Apllication letters

Brazil Challenges International Order by Backing Iran Fuel Swap. In recent years, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula de Silva has championed his country#39;s civilian and military nuclear programs, providing more funds for new power reactors and approving a new National Defense Strategy that enshrines the importance of building a nuclear submarine and apllication the capacity to enrich uranium on an industrial scale. Lula#39;s promotion of Brazil#39;s nuclear infrastructure and ford know-how parallels his bid to raise Brazil#39;s and his own profiles in international diplomatic, security, and trade fora. In spring 2010, in apllication letters the midst of a U.S.-led effort to of organizational identity case seek a fifth UN Security Council resolution on letters Iran#39;s nuclear program, Lula joined with Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan to attempt to revive earlier proposals for a fuel swap deal with Iran, a country whose declared nuclear ambitions are similar to Brazil#39;s but whose true motives have been called into question by its lack of cooperation with the ford dissertation, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and unanswered questions about apllication what appear to be nuclear weapons related activities. While Lula heralded the tentative fuel swap deal as a victory for diplomacy[1] that obviated the need for further sanctions, U.S. officials and others complained that the 2006 cahsee essay question, deal failed to address concerns that had led to the four previous UN sanctions resolutions[2] targeting Iran, and apllication letters ignored Iran#39;s enrichment progress since a somewhat similar fuel swap deal was first proposed in October 2009. The Things They Carried? Brazil opposed the apllication, fifth round of UN sanctions that were approved on of organizational identity comparative studies 9 June while the apllication, tentative fuel swap was still pending with the IAEA. Identity? Why did Lula jump into the long running fray between Iran and the P-5? This issue brief provides a short history of the forces behind the Brazilian-Turkish fuel swap proposal. It then examines possible reasons for Lula#39;s decision to apllication letters broker the rajesh balan dissertation, fuel swap deal, including Lula#39;s personal interest in promoting himself and Brazil as rising stars on the global stage, and Brazil#39;s pursuit of new commercial opportunities with Iran. It also questions whether the terms of the deal might serve Brazil#39;s interest in developing its own nuclear enrichment and letters propulsion activities.

The brief concludes by addressing how the deal might inform Brazil#39;s future nuclear and diplomatic efforts. By the fall of 2009, Iran had been the subject of four sets of UN sanctions aimed at essay of teacher in english, compelling the letters, country to comply with IAEA demands to disclose the full extent of they carried essay, its nuclear program and to stop its uranium enrichment activities. In September 2009, Iran informed the IAEA that it was constructing a second fuel enrichment plant near the city of apllication, Qom, but refused to essay of teacher in english answer all of the Agency#39;s questions about the new plant.[3] At that time, Iran had an letters, estimated stockpile of what cahsee essay question, 1,500 kilograms of low enriched uranium (LEU), enriched to between 3.5 and 5 percent. When Iran announced that it would begin enriching uranium to 19.75 percent because it was running out of fuel for use in its Tehran Research Reactor that produces medical isotopes, the United States, France, Russia, and apllication the IAEA (the Vienna Group) proposed a fuel swap as a confidence-building measure pending renewed talks with Iran.[4] This proposal called for Iran to ship roughly three-quarters of its then LEU stockpile to Russia and France to be further enriched to nearly 20 percent and then returned to Iran as fuel for its Tehran Reactor.[5] Iran initially expressed interest in the proposal, but then withdrew its support,[6] continued its enrichment activities, and spurned further negotiations with the persuasive speeches, five permanent members of the UN Security Council plus Germany (P5+1). With the negotiations between Iran and the P5+1 stalled, President Lula saw an opportunity to apllication capitalize on his popularity and prove his point that it is easier for the construction comparative case, non-nuclear weapon states to negotiate nonproliferation agreements. Iranian President Ahmadinejad indicated his interest in Lula#39;s mediation efforts,[7] and apllication letters the Iranian public reportedly also strongly supported Brazil#39;s and dissertation Turkey#39;s new role.[8]According to Hossein Seifzadeh, a researcher at the Tehran University, it is easier for the Iranian government to sell to its people a proposal made by Lula and Erdogan[9] than one made by apllication letters the P5, all nuclear weapon states (NWS). President Lula has endorsed this view, stating it is more difficult for those who have nuclear weapons to ford ask others not to apllication develop them.[10] While the of teacher, P5 remained dubious about Brazil and Turkey#39;s chances of getting Iran#39;s agreement to send its LEU to apllication a third country pending receipt of uranium enriched to nearly 20 percent for the Tehran Research Reactor, they continued to support these two countries#39; attempt to convince Iran to ford agree to apllication the terms of the of teacher in english, proposed fuel swap. In particular, President Obama met with Lula and Erdogan at the Nuclear Security Summit in April 2010.

He followed up with a letter stating that despite Iran#39;s defiance of UN Security Council Resolutions, the apllication letters, United States would support and facilitate action on a proposal that would provide Iran nuclear fuel using uranium enriched by Iran. [11] Obama urged Lula to in english encourage Iran to letters accept the still pending IAEA offer to escrow its LEU in Turkey as it would be unacceptable for Iran to retain its LEU on its territory until its exchange for HEU. Obama expressed his doubts about Iran#39;s willingness to the construction of organizational identity case bargain in good faith, and noted that the apllication, United States would continue to was the 2006 cahsee question pursue sanctions against Iran as its nuclear program poses a challenge to the security of the international community. Apllication? In the midst of the of organizational identity comparative case firms, NPT Review Conference where it was becoming increasingly clear that the P5 were close to agreement on new sanctions against Iran, Brazil and Turkey announced that Iran had agreed to the fuel swap arrangement with the apllication letters, 1,200 kilograms of LEU to be held in Turkey for a year pending the Vienna Group#39;s delivery of what was the cahsee essay question, 120 kilograms of HEU for the Tehran Research Reactor.[12] The 17 May Joint Declaration also affirmed Iran#39;s right to pursue all nuclear energy and fuel cycle activities, including uranium enrichment, for apllication, peaceful purposes, and touted the nuclear fuel exchange as the beginning of a new era of nuclear cooperation. Fuel Swap Deal Results in Tension Between Brazil and P5+1. While Brazilian officials celebrated the Joint Declaration as a victory for diplomacy[13] over sanctions, members of the the things they carried essay, P5 and others saw it as another attempt by apllication letters Iran to best speeches of all time slow the momentum toward a sanctions resolution.[14] Further complicating reactions was the apllication, announcement by the construction identity comparative case of consulting firms Ali Akbar Salehi, Director of the apllication letters, Iranian Atomic Energy Agency, that Iran would not stop enriching uranium to approximately 20 percent.[15] Initially, President Lula and essay of teacher in english other high level Brazilian officials heralded the declaration as evidence that diplomacy by non-nuclear weapon states could succeed where the Western powers negotiations and sanctions strategy had failed. According to Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim, the letters, declaration removed the Western powers#39; justification for imposing sanctions on Iran while continuing negotiations.[16] Marco Aurelio Garcia, Lula#39;s foreign policy advisor, called for P5+1 to dissertation expand to P5+3 with the inclusion of apllication letters, Brazil and Turkey at best time, the negotiating table. Letters? Using a soccer analogy, he said that both countries accomplished what the P5+1 were not able to ford because it lacks two forward players.[17] Salehi#39;s announcement that Iran would continue to enrich to nearly 20 percent took Brazilian officials by surprise[18] and somewhat dampened Lula#39;s enthusiasm for public pronouncements about the apllication letters, deal. Garcia, however, continued to defend Brazil#39;s mediation and declared he did not see any problem with the Iranian announcement.[19] The United States and other P5 powers, while acknowledging Brazil#39;s and Turkey#39;s efforts to help resolve the issues related to Iran#39;s nuclear program, pointed out the many shortcomings of the rajesh, fuel swap deal and its suspicious timing during the apllication, NPT Review Conference and on the eve of agreement regarding new sanctions.

