle school words simply say. Contrast with denotation . CONSONANCE : A special type of of periodic, alliteration in which the repeated pattern of middle school, consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the stressed syllables match each other but the function vowels differ. As M. Middle School. H. Abrams illustrates in obama founders, The Norton Anthology of English Literature , examples include linger , longer , and languor or rider , reader , raider , and ruder . Do not confuse consonance with a consonant (see below). See also assonance and essay middle school, sound symbolism . CONSONANT : A speech sound that is not a vowel. Essay Against Death Penalty. To download a PDF file listing consonants and their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, click here. CONSUETUDINAL BE : Uninflected use of the verb be to indicate habitual or frequent action. This grammatical structure is essay middle model, characteristic of Black Vernacular . An example would be as follows: What you be doing on Thursdays? I be working every afternoon. Users of standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE : Literature written at the present moment. Although the on education today writers in every century would consider themselves contemporary or modern, when speakers use this term, they almost always mean either modernist or postmodernist literature.

COTERIE WRITING : Writing intended originally for the amusement or edification of school, a small circle of friends or family rather than for control in india, publication or public perusal. Often, however, such writings later become adopted or modified for publication. Essay Model. Sometimes, the author does this; in other cases, later editors do this posthumously. Thesis Data Bank. Famous examples include Mary Shelley originally created Frankenstein as part of a ghost-story contest amongst her friends and literary comrades. Aphra Behn originally wrote many of her poems as part of coterie writing, though most of her plays, her philosophical treatises, and middle, Oronooko appear to have penned with a deliberate eye toward publication or financial gain.

CONTEXTUAL SYMBOL : A unique or original symbol an author creates within the context of an individual work or an author's collected works. Examples include the Snopes family in Faulkner's collected works, who together function as a symbol of the South's moral decay, or the town of Castle Rock, Maine, which in Stephen King's works functions as a microcosmic symbol of human society. Contrast with cultural symbol , below. CONTRACTION : The squeezing together of sounds or words--especially when one word blurs into another--during fast or informal speech. Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing. CONTRAPASSIO (counter-suffering): A thematic principle involving situational irony in which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to on population the nature of middle, a crime.

Much of Dante's Inferno revolves around elaborate contrapassio . CONTROL TEXT : A specific text upon which a modern edition is based. For instance, there are at least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested). These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to use as the basis of a modern edition, or she must create a conflation . Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the quarto and folio versions--including Hamlet and King Lear . In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur , a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the essays Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition). CONVENTION : A common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film. Middle School. In Harlequin romances, it is conventional to focus on on education a male and female character who struggle through misunderstandings and difficulties until they fall in love. In western films of the middle school early twentieth-century, for instance, it has been conventional for protagonists to wear white hats and essay on population in india, antagonists to wear black hats. The wandering knight-errant who travels from place to place, seeking adventure while suffering from the effects of hunger and the elements, is a convention in medieval romances. It is a convention for essay model school, an English sonnet to essays on education have fourteen lines with a specific rhyme scheme, abab , cdcd , efef , gg , and so on. The use of a chorus and middle model school, the unities are dramatic conventions of Greek tragedy, while, the aside , and the soliloquy are conventions in Elizabethan tragedy.

Conventions are often referred to as poetic, literary, or dramatic, depending upon essays on education today whether the convention appears in a poem, short story or novel, or a play. CONVENTIONAL : A conventional linguistic trait is an arbitrary one learned from others, not one determined by some natural law or genetic inheritance. Today, most linguists think most vocabulary and grammar are conventional, but some linguists in previous centuries believed ethnicity affected language development and acquisition. CORPUS CHRISTI PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in the medieval period that enacts an school event from the Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. The word is derived from the religious festival of Corpus Christi (Latin: The Body of Christ). See also cycle and mystery play . CORRESPONDENCES : An integral part of the medieval and for chemosynthesis, Renaissance model of the universe known as the Chain of Being. The idea was that different links on essay school the Chain of Being were interconnected and had a sort of essay in india, sympathetic correspondence to each other.

Each type of being or object (men, beasts, celestial objects, fish, plants, and rocks) had a place within a hierarchy designed by God. Each type of object had a primate , which was by middle school, nature the most noble, rare, valuable, and superb example of its type. For instance, the king was primate among men, the lion among beasts, the sun among celestial objects, the whale among fish, the oak among trees, and the diamond among rocks. Often, there was a symbolic link between primates of ugent data, different orders--such as the lion being a symbol of royalty, or the king sleeping in a bed of model, oak. This symbolic link was a correspondence. However, correspondences were thought to exist in the material world as well as in the world of ideas. Obama Thesis Founders. Disturbances in nature would correspond to disturbances in the political realm (the body politic ), in the human body (the microcosm ), and in the natural world as a whole (the macrocosm ). For instance, if the king were to become ill, Elizabethans might expect lions and beasts to fall sick, rebellions to break out in essay middle school, the kingdom, individuals to develop headaches or fevers, and against death penalty, stars to fall from the sky. All of these events could correspond to each other on model school the chain of being, and each would coincide with the so-called founders others.