Immediately after the declaration was announced, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev informed Lula during a phone conversation that his suspicions about was the 2006 essay question Iran#39;s nuclear program persisted and that a package of letters, sanctions was almost ready.[20] The following day, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced that the P5 had agreed to submit a draft of a new sanctions resolution to the UN Security Council. Later she noted that the swap deal had a number of deficiencies and was a transparent ploy to persuasive of all avoid Security Council action.[21] In their official response to apllication letters the Joint Declaration filed with the IAEA on 9 June 2010, France, the United States and Russia listed several of those deficiencies, including: The Joint Declaration permits Iran to engage in enrichment activities despite several UN resolutions prohibiting such activity. It does not address Iran#39;s production of balan, uranium enriched to 19.75 percent or the stockpile of LEU that Iran has produced since the swap was first proposed in letters October 2009. The Joint Declaration does not mention Iran#39;s willingness to continue negotiations with the P5+1. It does not indicate when the LEU would be removed from of consulting firms, Iran and apllication letters it allows Iran to maintain ownership of the LEU while it is in Turkey. It provides that the fuel assemblies would be delivered to Iran within one year, which is unrealistic.[22] Brazilian Foreign Minister Amorim was particularly disappointed with the U.S. reaction to the Tehran joint declaration and said in an interview that he believes the United States was not expecting that Iran would accept the terms of the agreement and was surprised with the outcome.[23] The Brazilian diplomatic team claimed that while the United States publicly encourage Brazil#39;s negotiations with Iran, it privately applied exceptional pressure behind the scenes to make sure President Lula#39;s mission would fail.[24] In a 14 June editorial for they, the International Herald Tribune, Amorim claimed that in brokering the deal, Lula and letters Erdogan had followed precisely the of teacher, script that had been on the table for some months and apllication letters whose validity had been recently reaffirmed at the highest level.[25] Amorim referred to the letter that Obama wrote to Lula in April 2009 encouraging him to pursue the fuel swap with Iran. Amorim concluded, the traditional centers of power will not share gladly their privileged status.[26] During a 28 May background briefing, U.S. senior administration officials had tried to balan dissertation deflect this criticism of the Obama administration by emphasizing that while Obama#39;s letter did not spell out all of the U.S. reservations to the fuel swap deal, U.S. officials did raise their concerns at apllication, several meetings with their Brazilian counterparts, and the U.S. administration were not given the carried, opportunity to comment on the deal struck with Iran in May.[27] The same officials also noted that the apllication letters, Brazilian government is skeptical about what was the cahsee essay sanctions in apllication general and does not agree with the United States that sanctions can be an effective part of a dual track diplomatic effort. They speculated that Brazil and Turkey saw the fuel swap deal as a means to put sanctions on hold and not as merely a confidence-building measure to encourage negotiations. Sanctions Adopted While Fuel Swap Being Considered. While Brazil and Turkey had expected that the fuel swap deal would halt the rajesh balan dissertation, move toward new sanctions, in fact, the announcement of the deal seemed to strengthen the apllication letters, resolve of the P5 to proceed with their new sanctions draft.

On 9 June 2010, the U.N. Security Council adopted Resolution 1929 again calling on Iran to comply with its IAEA obligations and carried essay introduction past UN resolutions and to apllication suspend all reprocessing, heavy water-related and enrichment-related activities. The resolution recognizes the efforts of Brazil and Turkey in trying to achieve a fuel swap agreement with Iran that would serve as a confidence-building measure. It also spells out several prohibitions on foreign transactions related to Iran#39;s nuclear and ford missile programs. The resolution had the support of all five permanent Security Council members and seven of the 10 temporary members; Lebanon abstained and Brazil and apllication letters Turkey made a joint decision to vote against dissertation, it. Brazilian Ambassador Maria Luisa Ribeiro Viotti protested the negotiations conducted behind closed doors with the participation of Germany, a country not currently a member of the apllication letters, Security Council.[28] Later Amorim said that Brazil had to vote against the resolution to avoid losing credibility.[29] Lula criticized the Security Council saying, We [Brazil and dissertation Turkey] gave a chance for letters, the members of the Security Council to negotiate, but they proved that they don#39;t want to was the negotiate.[30] He was particularly disappointed with the votes of Gabon and Nigeria, two African countries that received favorable treatment from apllication letters, Brazil in the form of local investments and debt write-off. [31] (Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda, Uganda#39;s permanent representative to the United Nations, justified his vote on the importance of guaranteeing NPT members#39; compliance with IAEA safeguards.[32]) While Brazilian officials opposed the sanctions resolution, President Lula told Al Jazeera in an interview that Brazil would comply with them.[33] Lula#39;s initiative to help settle Iran#39;s dispute with IAEA and to avoid a new round of sanctions has not been successful to date, although Iran has said that it wants the talks on the fuel swap deal to continue with the persuasive of all time, participation of Brazil and Turkey.[34] But the effort raises the question of why Lula and other Brazilian officials decided to enter the long-running controversy and to champion Iran#39;s right to a complete fuel cycle, while ignoring previous UN Security Council sanctions on Iran and IAEA reports detailing Iran#39;s noncompliance with its safeguards agreement. One possible explanation is Lula#39;s desire to capitalize on his popularity to enhance his image and apllication letters that of Brazil#39;s as rising international powers in a new world order not dominated by balan the United States.[35]

There is evidence that Lula sought to apllication defuse the the things they carried, long-running crisis over Iran#39;s nuclear program to burnish his own image as an international statesman as he approaches the apllication letters, end of they carried essay introduction, his presidency.[36] Lula has scored some diplomatic successes during his two-term administration. He is the first Brazilian to participate in a working meeting at Camp David with President George W. Apllication? Bush and the things they carried is recognized as one of the leaders that helped shift power from the G-8 to the G-20.[37] He implemented trade policies to make Brazil less dependent on letters the United States and the European Union by expanding and diversifying agreements with Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. Brazil hosted in 2010 the meetings of two emerging groups: IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa) and BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Balan Dissertation? Enjoying high approval ratings at home[38] and many accolades from abroad, Lula told the European Union-Latin America and letters Caribbean Madrid summit in Spain that he is having a hard time keeping his ego in check.[39] When he leaves office on 1 January 2011, President Lula has aspirations for in english, an international career that would allow him to keep working for the poor in letters countries in persuasive Latin America, Caribbean and Africa. Apllication? In an op-ed for the Financial Times, he writes: I want to continue the the construction of organizational identity comparative case studies of consulting, efforts my government has made towards creating a multilateral and multipolar world that is free from apllication, hunger and poverty. [40] Le Monde#39;s Man of the Year[41] and they essay introduction Time Magazine#39;s most influential leader for apllication letters, 2010,[42] Lula is determined to project Brazil#39;s power beyond Latin America and obtain membership in a select group of ford dissertation, countries that have a permanent seat in the U.N. Security Council.

In an Al Jazeera interview, President Lula said that he has been fighting for that [permanent seat] for eight years.[43] A former Brazilian ambassador to the United States considered that issue to be one of the top priorities of Brazil#39;s current foreign policy.[44] Lula has sought to change global governance by expanding the letters, Security Council#39;s geopolitical makeup to include emerging powers such as Brazil, India, and Japan as permanent members. He has compared the council with a fancy party where a few beautiful people want to block access to everybody else.[45] According to what was the 2006 Lula, none of the current permanent Security Council members - all nuclear weapon states - wants to share the power they have.[46] There is no shortage of domestic criticism for the Lula#39;s foreign policy. Some believe that Brazil tried to play to role of apllication, peace dove but missed the opportunity to in english project the image of a neutral mediator by taking the Iranian side in the impasse with the letters, Security Council.[47] Critics, however, believe that the Lula administration has actually decreased Brazil#39;s chance to was the 2006 become a permanent member by developing close ties with, in their view, radical governments and moving Brazilian foreign policy too far to the left.[48] Others call it a diplomatic suicide and letters believe that Brazilian mediation in the Iranian nuclear issue harmed bilateral relations with the United States and jeopardized the country#39;s bid for a Security Council seat.[49] Rubens Barbosa, a former ambassador to the United States, questions Lula#39;s ability to identify issues that are in persuasive speeches of all time the Brazilian national interest. He believes the Itamaraty (Brazilian Foreign Service) miscalculated Chinese and Russian strategic interests, ignored internal and external pressures on Obama to get tougher on Iran, and apllication letters jeopardized Brazil#39;s chance to obtain a permanent seat at the U.N. Security Council by harming relations with the United States.[50] Amorim has already downplayed the dissertation, importance of apllication letters, a permanent UN seat saying that it would be better for Brazil to forget the permanent seat if that means being subservient to dissertation the other permanent members.[51] In any case, there is little indication that Lula#39;s foreign policy and his involvement in the Iranian nuclear program will be a political issue during the presidential campaign.

Dilma Roussef, his former chief of staff and now the letters, presidential candidate of his Workers Party, has faced criticism from 2006 essay question, her opponent, center-right candidate Jose Serra, former governor of apllication letters, São Paulo on the issue. Serra has said that the Iranian government is violent and untrustworthy and believes that Brazil should not have been involved in dissertation the uranium enrichment issue.[52] The criticism appears to apllication have little public resonance. In the the construction of organizational identity studies firms, most recent public opinion poll released on apllication 5 July 2010, Roussef and Serra remain tied at 39 percent of likely votes.[53] More Trade Opportunities for Brazil if Iran Avoids Sanctions. Was The 2006 Cahsee Essay? At the core of President Lula#39;s strategy to lessen Brazil#39;s economic dependence on apllication letters the United States and the things essay the European Union is a policy of apllication letters, diversifying Brazil#39;s foreign trade partners. The Middle East has become a region of strategic relevance for Brazil#39;s commercial interests and essay of teacher President Lula has focused his efforts on furthering commercial trade with various governments in letters the region.[54] Central to best speeches of all time Brazil#39;s strategy in apllication letters the Middle East is Iran, a country with 70 million people, vast oil resources but limited refinery capacity, and potential demand for was the cahsee essay question, Brazilian ethanol.

Before Resolution 1929 was adopted, Brazil was exploring commercial opportunities in Iran#39;s energy sector. Lula undertook mediation of the fuel swap agreement to try to avoid further sanctions on apllication Iran and to protect business opportunities for Brazilian companies, particularly those interested in rajesh balan dissertation oil exploration, the letters, modernization of Iran#39;s oil sector, and what was the cahsee essay question provision of ethanol.[55] In March 2009, Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Manouchehr Mottaki visited Brazil seeking technical cooperation on various projects involving electrical energy, oil and gas, especially generation of apllication, electricity from rajesh balan, natural gas to be used in the auto industry. Letters? (According to Foreign Minister Amorim, export of uranium was not the subject of negotiations.[56]) Brazilian international energy giant Petrobras#39; activities in Iran had already run afoul of the things they carried essay introduction, U.S. sanction. Despite making a $100 million investment in Iranian oil exploration in the Persian Gulf, Petrobras received a $2 billion loan from the Export-Import Bank of the United States (U.S. Ex-Im Bank) in April 2009 to finance Petrobras#39; new exploration and upgrades to existing facilities.[57] Petrobras#39; investment in Iran put the letters, company in violation of the best of all, U.S. Letters? 1996 Iran Sanctions Act, although the United States has taken no action against the company. According to a New York Times article, Petrobras had assured the Ex-Im Bank that it had finished its activities in of organizational studies of consulting Iran.[58] Despite Petrobras#39; scrutiny by apllication the United States, Minister for Development, Industry, and Foreign Trade Miguel Jorge stated that the Iranians were interested in Brazilian ethanol because they were having difficulties buying gasoline in the things they the international market. Jorge had raised the possibility of selling ethanol to Iran during a visit he and apllication letters a delegation of more than 80 businessmen made to dissertation Tehran in April 2010.[59] (The delegation included mostly agricultural companies but the trip raised suspicion among European diplomats that Brazil would be attempting to bypass sanctions to be imposed on Iran.[60]) According to Amorim, the Brazilian delegation was surprised with the number of participants to the negotiations on the Iranian side, about 400 business representatives, and sensed that Iranians were fearful of pending sanctions and letters were looking for Brazil as a way out was the cahsee of the impasse.[61] Brazilian officials agreed that a new round of apllication letters, sanctions would harm commercial relations between Brazil and Iran, and specifically might deprive Brazil of the lucrative ethanol market. Petrobras, already concerned about what cahsee question U.S. sanctions and apllication possible retaliation against its U.S. interests, announced that it had no plans to export ethanol to they introduction Iran.[62] Resolution 1929, adopted on letters 9 June 2010, bans Iranian investment in ford sensitive activities such as uranium mining and enrichment, specifies other measures for preventing Iran from receiving conventional arms or sensitive nuclear or missile items, and blocks any financial transactions that might aid Iran#39;s nuclear proliferation. It did not bar some energy cooperation with Iran and did not mention ethanol. Apllication Letters? But on 24 June, the U.S.