For more information about correspondences and essay model, the Chain of of periodic function, Being, click here. COSMIC IRONY : Another term for situational irony--especially situational irony connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life. See discussion under irony , below. COTHURNI : The Greek word for essay, the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage. See discussion under buskins . COTTON LIBRARY, THE : One of the obama so-called most important collections of Old and Middle English texts. Click here for details. COTTON NERO A.X : The Middle English manuscript that includes Pearl , Cleanness , Patience , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , and the Legend of Saint Erkenwald . Click here for details. COTTON VITELLIUS A.XV : The Old English manuscript that includes The Passion of Saint Christopher , The Wonders of the middle school East , and The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle , Beowulf , and the Old English translation of Judith . Click here for details. COUNTING : A technique of for chemosynthesis, determining stylistic qualities of a piece of writing by counting the numbers of essay model school, words in paragraphs or sentences, and determining the for chemosynthesis average number of modifiers, average word lengths, and essay middle model school, so on. COUPLET : Two lines--the second line immediately following the first--of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit.

Geoffrey Chaucer and other writers helped popularize the form in English poetry in the fourteenth century. Obama Thesis So-called. An especially popular form in later years was the heroic couplet , which was rhymed iambic pentameter. It was popular from the 1600s through the late 1700s. Much Romantic poetry in the early 1800s used the couplet as well. A couplet that occurs after the volta in an English sonnet is essay model, called a gemel (see sonnet, volta, gemel ). COURT OF LOV E : In medieval convention, a court of love is an assemblage of women presided over by a queen or noblewoman. At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and put on trial by essay for and death, the ladies for their crimes against love. Essay Model. These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on. Sequence Value Of Periodic. Chaucer himself may have been summoned to a court of love for his libelous depiction of Criseyde in middle school, Troilus and Criseyde , and Queen Anne may have required him to write The Legend of Good Women as a penance for his literary crimes.

In The Wife of Bath's Tale, we find an value inversion of the normal play-acting in which King Arthur gives Gwenevere and her ladies the right to try a rapist-knight for his crimes. Here, the women literally have power of life or death over the subject. Andreas Capellanus discusses the courts of love in his medieval writings, and more recent scholars such as C. S. Lewis ( The Allegory of middle model school, Love ) and Amy Kelly ( Eleanor of Aquitaine ) discuss the convention at length. Cf. demand d'amour . COURTLY LOVE (Medieval French: fin amour or amour courtois ): Possibly a cultural trope in the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination, courtly love refers to a code of behavior that gave rise to modern ideas of chivalrous romance. The term itself was popularized by C. S. Lewis' and Gaston Paris' scholarly studies, but its historical existence remains contested in essays, critical circles.

The conventions of essay middle model, courtly love are that a knight of noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from afar, seeking to protect her honor and win her favor by valorous deeds. He typically falls ill with love-sickness, while the woman chastely or scornfully rejects or refuses his advances in public but privately encourages him. Courtly love was associated with (A) nobility, since no peasants can engage in fine love; (B) secrecy; (C) adultery, since often the one or both participants were married to another noble who was unloved; and for chemosynthesis, (D) paradoxically with chastity, since the passion should never be consummated due to essay model social circumstances, thus it was a higher love unsullied by selfish carnal desires or political concerns of arranged marriages. In spite of this ideal of chastity, the knightly characters in literature usually end up giving in to their passions with tragic results--such as Lancelot and Guenevere's fate, or that of Tristan and ugent bank, Iseult. We associate courtly love with French literature primarily, but the concept permeated German and Italian literature as well. The German equivalent of essay model school, fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger ), and the Italian poets of the on education today dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter. The convention of courtly love eventually becomes a source of parody. Andreas Capellanus' Rules of Courtly Love provides a satirical guide to the endeavor, and Chretien de Troyes satirizes the conventions in his courtly literature as well. Similar conventions influence Petrarch's poetry and Shakespeare's sonnets. These sonnets often emphasize in middle school, particular the idea of love from afar and unrequited love, and make use of imagery and wording common to the earlier French tradition.

In terms of whether or not practices of courtly love were a historical reality, scholars are loosely divided into schools of thought, as William Kibler notes. The first group, the so-called realists, argue that such institutions truly did exist in the Middle Ages and the literature of the time reproduces this realistically. The opposing school, the so-called idealists, argue that (at best) courtly love was a court game taken ironically as a joke, or (at worst) post-Romantic/Victorian readers have superimposed their own ideals and wishes on medieval culture by exaggerating these components. CRADLE TRICK : A sub-category of the bed-trick , this is a folk motif in bank, which the position of a cradle in model school, a dark room leads one character to climb into for chemosynthesis bed with the essay wrong sexual partner. It appears prominently in thesis, Chaucer's The Reeve's Tale.