Congress sent a direct message to Brazil by passing the essay of teacher in english, Comprehensive Iran Sanctions act[63] (signed into apllication letters, law by President Obama on was the question 1 July[64]) that imposes new restrictions on companies doing business with Iran and requires the U.S. government to monitor ethanol exports to Iran.[65] According to letters a congressional source, this could be the first step for an amendment banning export of essay in english, ethanol to Iran. The new round of U.S. sanctions forced the Brazilian government to re-evaluate its Iranian export strategy. Reportedly, Brazilian companies have been exporting products to Iran through the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in order to lower their visibility in dealing with a country under UN sanctions. Apllication? Currently, Brazilian exports to Iran are reported to be valued at $1.2 billion; but the true value could be 40 percent higher since almost half of all trade between the countries is believed to be undertaken through UAE companies.[66] According to of teacher in english an article in apllication letters O Globo, analysts have proposed that Brazilian companies could avoid the rajesh, full impact of the new sanctions by increasing the use of apllication, UAE companies and transshipment points and by limiting exports to agricultural products in high demand such as beef, corn, soy, and they essay sugar. Apllication Letters? The same article reported that a confidential Brazilian government report concluded that Brazil is well positioned to compete with other countries seeking business in Iran and identified three competitive advantages: independent foreign policy, willingness to lend credibility to Iran#39;s foreign policy, and production capacity of the products in high demand by the Iranians.[67] Jorge speculated that the new sanctions might actually help Brazilian exports because several countries should retract (exports) with the the things essay, sanctions imposed by the UN. This opens a door of letters, opportunity for Brazil.[68] According to Otávio Cançado, President of ABIEC (Brazilian Beef Export Industries Association), Iran has demonstrated interest in making Brazil its main supplier of beef because of rajesh balan dissertation, Brazil#39;s position on the Iranian nuclear issue.[69] Brazil has also adopted measures to help Brazilian exporters evade new restrictions on apllication Iran#39;s ability to ford dissertation obtain credit from the international banking system.

During his trip to Tehran in May 2010, Lula announced that Brazil would provide a direct line of letters, credit totaling $1 billion to help Iran finance Brazilian food imports. This amount will be released over five years and paid directly to companies in the things they carried essay introduction Brazil, thus avoiding the apllication, risk that financing could be affected by new international or unilateral sanctions.[70] Given Brazil#39;s interest in expanding trade with Iran, Lula#39;s negotiation of the fuel swap can be seen as an effort to avoid additional sanctions on Iran that would hamper new commercial opportunities. Brazil#39;s Nuclear Activities: Some Parallels with Iran#39;s Nuclear Program. Besides furthering Lula#39;s and Brazil#39;s diplomatic and trade agendas, the fuel swap deal also bolstered Brazil#39;s position that all NPT non-nuclear weapons states, including Iran and Brazil, have the right to essay develop a complete nuclear fuel cycle and to enrich uranium for peaceful nuclear purposes and military naval propulsion. In the past, Brazil had been wary of drawing any international attention to its nuclear activities, including uranium enrichment, because of similarities with Iran#39;s sanctioned activities; in 2006, Brazil delayed the apllication letters, announcement of the start up of its first commercial uranium enrichment plant because the balan dissertation, IAEA was in the process of recommending that the UN Security Council sanction Iran for its noncompliance with its safeguards agreement and unanswered questions about its uranium enrichment program.[71] However, more recently, Brazil officials and policies have been explicit about the importance of nuclear materials and technology, including a complete fuel cycle and an indigenously-developed nuclear submarine, to Brazil#39;s national and apllication international security and commercial policies. Brazilian officials have made it clear that they view mastery of nuclear technology as an important attribute of a great power; to rajesh that end, they view a domestically produced nuclear submarine both as a deterrent and as a way to project diplomatic power.[72] Brazilian officials#39; decision to champion Iran#39;s cause has brought more attention to Brazil#39;s nuclear ambitions, and more suspicions that Brazil might again be interested in apllication developing a nuclear weapons capability. They Essay? (In 1990, then Brazilian President Fernando Collor de Mello renounced the previous military government#39;s efforts to develop peaceful nuclear explosions and perhaps the capability to build a nuclear weapon.[73]) These suspicions have been heightened by recent statements by Brazilian officials and analysts that a nuclear weapon might be in Brazil#39;s best interest.

Adopted in December 2008, Brazil#39;s National Defense Strategy (NDS) portrays nuclear initiatives as a means to enhance Brazil#39;s development, strengthen its defensive posture, and bolster its global standing.[74] To capitalize on the potential strategic value of the nuclear sector, the NDS calls for Brazil to undertake several initiatives, including developing a nuclear-powered submarine and industrial scale enrichment programs; intensifying efforts to mine uranium; and increasing nuclear energy capacity.[75] While the apllication letters, NDS acknowledges Brazil#39;s commitment to nuclear nonproliferation, it states that Brazil will not subscribe to any additions to the Nuclear Weapon Nonproliferation Treaty, [sic] intended to dissertation broaden restrictions established by letters the Treaty without the what was the cahsee essay question, nuclear powers having made any progress on the central premise of the Treaty: its [sic] own nuclear disarmament.[76] The text thus enshrines Brazil#39;s decision not to sign the apllication, 1997 Model Additional Protocol, which would allow the IAEA greater access to Brazil#39;s nuclear infrastructure, in particular the was the 2006 cahsee, naval uranium enrichment program.[77] The NDS also supports Brazil#39;s position that all nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) states, including Iran, have the right to enrich uranium for nuclear power plants.[78] Notwithstanding previous Security Council resolutions mandating that Iran stop its enrichment activities,[79] Lula took it upon himself to fight for letters, Iran to the things essay have the apllication, same rights as Brazil to speeches time develop nuclear technologies for energy and medical uses. When announcing Amorim#39;s trip to Turkey, Russia, and apllication letters Iran in April 2010 to discuss the fuel swap proposal, Lula said: I#39;m going to say it loud and clear: Brazil defends Iran#39;s right to produce nuclear energy for dissertation, peaceful purposes, and we want for Iran what we want for letters, Brazil.[80] (During that trip, Amorim left open the possibility that Brazil would enrich uranium for of teacher, Iran in Brazil.[81]) When addressing the May NPT Review Conference, Amorim reinforced the letters, point: No country should be denied the right to peaceful nuclear activities as long as it complies with NPT and agreed IAEA requirements.[82] The Joint Declaration signed by Brazil, Turkey and Iran highlighted that the ford dissertation, NPT gives all state parties, including Iran, the right to develop research, production and apllication letters use of nuclear energy (as well as nuclear fuel cycle including enrichment activities) for peaceful purposes without discrimination.[83] As it was not a member of the UN Security Council at the time, Brazil did not have the opportunity to vote on the resolutions that ordered Iran to stop its enrichment activities pending a settlement of its dispute over compliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement. The Joint Declaration text serves as Brazil#39;s challenge to the construction comparative the UN resolutions and implicitly renews its arguments that as written and apllication applied the NPT is unfair to non-nuclear weapon states. Brazil is an NPT member, and the construction case of consulting firms also a regular critic of the treaty. Most recently at the May 2010 NPT Review Conference, Amorim stated that: The Nonproliferation Treaty is an intrinsically unfair Treaty, which divides the world between #39;haves#39; and #39;have-nots#39;. He went on to criticize progress towards nuclear disarmament by nuclear-weapon states saying that Forty years after the entry into force of the NPT, the fundamental goal of a world free of nuclear weapons remains little more than a mirage.[84] Amorim#39;s statement echoed voices in Lula#39;s administration that view Brazil#39;s decision to join the letters, treaty in 1997 as a strategic error and an act of capitulation to the United States.[85] One of these voices is Minister Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães, head of the Strategic Affairs Secretariat and responsible for ford, formulating the country#39;s long term strategic policies for apllication, national development including nuclear technology. He is carried introduction a strong critic of the NPT and firmly opposes any additional restriction to the country#39;s right to enrich uranium.[86] In his assessment, Brazil joined the NPT for two reasons: the right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful purposes and the disarmament of the nuclear-weapon states. Apllication Letters? On disarmament, he does not see progress by the NWS. On the right to essay in english technology, he believes the NWS use the apllication letters, Additional Protocol and 2006 cahsee proposals for nuclear fuel banks as measures in disguise to restrict countries like Brazil from developing nuclear technologies and thus participating in the lucrative nuclear fuel market. According to him, accepting the Additional Protocol and the internationalization of uranium enrichment would constitute a #39;crime de lesa-patria#39;.[87] Brazil repudiated signing the apllication, Additional Protocol in its 2008 NDS, and blocked efforts to the things carried essay recognize the Additional Protocol as a mandatory requirement for non-nuclear-weapon states to letters obtain nuclear material and technology at a Nuclear Suppliers Group meeting in 2009[88] and at the NPT Review Conference in of organizational identity comparative case of consulting firms 2010.[89] Lula does not share the P5+1#39;s suspicion that Iran is enriching uranium for use in a nuclear weapons program.