In the Aarne-Thompson folk-index, this motif is usually numbered as motif no. 1363. CREEPYPASTA : A short story posted online designed to shock, frighten, or disconcert the reader. For more discussion, see ghost story . CREOLE : A native language combining the traits of multiple languages, i.e., an model advanced and for chemosynthesis, fully developed pidgin. In the essay middle school American South, black slaves were often brought in from a variety of African tribes sharing no common language.

On the essay control in india plantation, they developed first a pidgin (limited and essay middle model, simplified) version of English with heavy Portuguese and essays on education today, African influences. Middle. This pidgin allowed slaves some rudimentary communication with each other and with their slave masters. In time, they lost their original African languages and the mixed speech became the native tongue of their children--a creole. Contrast with pidgin . CRESCENDO : Another term for rhetorical climax . See climax, rhetorical , above. CRISIS (plural: crises ): The turning point of essays, uncertainty and tension resulting from earlier conflict in a plot. Essay School. At the moment of crisis in a story, it is unclear if the protagonist will succeed or fail in his struggle. The crisis usually leads to data or overlaps with the essay middle model school climax of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. See climax, literary , above. CRITICAL READING : Careful analysis of an on education essay's structure and logic in order to essay school determine the validity of an argument. Often this term is used synonymously with close reading (see above), but I prefer to reserve close reading for the artistic analysis of literature. Click here for more information about critical reading.

Cf. close reading . CRITICUS APPARATUS : The scholarly notations in a critical edition (especially a variorum edition) in which the editor indicates all the for chemosynthesis known variations of a particular text. The apparatus often appears running along the bottom of each page or sometimes in the back of the book, and middle model school, often incorporates editorial footnotes and glosses. The apparatus can appear quite cryptic to today students unfamiliar with the middle model school formulaic abbreviations in scholarly use. For instance, below is an illustrative notation from A. V. C. Schmidt's criticus apparatus for Passus I, line 1, of the Everyman edition of William Langland's Piers Plowman , page 14: Collation WHmCrGYOC2CLMHRF.

RUBRIC Passus primus de visione Wr (pr] Secundus F; de v.] de petri le ploughman BR; om O); om GC2. This notation indicates subsequent lines are collated together in thirteen of the surviving manuscripts, each manuscript being indicated by a special abbreviation. Furthermore, the for chemosynthesis opening line in manuscripts W and r has a Latin title written in red ink (rubricated) as indicated, but another manuscript F has labeled it as secundus rather than primus, while the essay school B and R manuscripts label it in a combination of French and Latin, and so on. A good criticus apparatus helps document all this diversity by gathering it together, line-by-line, for convenient comparison at a glance, but the editor presumes the reader knows the dense, standardized abbreviations involved in this notation. For a clearer, hypothetical example, let us imagine Edgar Allan Poe has a poem surviving in on population control in india, three slightly different forms. The most widespread version Poe had published by school, Smith Publishing early in his career. Ten years later, Poe revised the Sequence of periodic poem for a new publisher, Baker Books, and they printed this revision a few years after Poe's death. Last of all, a third unpolished version survives in essay, Poe's own handwritten notes. Scholars discover this last manuscript version squirreled away in the Morgan Library in death penalty, 2012. Modern editors would compile these three sources and select what they consider the best text.

However, they must not ignore the alternative versions by leaving them unnoted and unannotated; that would effectively erase them from history. Accordingly, the editors might add a criticus apparatus . Here, they would note the relevant line number and indicate alternatives. The first version by Smith Books (abbreviated S) has the phrase Conqueror Worme appear in line six. The version by Baker Books (abbreviated B) has a slightly different archaic spelling Conqueror Wyrm in the same spot. Finally, Poe's own original handwritten rough draft of the poem survives among his papers in essay middle, the Morgan Library (abbreviated Ml). This manuscript uses the abbreviation Conqu. Wm. scrawled in that line.

Now, a modern scholar wants to publish an authoritative version of Poe's poem a century later. This modern editor chooses to emend the line to a standardized spelling of Conqueror Worm. The criticus apparatus at the bottom of the page might consist of a footnote such as this: 6 Conqeror Worm ] S: Conqueror Worme ; B: Conqueror Wyrm , Ml: Conqu. Wm . The 6 indicates line six as the for chemosynthesis section with variant readings. Middle. The words before the bracket ] show readers that the editor considers the preceding version the best text for a modern reader--or at least the version the editor has chosen for his edition. The material after the bracket lists each variant source and indicates how the differing material appeared in that source as exactly as possible. A criticus apparatus documents the known variations that might plausibly be accurate and reminds modern readers of the founders multiple possible versions an earlier audience might have experienced. This process is especially pertinent in classical and medieval studies, since in the pre-print era, handwritten texts often exhibited striking and essay middle model school, even contradictory variant readings.

For instance, in the case of The Aeneid , about 3,000 texts survive with each manuscript containing significant variations. In the case of Chaucer, about 82 versions of the Canterbury Tales survive, all with variant readings. In the case of Shakespeare, striking differences appear in the F (folio) and Q1, Q2, Q3 (first, second, and third quarto) versions of his plays, and so on. CROSSED RHYME : In long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in for chemosynthesis, the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at the end of essay school, each line. Swinburne's Hymn to Proserpine illustrates its use: Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean ; the world has grown grey from Thy breath ; We have drunken of things Lethean , and fed on the fullness of death . Laurel is green for a season , and love is sweet for a day ; But love grows bitter with treason , and laurel outlives not May . In the excerpt above, the words in red are part of crossed rhyme, and Sequence value of periodic, the words in green are regular rhyme. Crossed rhyme is also called interlaced rhyme . Contrast with internal rhyme and essay, leonine rhyme . CROWN OF SONNETS : According to Shipley (142), an interlinked poem or cycle of seven sonnets in which the last line of each of the first six serves as the last line of the next, and the last line of the seventh sonnet serves as the first line of the first sonnet. For Chemosynthesis. All other rhymes are used once only in the collection of the entire seven sonnets. An English example would be Donne's La Corona, though the structure is much more common in Italian poetry. A more complicated alternative structure is the so-called heroic crown of sonnets (alias the sonnet redoublé ), which is similar in structure but consists of model, 15 rather than 7 sonnets in total, but which follows the same rules for rhyme repetitions (Shipley 530). CTHULHU MYTHOS (also spelled Cthulu and Kutulu , pronounced various ways): Strongly influential in pulp science fiction and against, early twentieth-century horror stories , the Cthulhu mythos revolves around a pantheon of malign alien beings worshipped as gods by half-breed cultists.

These aliens were invented and popularized by pulp fiction horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. The name Cthulhu comes from Lovecraft's 1928 short story, The Call of Cthulhu, which introduces the creature Cthulhu as a gigantic, bat-winged, tentacled, green monstrosity who once ruled planet earth in model school, prehistoric times. Currently in a death-like state of essay for and against death, hibernation, it now awaits an opportunity to rise from the underwater city of school, R'lyeh and plunge the earth once more into thesis bank darkness and terror. August Derleth later coined the term Cthulhu mythos to describe collectively the settings, themes, and alien beings first imagined by Lovecraft but later adapted by pulp fiction authors like Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, and Brian Lumley. Some common elements, motifs, and middle, characters of the mythos include the following: CULTURAL SYMBOL: A symbol widely or generally accepted as meaning something specific within an entire culture or social group, as opposed to thesis so-called founders a contextual symbol created by a single author that has meaning only within a single work or group of works. Examples of model, cultural symbols in thesis, Western culture include the cross as a symbol of essay middle model school, Christianity, the American flag as a symbol of America's colonial history of thirteen colonies growing into fifty states, the gold ring as a symbol of marital commitment, the Caduceus as a symbol of medicine, and thesis data, the color black as a symbol of mourning. Examples of cultural symbols in other cultures include white as a symbol of mourning in Japan, the Yin-Yang sphere as an school oriental symbol of oppositional forces in balance, the white crane as a symbol of essays, longevity in Mandarin China, and so forth. Essay Model School. Any writer in a specific culture could use one of these symbols and be relatively confident that the reader would understand what each symbol represented. Thus, if a writer depicted a pedophilic priest as trampling a crucifix into the mud, it is likely the reader would understand this action represents the way the for chemosynthesis priest tramples Christian ideals, and middle school, so forth. Contrast with contextual symbol and archetype . CYBERPUNK MOVEMENT : (1) A loose school of science fiction authors including William Gibson, Bruce Stirling, Rudy Rucker, and Neal Stephenson who rose in death penalty, popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. (2) A science fiction subgenre that shares the concerns and features of model school, those works produced by the cyberpunk school.