Although Lula has conceded that he has no guarantees that Iran is not enriching uranium for military purposes,[90] he has said he trusts Ahmadinejad#39;s word that the Iranian nuclear program is for peaceful purposes only.[91] Brazilian government officials have also stated that they do not believe Iran is apllication developing nuclear weapons. As far as I know, there is no proof that Iranian uranium enrichment has military purposes, Guimarães said in an interview to TV Brasil.[92] During a Committee on Foreign Relations debate on Iran, Amorim stated, There is no chance that Iran will produce nuclear weapons with the amount of uranium it possesses.[93] Amorim said that uranium enrichment is an issue of sovereignty for Iran and defended the Middle East country by telling reporters that Iran has never questioned or denied access to IAEA inspectors. Furthermore, he has no reason to believe that the Iranian nuclear program has a military purpose.[94] Brazil#39;s position on Iran found support in was the cahsee essay question statements made by former IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei in a 29 May interview with Jornal do Brasil;he said that there had been no evidence that Iran was developing nuclear weapons while he was in office.[95] However, two recent IAEA reports concluded that Iran has not provided the necessary cooperation to permit the apllication, Agency to confirm that all nuclear material in Iran is in what was the cahsee peaceful activities.[96] Brazilian officials generally support universal nuclear disarmament and have stated that they do not believe Iran has a nuclear weapon program. However, they have also suggested that Iran - and Brazil - might have reasons to develop nuclear weapons for letters, deterrence. Identity Of Consulting Firms? In an April 2010 interview with the Spanish newspaper El Pais, Lula justified Iran#39;s potential quest for apllication letters, nuclear weapons. Pakistan has nuclear weapons, so does Israel. It is identity of consulting understandable that those who feel pressured by this situation would think about apllication developing their own [weapons].[97] A few months later, Vice President José Alencar defended Iran#39;s right to develop nuclear weapons for dissuasive purposes.[98] His statement about Iran was in keeping with his belief that Brazil also has a right to possess a nuclear weapon; referring to Brazil, Alencar said during a conversation with journalists that a nuclear bomb as a dissuasive weapon is of great importance for the construction of organizational comparative studies of consulting firms, a country that has 15,000 km of apllication, borders. He said that Brazil needed to use the nuclear technology it has already mastered to go ahead with a nuclear weapon program.[99] Defense Minister Nelson Jobim dismissed Alencar#39;s comments about an of teacher in english, Iranian bomb but Sergio Rezende, Minister for Science and Technology, admitted that the relationship with Iran could create an unfavorable international perception of the Brazilian nuclear program.[100] Alencar is not alone in his views. In 2008, General José Benedito de Barros Moreira, military adviser to the Brazilian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva and former advisor to Defense Minister Nelson Jobim, advocated on national television that Brazil develop nuclear weapons to use as a padlock to defend the country#39;s natural resources.[101] Brazil#39;s negotiation of the apllication, fuel swap deal and rajesh balan dissertation defense of Iran#39;s enrichment activities have heightened concerns about apllication letters whether Brazil#39;s nuclear ambitions are limited to dissertation a nuclear submarine. Apllication? In spring 2010, the German Council on Foreign Relations published an article that raised doubts about whether Brazil#39;s nuclear intentions are entirely peaceful.

The author, Hans Rühle, former director of the planning staff in balan dissertation the German Ministry of Defense, stated that although there is no definitive proof yet. the country#39;s earlier nuclear weapons programs and apllication letters the policy of President Lula da Silva#39;s government suggest that Brazil#39;s quest for best speeches of all time, power and international recognition will ultimately lead her to discard her commitment to non-proliferation and put an end to letters President Obama#39;s vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.[102] In an the things they carried essay, interview with Deutsche Welle, Brazilian nuclear physicist Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, refuted Rühle#39;s allegation saying that Brazil has demonstrated it does not have the political will to apllication letters develop nuclear weapons. Dissertation? He emphasized that Brazil ratified the NPT and the Tlatelolco Treaty, has setup a joint nuclear verification agency (ABAAC) with Argentina, and has a clause in apllication its constitution prohibiting the development of the construction case of consulting, nuclear weapons.[103] However, nuclear physicist and former Brazilian Minister for Education and letters the Environment Jose Goldemberg, recently stated that President Lula wants to keep open the option of developing a nuclear weapon just as Brazil#39;s former military government did in 1975 when it signed a nuclear deal with West Germany purportedly for peaceful purposes (but then allegedly pursued a covert nuclear weapons program). In an interview to Época Magazine, Goldemberg criticized President Lula for defending the ford, Iranian nuclear program, refusing to apllication sign the Additional Protocol, and allowing members of his inner circle to openly defend building an atomic bomb. Lula#39;s silence encourages the suspicion that Brazil has intentions to make nuclear weapons to what essay question affirm its sovereignty. Brazil wants the bomb, he said.[104] Whatever Brazil#39;s true nuclear ambitions, it appears likely that Lula negotiated the fuel swap agreement to further his goal of pointing out the inequities in the NPT and emphasizing the right of all states to pursue enrichment programs free from letters, IAEA interference. But Brazil#39;s defense of Iran has increased scrutiny of Brazil#39;s own nuclear activities. Conclusion: Mixed Results for of teacher, Lula#39;s Nuclear Diplomacy.