Features of their novels and short stories in this period include the following motifs: Common themes include the dehumanization, commodification, and mechanization of the individual; the negative effects of commercialization upon society; and implicit philosophical questions regarding consciousness and sensory reality. These cyberpunk authors have been profoundly influential in late twentieth-century science fiction films (such as Strange Days , Robocop , etc.) and Japanese anime , where cyberpunk elements have become so common as to Sequence value function be almost cliché . The metaverse or the Net imagined by these early authors in the 1980s have been seen as prophetic of the later real-world rise of the middle internet after 1993. Examples of novels, anthologies, short stories, and other literary works from the cyberpunk movement include Neuromancer , Mona Lisa Overdrive , Islands in the Net , and Johnny Mnemonic. Thesis Data. (The last of these has been adapted into an awful film that bears little similarity to essay school the original short story.) More recently, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash has put a more satirical spin on the genre . CYCLE : In general use, a literary cycle is for chemosynthesis, any group of closely related works. We speak of the Scandinavian, Arthurian , and Charlemagne cycles, for instance. These refer collectively to many poems and stories written by various artists over several centuries. These cycles all deal with Scandinavian heros, King Arthur and his knights, or the legends of King Charlemagne respectively. More specifically, a mystery cycle refers to the complete set of school, mystery plays performed during the Corpus Christi festival in Sequence value of periodic, medieval religious drama (typically 45 or so plays, each of which depicted a specific event in essay model, biblical history from the creation of the world to the last judgment). The major English cycles of mystery plays include the York, Coventry, Wakefield or Towneley, and Chester cycles. See Corpus Christi play , above.

See also sonnet cycle . CYHYDEDD HIR : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry. The octave stanza consists two quatrains of today, four lines with five, five, five, and four syllables respectively. The rhyme scheme is AAAx AAAx , with X's indicating unrhymed lines. See octave and rhyme . CYHYDEDD NAW BAN : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry in which some lines are composed of nine syllables. The rhyming couplets, when they appear, must rhyme with another line of identical length. CYNGHANEDD (pronounced kun HAN neth , lit. Welsh for symphony or harmony): A Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme . Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at the beginning and middle school, end of the next word or line--but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly. Sequence Value. In the English tradition of poetry, Gerard Manley Hopkins charmingly refers to such devices as chimes , and he makes much use of them in school, his works such as Spring and Fall. See also awdl and englyn . Thesis. For an example of cynghanedd in English, click here.

CYNING : A king, another term for essay model school, an Anglo-Saxon hlaford . Not to for and death penalty be confused with kenning , an Anglo-Saxon poetic device. CYRCH A CHWTA : A Welsh verse form consisting of an octave stanza of six rhyming or alliterating seven-syllable lines plus a couplet. The second line of the essay middle couplet rhymes with the first six lines. Essay For And Death. The first line of the essay school couplet cross-rhymes in the third, fourth, or fifth syllable of the eighth line. CYRILLIC : Also called, azbuka , the alphabet used to write Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian. The name comes from the 9th-century Greek missionary Saint Cyril, who traveled from Byzantium to convert Slavic races of Moravia to Christianity. Folklore credits Cyril at essays on education today the inventor of essay middle, this script, though it is more likely he invented the Glaglotic , what Harkins refers to as an abtruse alphabet of essays on education, obscure origin, which soon lost favor (5).

Cyrillic, modeled largely on the Greek alphabet, rose to model replace Glaglotic, though Cyril retained credit. The alphabet came to Russia later after its Christianization in 988 or 989. Essay Control. Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and Serbian alphabets were later offshoots of middle model school, Cyrillic. Peter the Great simplified the alphabet in 1708, so the thesis data lettering required less ornate design, and later modifiers removed four characters as redundant in essay middle school, 1918. The present alphabet consists of thirty letters, mostly phonetic, though it does not show the stress of syllables (5).

CYWYDD (plural, cywyddau) : A fourteenth-century metrical form of Welsh lyric poetry consisting of rhyming couplets with each line having seven syllables. Traditionally, in so-called, each couplet, the essay middle model lines end with alternately stressed and unstressed meter. In terms of content, cywyddau traditionally include examples of dyfalu --strings of unusual comparisons similar to metaphysical conceits. Sequence Of Periodic Function. The genre is associated with the essay school poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. CYWDD DEUAIR HIRION : In Welsh prosody, the term refers to a form of light verse consisting of a single couplet with seventeen syllables. The first line has a masculine ending and the last line a feminine ending. CYWYDD LLOSGYRNOG : A type of Welsh verse consisting of a sestet stanza in which the syllable count is of periodic function, eight, eight, seven, eight, eight, and seven respectively.

The first two lines rhyme and cross-rhyme with the middle syllable of the sixth line and the third and essay, sixth lines rhyme with each other. Rime coueé or tail-rhyme has a similar scheme.

IELTS Writing Task 2 Problem and Solution Essay Lesson. This lesson on how to middle model write a problem solution essay will: discuss common mistakes show you how to analyse the question show you how to think of ideas give you a structure than can be used again and again on on education today, all problem solution IELTS essays describe how to write an introduction, main body paragraphs and middle, conclusion give you a full band 9 sample answer. Problem solution essays one of the most common IELTS writing task 2 questions on the academic paper. Despite being very common, lots of students fail to value do well in these questions.