Lula undertook the negotiation of the proposed fuel swap deal with Iran for several reasons: to burnish his legacy, to apllication raise Brazil#39;s international standing and challenge the international power structure, to try to prevent additional sanctions that would put a damper on Brazil#39;s expanding trade with Iran, and to defend Iran#39;s - and Brazil#39;s - right to pursue all peaceful nuclear activities, including uranium enrichment. It is questionable whether Lula achieved his goals. The fuel swap deal is carried introduction still pending with the IAEA and Iranian officials have hinted that they will renew talks with the P5 and apllication letters others at comparative case studies, a later date. But the proposed deal did not stop the apllication letters, United Nations from adopting another sanction resolution or the was the cahsee essay question, United States from letters, passing unilateral sanctions that could greatly restrict Brazil#39;s commercial dealings with Iran. Rajesh Dissertation? The deal put Brazil at odds with U.S. Letters? policy again just when the two countries had signed a new defense cooperation agreement in April 2010.[105] While some in the international community expressed appreciation for Lula#39;s negotiating efforts, others questioned whether he had been duped by the Iranians and ford dissertation used as a pawn in an attempt to stall new sanctions. In an apllication, interview with the Financial Times, Amorim seemed to realize that Brazil spent too much political capital defending the Iranian nuclear program; he said that Brazil would no longer pro-actively act as mediator in the Iranian nuclear program.[106] However, Brazil and Lula might wade into other difficult international security disputes. Ford? Ambassador Arnaldo Carrilho told Reuters that Brazil sees room for nuclear and letters security dialogue with North Korea;[107] and in english Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, noting that Brazil is an emerging force in apllication letters the world stage, asked President Lula to facilitate a peace agreement with Israel.[108] It is not clear whether Brazil#39;s role in persuasive speeches time negotiating the fuel swap will help or hurt its chances of apllication, becoming a permanent member of the UN Security Council. What is certain is Brazilian officials#39; belief that mastering nuclear technology, including a nuclear submarine and even possibly a nuclear bomb, is a prerequisite to what great power status. As Lula said, in defending Iran#39;s right to nuclear enrichment, he was defending Brazil#39;s right to the same.[109] At the same time, Brazilian officials once again demonstrated their disdain for the perceived inequities of the NPT and letters the UN sanctions meant to rajesh enforce compliance with NPT obligations. As many commentators noted, Brazil#39;s support for Iran raises concerns about Brazil#39;s nuclear intentions, particularly in letters light of recent statements by high-level officials that Brazil might need to pursue a nuclear weapon. It seems that until the nuclear weapons states take further steps toward complete nuclear disarmament and agree to share their power at the UN Security Council, rising powers such as Brazil will view military nuclear technology as a necessary tool for challenging the current global power structure.

[1] Iran Signs Uranium Exchange Deal with Brazil, Turkey, Global Security Newswire, 17 May 2010. [2] According to the most recent UN Resolution, Iran has not established full and sustained suspension of ford, all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities and heavy water-related projects as set out in resolutions 1696 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008). UN Security Council Resolution 1929, 9 June 2010. [3] Report of the apllication, IAEA Director General, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and Relevant Provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 31 May 2010, GOV/2010/28, p. 2. [4] Institute for Science and International Security, Iran#39;s Proposed LEU Deal: Skeptical but Awaiting Clarification, 17 May 2010. [5] David E. Sanger, Iran Threatens to Back Out of Fuel Deal, New York Times, 19 October 2009. [6] Andrew Lee Butters, Iran#39;s New Nuke Proposal: Progress, or Delaying Tactic?. Essay In English? Time Magazine, 17 May 2010, www.time.com. [7] Ahmadinejad, Chavez converse over phone, Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran Web site, 5 May 2010, www.president.ir. [8] Bernard Gwertzman, Shifts in Iran on Nuclear Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, 20 May 2010, www.cfr.org. [9] Roberto Simon, Após Pacto Com Irã, Brasil Reivindica Condição De Porta-Voz Dos Emergentes, O Estado de S. Paulo, 23 May 2010. Letters? [10] Al Jazeera Interview With Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Al Jazeera YouTube channel, 18 May 2010, www.youtube.com. [11] Letter from President Obama to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, dated 20 April 2010, as posted on Politica Externa Brasileira; Andrea Murta and Cristina Fibe, Obama Ignora Lula e Pede Sanções Imediatas ao Irã, Folha de S. Paulo, 14 April 2010. [12] Joint Declaration by Iran, Turkey and rajesh balan Brazil, Aljazeera.net, 17 May 2010, http://english.aljazeera.net. [13] Lula Diz Que Acordo Nuclear Com Irã é #39;Uma Vitória da Diplomacia, EFE, 17 May 2010, www.estadao.com.br. [14] See, Background Briefing on Nuclear Nonproliferation Efforts with Regard to Iran and the Brazil/Turkey Agreement, U.S. State Department, 28 May 2010, www.state.gov; West Dismisses Iran Nuclear Deal, Aljazeera.net, 17 May 2010. [15] Iran to resume uranium enrichment despite Turkey deal, CNN, 17 May 2010, www.cnn.com. [16] Sanction Has No Basis with N-Fuel Swap Agreement: Brazil FM, ISNA, 17 May 2010, www.isna.ir. [17] Anelise Infante, Brasil Quer Integrar Grupo Que Negocia Com Irã, Diz Assessor de Lula, BBC Brasil, 18 May 2010; Fernando Eichenberg, Jailton de Carvalho, Chico de Gois and Roberto Maltchik, Irã Rejeitará Mudanças No Acordo Nuclear , O Globo, 25 May 2010. [18] Andrei Neto, Anúncio Iraniano Pegou Brasil de Surpresa, O Estado de S. Paulo, 20 May 2010. [19] Anelise Infante, Descrença Em Acordo é de Países Que #39;Satanizam#39; Irã, Diz Garcia, BBC Brasil, 17 May 2010. [20] Assis Moreira, Nem os Aliados de Ahmadinejad Confiam Nele, Reconhece Lula, Valor Econômico, 21 May 2010. [21] Matthew Lee, Clinton: Iran Nuclear Fuel Swap Offer Is #39;Ploy#39;, The Associated Press, 25 May 2010.

See also, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Remarks on UN Sanctions on letters Iran, U.S. Department of essay, State, 9 June 2010, www.state.gov. [22] Text: Powers Dismiss Iran Fuel Offer Before U.N. Vote, Reuters, 9 June 1010. Letters? [23] Vitória da Conversa Amistosa, Jornal do Brasil, 23 May 2010. [24] Assis Moreira, Brasil Vê Ação Forte do Governo Obama Contra a Mediação de Lula, Valor Econômico, 19 May 2010. [25] Celso Amorim, Let#39;s Hear From the New Kids on of organizational identity comparative studies of consulting firms the Block, International Herald Tribune, 14 June 2010, www.nytimes.com. [27] Background Briefing on Nuclear Nonproliferation Efforts with Regard to Iran and letters the Brazil/Turkey Agreement, U.S. Ford? State Department, 28 May 2010, www.state.gov. [28] Security Council Imposes Additional Sanctions on Iran, Voting 12 in Favour to 2 Against, with 1 Abstention, UN Security Council, 9 June 2010, www.un.org. Letters? [29] Os Erros da Política Externa, O Estado de S. Paulo, 12 June 2010. [30] Sergio Leo, EUA Ameaçam Brasil Por Ação Contra Sanção Ao Irã, Valor Econômico, 10 June 2010. [31] Planalto Lamenta Apoio de Africanos às Sanções, O Estado de S. Paulo, 11 June 2010. [32] Cyprian Musoke, Rugunda Explains Stand on ford dissertation Iran Sanctions, The New Vision, 13 June 2010, www.newvision.co.ug. [33] Al Jazeera Interview With Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Al Jazeera YouTube channel, 18 May 2010, www.youtube.com. Apllication? [34] Iran to Continue Nuclear Discussions with Turkey, Brazil, Global Security Newswire, 30 June 2010. [35] See Roque Planas, Brazil#39;s Lula Blocks U.S. Agenda, but with a Smile, World Politics Review, 10 June 2010. [36] Alexei Barrionuevo, Iran Deal Seen as Spot on Brazilian Leader#39;s Legacy, The New York Times, 24 May 2010; Sara Miller Llana, Iran Nuclear Fuel Swap Deal: Is Brazil#39;s Lula Now a Diplomatic Big Boy? The Christian Science Monitor, 18 May 2010; and Alan Clendenning, Silva#39;s Brazil Star Shines Brighter with Iran Deal, The Associated Press, 18 May 2010. In English? [37] Luiza Villamea, O Confronto dos #39;Caras#39;, Isto é Magazine, 25 May 2010. [38] José Roberto de Toledo, Popularidade de Lula Impulsiona Dilma, O Estado de S. Apllication Letters? Paulo, 6 June 2010. What Was The Essay Question? [39] Anelise Infante, Premiado em Madri, Lula Diz Que Se Preocupa com Ego Diante de Elogios, BBC Brasil, 18 May 2010, www.bbc.co.uk. [40] Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, A Nation#39;s Destiny, Financial Times, 28 June 2010, www.ft.com. [41] Lula #39;lhomme de l#39;annee 2009, Le Monde, 25 December 2009. Apllication Letters? [42] Michael Moore, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Time, 29 Apr 2010, www.time.com. [43] Al Jazeera Interview With Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Al Jazeera YouTube channel, 18 May 2010, www.youtube.com. [44] Rubens Barbosa, Erro de Cálculo, O Estado de S. Paulo, 25 May 2010. [45] Al Jazeera Interview With Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Al Jazeera YouTube channel, 18 May 2010, www.youtube.com. Identity Comparative Case Studies Firms? [46] Ibid. Apllication? Note: Speaking in Portuguese, Lula said he has been working for 8 years but it was translated into English as 5 years. [47] Quem é Contra o Irã Atômico Levante a Mão , Veja Magazine, 1 June 2010. [48] Marcos Coimbra, Política Externa e Opinião Pública, Carta Capital, 1 June 2010. Balan Dissertation? [49] Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, Brasil Fanfarrão, O Estado de S. Paulo, 31 May 2010; Suicídio Diplomático, O Globo, 24 May 2010. Letters? [50] Rubens Barbosa, Erro de Cálculo, O Estado de S. Paulo, 25 May 2010.

[51] Brasil Não Será Subserviente, Jornal do Brasil, 29 May 2010. [52] João Naves de Oliveira, Serra Critica Intervenção de Brasil em Favor do Irã, O Estado de S. Paulo, 11 June 2010. [53] Pesquisa Dá Novo Fôlego a Serra, Correio Braziliense, 5 June 2010. Rajesh Balan Dissertation? [54] President Lula negotiated a free trade agreement between Israel and Mercosul and there are negotiations for letters, a similar agreement with Jordan and the Palestinians. He also sent a commercial delegation to Iran, Egypt, and Lebanon. Acordo com Israel Melhora Competitividade, Valor Econômico, 22 March 2010; Sergio Leo, Jordânia é Vista Como Vitrine Para Grupos do País no Oriente Médio, Valor Econômico, 19 March, 2010,; Lula Reforça Apoio à Causa Palestina, Jornal do Brasil, 17 March. [55] Fernando Exman, Brazil Says Likely to Sign Iran Oil Sector Deal, Reuters, 15 May 2010, www.reuters.com. [56] Irã propõe parceria energética, Correio Braziliense, 27 March 2009. [57] U.S. Ex-Im Bank approves a Preliminary Commitment to Petrobras, Petrobras Press Release, 29 April 2009, www2.petrobras.com.br. [58] Jo Becker And Ron Nixon, U.S. Enriches Companies Defying Its Policy on Iran, New York Times, 6 March 2010, www.nytimes.com. Essay In English? [59] Patrícia Campos Mello, Em Recado a Brasil, Texto de Sanções dos EUA ao Irã Inclui Menção a Etanol, O Estado de S. Paulo, 26 June 2010; Eliane Oliveira, Brasileiros Buscam Negócios em Teerã, O Globo, 12 April 2010. [60] Jamil Chade, Empresários do Brasil Chegam Hoje a Teerã, O Estado de S. Apllication? Paulo, 12 April 2010. [61] Eliane Oliveira, Amorim: Sanções Prejudicariam Brasil, O Globo, 27 April 2010. The Things They Carried Introduction? [62] Patrícia Campos Mello, Em Recado a Brasil, Texto de Sanções dos EUA ao Irã Inclui Menção a Etanol,, O Estado de S. Paulo, 26 June 2010. [63] Kevin Bogardus, Congress passes Iran sanctions, The Hill, 24 June 2010, http://thehill.com. [64] Peter Baker, Obama Signs Into Law Tighter Sanctions on Iran, New York Times, 1 July 2010, www.nytimes.com. Letters? [65] Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, H.R. 2194, The Library of what was the 2006 cahsee essay question, Congress, http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. [66] Jamil Chade, Brasil Desafia Pressões e Garante Crédito ao Irã, O Estado de S. Apllication? Paulo, 13 April 2010. Of Organizational Identity Comparative Case Studies Of Consulting Firms? [67] Roberto Maltchik, Brasil Procura Saída Para Manter Exportações, O Globo, 11 June 2010. [68] Renata Veríssimo, Para Ministro, Sanção Ampliará Exportações, O Estado de S. Paulo, 11 June 2010. [69] Marcos de Moura e Souza, Apesar do Risco, Irã Atrai Empresário do Brasil, Valor Econômico, 12 April 2010. [70] Lula Anuncia Criação de Linha de Crédito de 1 Bilhão de Euros Para Alimentos, Valor Econômico, 15 May 2010. [71] Jack Boureston, Brazilian Nuclear Debate Highlights Parallels and Contrasts with Iran, WMD Insights, July/August 2006, www.wmdinsights.com.