This post will look at some of the most common mistakes and essay model, then take you through how to obama so-called answer these questions step-by-step. The most common mistake for middle, problem solution essays is not expanding on your ideas and essay for and penalty, instead simply listing lots of problems and solutions. Essay School? The examiner does not want a list of all the problems and solutions you can think of and please don’t do this in the exam. Instead, if you look at how the exam is marked, the examiner wants you to pick one or two problems and in india, solutions and essay middle school, then expand on them with explanations and examples. More on Sequence value of periodic, how to essay do this below. Another common mistake is of periodic writing about problems and solutions that are not directly linked to essay middle school the question. Essay? You should be like a sniper when answering the question and only give very specific ideas, rather than ideas that generally talk about the overall issue. This has a lot to essay model school do with how you identify keywords and for chemosynthesis, micro-keywords in the questions which we will look at below. Lots of people think of good ideas for problems and then fail to link their solutions to these problems.

Each problem should have a solution that is essay directly linked to it, or in other words, should solve the actual problem. Finally, some candidates think of really good problems and solutions that answer the question properly and then expand their answers with explanations and against death, examples, but they talk too generally. Essay Model? Instead, you should be thinking of specific examples and explanations. We will look at obama thesis how to avoid this below. This is one of the most crucial parts of school answering any IELTS writing question.

If you don’t take the time to properly think about what the examiner is asking you to for chemosynthesis do, then it is very difficult to answer the question correctly. We analyse the question by thinking about essay middle model school, three things: Keywords are the words that tell us what the general topic is. Micro-keywords identify which part of the general topic the examiner wants you to essay against death talk about. They often give an opinion, qualify the essay model, statement or talk about a sub-category of the bigger general topic. Action words tell us what the examiner wants us to do. Global warming is one of the biggest threats humans face in the 21st Century and sea levels are continuing to rise at alarming rates.

What problems are associated with this and what are some possible solutions. If we look at this question we can see that the keywords are ‘ global warming ‘. This is our general topic. We are going to obama thesis write about this, but we cannot write about any problems associated with global warming. If we do this, we have not answered the essay middle model, question properly. We therefore need to look at the micro-keywords. The micro-keywords are ‘ humans ‘ and ‘ sea level rise ‘. So instead of writing just about the huge topic of global warming and any problems associated with that (such as increased storms, extinction of certain animals, erosion of soil) , we have to talk about essays today, how particularly sea level rises will affect humans . If for example, we talked about the problems affecting the ‘planet’ or ‘animals’ or the ‘atmosphere’, we would not be answering the question. The action words are problems and essay middle school, solutions . Our task is obama thesis so-called therefore to write about that and only that. It does not ask our opinion or about the disadvantages and essay middle model school, advantages or about the essays today, causes, just the problems and solutions. If we talked about the causes of sea level rise, then we would not be answering the question. For more information on how to effectively analyse an IELTS question, please go to our post here. Now that we know exactly what the question is asking us to do, we need to think of specific and relevant ideas.

There are many strategies for thinking of essay middle school ideas for ugent bank, IELTS task 2 questions but for middle model school, problem solution questions I like to for chemosynthesis use something called the ‘coffee shop method’. Instead of brainstorming or mind-mapping- which take too much time and lead to irrelevant ideas in my opinion- you should just pretend you are in a coffee shop with a friend and they have just asked you a simple question. In this case it would be “What are the problems and solutions associated with sea level rise on humans?” If you were talking to a friend about this, I’m sure you would have no problem thinking of at essay school least 2 or 3 problems and solutions. This method takes you out of an exam situation and puts your mind into a more relaxed environment. Try it and see. If you don’t like it, try one of thesis my other methods. There are several problems and solutions including: Problem : flooding of people’s homes and businesses. Solution : build flood barriers or move to essay model school higher areas.

Problem : loss of agricultural land and starvation. Solution : switch to more suitable crops. Problem : displacement of millions of people. Solution : move people in a planned and orderly way before the floods. Problem : ground water undrinkable. Solution : build desalination plants. As you can see, I didn’t think of lots of problems and then lots of solutions. For each problem, you should think of a solution that directly solves this problem. You now have lots of ideas, but now you must decide which ones to use. I always tell my students to pick the ugent data bank, ones you know most about i.e. that you can explain and give relevant examples.

I advise my students to use a basic four paragraph structure with all problem solution IELTS essays. You four paragraphs should look something like this: Paragraph 1- Introduction. Paragraph 2- Problems. Paragraph 3- Solutions. Paragraph 4- Conclusion. At a sentence level, your structure should look like this: Sentence 1- Paraphrase question. Sentence 2- Outline sentence (say what you will discuss in the rest of the essay)

Sentence 3- State problem. Sentence 4- Explain what problem is. Sentence 5- What is the result of this problem. Sentence 6- Example. Sentence 7- State solution. Sentence 8- Explain how solution will solve problem. Sentence 9- Example. Sentence 10- Summary of main points in paragraphs 2 and 3. Sentence 11- Prediction or recommendation.

That’s it! 11 sentences that can be used again and again for essay middle, any problem solution IELTS essay. Some students have commented that this structure only has one problem and obama founders, one solution and model, they are worried this will not be enough to get to 250 words. In my experiences, one problem and one solution is more than enough to answer the question properly, but if you prefer, feel free to on education today add one more problem or solution. Essay Middle School? I wouldn’t have two problems and two solutions because this will either lead to you not expanding and explaining your ideas enough or take too much time to write. Practice and see what you feel most comfortable doing. Now let’s look at each paragraph in more detail.

The introduction will have two sentences: a paraphrase of the question and an outline statement. Paraphrasing is for chemosynthesis simply saying the sentence again with different words but with the same meaning. We can do this by using synonyms and/or changing the order of the words. Question- Global warming is one of the biggest threats humans face in the 21st Century and sea levels are continuing to rise at alarming rates. Paraphrased- Climate change is among the principal dangers facing people this century and ocean levels are increasing dramatically. As you can see above, I have used synonyms to change the words of the questions but it still has the same meaning. Essay Middle School? The examiner will be looking for obama so-called founders, your ability to middle model do this in Sequence of periodic, the exam, so it is a good idea to practice this skill. Our outline sentence is next and this tells the examiner what they are going to school read in the rest of the essay. This makes it very clear to essays today the examiner and makes the middle, rest of the essay much easier to understand. You will therefore gain marks for coherence and death, cohesion. Our outline sentence should look something like this:

This essay will first suggest that the biggest problem caused by this phenomenon is the flooding of homes and then submit building flood protection as the essay middle, most viable solution. Our introduction will therefore look like this: Climate change is among the principal dangers facing people this century and ocean levels are increasing dramatically. This essay will first suggest that the biggest problem caused by thesis this phenomenon is the flooding of homes and then submit building flood protection as the most viable solution. It should be noted that this introduction does not contain a thesis statement. This is because this particular question does not ask us for our opinion. However, IELTS problem solution questions sometimes do ask you for your opinion and you should then include a thesis statement. Our problems paragraph will have this structure:

Sentence 1- State problem. Sentence 2- Explain what problem is. Sentence 4- What is the result of this problem. Sentence 5- Example. State problem : The foremost problem caused by school climbing sea levels is the for chemosynthesis, flooding of peoples’ residences. Now that we have stated the essay, problem, we must explain what this is. You should always consider your audience to obama thesis so-called be someone with no specialist knowledge in this area and essay model school, you therefore need to explain what everything means. For Chemosynthesis? Don’t assume that the IELTS examiner is an educated person and knows what you are talking about.

These assumptions will stop you writing what you need. Explain : Millions of people all over the world live in coastal areas and middle model, if the sea rises by even a few feet, they will be inundated with water and lose their property. Now that we have explained what our main point is we need to explain why this is essays on education a problem. First, explain the what and then the why. Result : Shelter is one of the most basic of essay model human needs and widespread flooding would cause millions of people to Sequence value of periodic become homeless, not to mention losing all of their possessions.

Now we must give an example of what we are talking about. When we give an example, it should be as specific as possible. An example of a very general example would be: Lots of people in the world have experienced floods recently. This is far too general to be considered a good example. Example : The devastation brought about by widespread flooding was clear for all to see during the 2011 Tsunami in Japan, in which millions of people were displaced. This example is much more specific. Model? Stating a place and/or date can help you make your examples more specific. Our second paragraph will look like this:

The foremost problem caused by sea levels creeping up is the flooding of obama founders peoples’ residences. Millions of essay school people all over the world live in coastal areas and if the sea rises by essays on education today even a few feet, they will be inundated with water and essay middle school, lose their property. Thesis? Shelter is one of the most basic of human needs and widespread flooding would cause millions of people to become homeless, not to mention losing all of their possessions. The devastation brought about by this was clear for all to see during the 2011 Tsunami in Japan, in which millions of people were displaced. Now we must move on model school, to our solutions. Our solutions paragraph will have this structure:

Sentence 1- State solution. Sentence 2- Explain how solution will solve problem. Sentence 3- Example. State solution : A possible solution to essays this problem would be to build flood barriers. We now need to explain how our solution will help solve the problem.

Again, do not assume that the examiner has any specialist knowledge of this topic, so you need to explain what you mean. Explain solution : Flood defences, such as dikes, dams and floodgates, could be built along coasts and essay, waterways, thereby stopping the water reaching populated areas. Example : The Netherlands is one of the most populated areas in the world and also one of the most vulnerable to flooding and they have successfully employed various flood defence systems. Our whole solutions paragraph will look like this: A possible solution to this problem would be to build flood barriers. Obama Thesis Founders? Flood defences, such as dikes, dams and floodgates, could be built along coasts and waterways, thereby stopping the water reaching populated areas. The Netherlands is one of the essay middle, most populated areas in the world and also one of the most vulnerable to flooding and they have successfully employed various flood defence systems. We have now answered the question and we now just need to sum up what we have said in the conclusion. The conclusion should have no new ideas, but instead should simply list the main points from the previous two paragraphs.

You can also use synonyms in this paragraph to avoid repetition. Conclusion : To conclude, stemming the rising tides caused by increasing global temperatures is for chemosynthesis one of the foremost challenges we face and model school, it will ultimately lead to many of the worlds’ cities being left underwater, but a possible solution could be to utilise the flood prevention techniques already used by countries like Holland. It is also possible to make a recommendation or prediction. This should only be used if you have time and you are over the word limit already. Prediction : It is predicted that more and more countries will be forced to take such measures to avoid a watery catastrophe. Our whole conclusion for this problem solution essay will look like this: To conclude, stemming the rising tides caused by increasing global temperatures is Sequence value one of the foremost challenges we face and it will ultimately lead to many of the essay middle school, worlds’ cities being left underwater, but a possible solution could be to utilise the flood prevention techniques already used by countries like Holland. It is essay for and against penalty predicted that more and more countries will be forced to middle model take such measures to avoid a watery catastrophe. Problem and Solution Sample Essay.

Here is the whole essay: Global warming is essay one of the model, biggest threats humans face in the 21st Century and sea levels are continuing to rise at value function alarming rates. What problems are associated with this and what are some possible solutions. Climate change is among the principal dangers facing people this century and ocean levels are increasing dramatically. This essay will first suggest that the biggest problem caused by this phenomenon is the flooding of middle school homes and essay on population control in india, then submit building flood protection as the most viable solution. The foremost problem caused by sea levels creeping up is the flooding of model peoples’ residences. Millions of people all over the world live in coastal areas and if the sea rises by essays even a few feet, they will be inundated with water and lose their property.

Shelter is one of the most basic of middle school human needs and widespread flooding would cause millions of people to become homeless, not to mention losing all of for and death penalty their possessions. The devastation brought about by this was clear for all to see during the 2011 Tsunami in Japan, in which millions of people were displaced. A possible solution to this problem would be to build flood barriers. Flood defences, such as dikes, dams and floodgates, could be built along coasts and waterways, thereby stopping the middle model, water reaching populated areas. The Netherlands is one of the most populated areas in the world and also one of the most vulnerable to flooding and they have successfully employed various flood defence systems. To conclude, stemming the rising tides caused by increasing global temperatures is obama so-called one of the foremost challenges we face and it will ultimately lead to middle model school many of the worlds’ cities being left underwater, but a possible solution could be to utilise the flood prevention techniques already used by countries like Holland. It is predicted that more and more countries will be forced to take such measures to avoid a watery catastrophe. I hope this post helps you with IELTS problem solution essays and essay control in india, if you have any questions please comments below. If you found this lesson useful and it has helped you write a problem solution essay, you should also check out our lessons on task 2 opinions essays, discussion essays and advantages and essay middle model school, disadvantages essays.

Do you need me to ugent bank correct your essays and give you feedback on them? Check out middle our essay correction service. The best way to keep up to date with posts like this is to like us on Facebook. There are also lots of practice activities for you do on the Facebook page. Click here to return to against death penalty the homepage, or click one of the links below to check out essay more great IELTS stuff. 33 Comments on IELTS Writing Task 2 Problem and essay against death, Solution Essay Lesson

The most conspicuous issues of 21st century is related to the burgeoning problem of global warming warming which in turn lead to rise in ocean level. School? In this essay I will elicit that how air pollution is the main problem, and then how government awareness programmes can be the solution. Thank so much Chris, your lessons are an excellent resource for ielts. Essay includes 298 words . it exeeds the word limit. Is it ok to essay on population write it in school, xam ?? or we vl be penalized for this ? I think you are confused. You have to write OVER 250 words, not UNDER. Please advice me for below essay. The prevention of health problems and illness is more important than treatment and medicine. Government funding should reflect this. To what extent do you agree? what is meant by “Government funding should reflect this”.

A great help for teaching learning process.I ‘d love to for chemosynthesis get more of this kind piece of writings.Thank you so much. Home » Writing Task 2 » IELTS Writing Task 2 Problem and Solution Essay Lesson. Check your email for the link. Advantage Exam Preparation Limited. Model School? 4 Castleglen Park, Dundrum, County Down, BT33 0WL United Kingdom.

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