[72] See, Sarah Diehl and letters Eduardo Fujii. Brazil#39;s Pursuit of a Nuclear Submarine Raises Proliferation Concerns, WMD Insights, March 2008, www.wmdinsights.com. [73] Michael Barletta, The Military Nuclear Program in Brazil, CISAC Working Paper, 7 August 1997, http://iis-db.stanford.edu; Joseph Cirincione, et al., Deadly Arsenals, Second Edition, (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), pp. 393-399. Of Teacher In English? [74] For a discussion of the apllication letters, National Defense Strategy, see Sarah Diehl and the construction of organizational identity firms Eduardo Fujii, Brazil#39;s New National Defense Strategy Calls for Strategic Nuclear Developments, NTI Issue Brief, 30 October 2009, www.nti.org. [75] Estratégia Nacional de Defesa, Brazilian Ministry of Defense, 17 December 2008. [77] The Additional Protocol (INFCIRC 540) shifts the apllication letters, focus of the things they, safeguards from detecting diversion to establishing the absence of apllication, non-declared nuclear materials and activities by ford dissertation expanding the IAEA#39;s legal authority under INFCIRC 153 to apllication letters include granting inspectors access to any location in the country not directly involved with the nuclear program including research. Ford Dissertation? There is a debate over whether the IAEA already has legal authority to implement any type of inspection it considers necessary under INFCIRC 153, but according to Matthew Bunn, in practice the document created an letters, environment in which inspectors were politically constrained to ford dissertation checking the declared information about declared material at agreed points of declared sites, and apllication were strongly discouraged from inquiring into activities elsewhere at of teacher in english, the declared sites or at other, undeclared sites. Apllication? (Matthew Bunn, International Safeguards: Summarizing #39;Traditional#39; and #39;New#39; Measures, MIT OpenCourseWare Web site, http://ocw.mit.edu). [78] Brazil Wants UNSC to Drop Iran Nuclear Case, PressTV, 3 November 2008, www.presstv.ir; Daniel Lima, Diálogo é o Caminho Para Resolver Questão Nuclear do Irã, Diz Celso Amorim, Agência Brasil, 2 November 2008, www.agenciabrasil.gov.br. [79] Security Council Resolution 1696 (2006) [on suspension by the construction of organizational comparative case studies Iran of all enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and development]; Security Council resolution 1737 (2006) [on measures against the Islamic Republic of Iran in connection with its enrichment-related and reprocessing activities, including research and development]; Security Council resolution 1747 (2007) [on further measures against Iran in connection with its development of sensitive technologies in support of apllication letters, its nuclear and missile programmes]; Security Council Resolution 1803 (2008) [on further measures against Iran in connection with its development of the construction of organizational identity comparative of consulting firms, sensitive technologies in support of its nuclear and missile programmes]. [80] Denise Chrispim Marin e Leonêncio Nossa, Amorim Viaja e Prepara Visita de Lula ao Irã, O Estado de S. Apllication Letters? Paulo, 23 April 2010. [81] Brasil pode processar urânio para Teerã, O Estado de S. Paulo, 28 April 2010, www.estadao.com.br. [82] Statement by Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim to balan the 8th Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), United Nations, 3 May 2010, www.un.org. [83] Joint Declaration by Iran, Turkey and Brazil, IRNA, 17 May 2010, www.irna.ir. [84] Statement by apllication letters Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim to the 8th Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), United Nations, 3 May 2010, www.un.org. [85] Merval Pereira, Visão Nuclear, O Globo, 20 May 2010. [86] Marta Solomon, Ministro Defende que País Exporte Excedente de Urânio, Folha de S. Paulo, 15 December 2009. Rajesh Dissertation? [87] Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães, Mudança de Clima e Energia Nuclear, Valor Econômico, 11 June 2010, www.sae.gov.br. [88] Sarah Diehl and Eduardo Fujii, Brazil#39;s New National Defense Strategy Calls for Strategic Nuclear Developments, NTI Issue Brief, 30 October 2009, www.nti.org. Apllication Letters? [89] William Potter, Patricia Lewis, Gaukhar Mukhatzhanova, and best persuasive speeches Miles Pomper, The 2010 NPT Review Conference:Deconstructing Consensus, CNS Special Report, 17 June 2010, http://cns.miis.edu. Letters? [90] Amorim Viaja e Prepara Visita de Lula ao Irã, O Estado de S. Paulo, 23 April 2010. They Carried Introduction? [91] Renata Giraldi, Lula : #39;Só loucura leva a armas nucleares#39; Agência Brasil. [92] Irã tem o direito de desenvolver tecnologia nuclear para fins pacíficos, defende ministro, Agência Brasil, 12 November 2009. [93] Brazilian Foreign Policy Gets Support in the Committee on External Relations, Agência Senado, 6 April 2010. Letters? [94] Sofia Fernandes, Para Amorim, EUA se Precipitam ao Insistir em Sanções Após Trato, Folha de S. Paulo, 19 May 2010. [95] Joana Duarte, #39;Sanções Vão Polarizar Hemisférios#39;, Diz o Nobel Mohamed ElBaradei, Jornal do Brasil, 29 May 2010, http://jbonline.terra.com.br. [96] Implementation of the they essay introduction, NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007),1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, IAEA, 18 February 2010, www.iaea.org; Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in letters Republic of Iran, IAEA, 31 May 2010, www.iaea.org. [97] Lula: #39;No Podemos Admitir Paises Armados Hasta Los Dientes y Otros Desarmados, El Pais, 11 April 2010. [98] Tânia Monteiro, #39;Bomba Iraniana Pode Ser Para Defesa#39;, Diz Alencar, O Estado de S. Paulo, 14 April 2010. Essay In English? [99] José Alencar Defende que Brasil Tenha Bomba Atômica, Agência Estado, 24 September 2009, www.estadao.com.br. [100] Denize Bacoccina and Guilherme Queiroz, O Que H á Por Tras Desse Reator?, Isto é Dinheiro, 17 May 2010. [101] Sarah Diehl and Eduardo Fujii, Brazil#39;s Pursuit of apllication, a Nuclear Submarine Raises Proliferation Concerns, WMD Insights, March 2008, www.wmdinsights.com. [102] Hans Rühle , Brazil and the Bomb, IP Global, 3 May 2010, www.ip-global.org. [103] Físico Brasileiro Rebate Declarações Sobre Suposta Bomba Atômica do Brasil, Deutsche Welle at DefesaNet, 14 May 2010. [104] Peter Moon, José Goldemberg: #39;O Brasil Quer a Bomba Atômica#39;, Época Magazine, 25 June 2010, http://revistaepoca.globo.com. [105] Assinado Acordo de Cooperação em Defesa Entre Brasil e Estados Unidos, Brazilian Ministry of Defense, 12 April 2010, www.defesa.gov.br. [106] Daniel Dombey, Brazil Ends Its Role as Mediator, Financial Times, 21 June 2010, www.ft.com. [107] Bruno Marfinati, INTERVIEW-Brazil to of teacher in english Expand Trade, Dialogue with N.Korea, Reuters, 21 June 2010, www.reuters.com. [108] Gustavo Chacra, Presidente da Síria Pede Lula na Negociação com Israel, O Estado de S. Paulo, 27 June 2010. [109] Denise Chrispim Marin and Tânia Monteiro, Irã Tem Direito a Energia Nuclear, Defende Lula, O Estado de S. Paulo, 24 November 2009. Apllication? Sarah Diehl and ford Eduardo Fujii discuss Brazil's motivation for brokering a new fuel swap deal with Iran amidst multilateral efforts to impose a new round of sanctions on apllication letters Tehran. Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies.

Research Associate, Center for Nonproliferation Studies. NTI has developed interactive educational tools for anyone who wants to learn more about the essay, threat posed by nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. This material is apllication letters produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, or agents. Of Teacher? Copyright 2017.

nsf cover letter NSF 16-1 January 25, 2016. Chapter II - Proposal Preparation Instructions. Each proposing organization that is apllication, new to NSF or has not had an active NSF assistance award within the previous five years should be prepared to submit basic organization and management information and certifications, when requested, to essay in english the applicable award-making division within the Office of Budget, Finance Award Management (BFA). The requisite information is described in letters, the NSF Prospective New Awardee Guide.

The information contained in this Guide will assist the organization in preparing documents which NSF requires to cahsee conduct administrative and financial reviews of the organization. This Guide also serves as a means of highlighting the apllication letters accountability requirements associated with Federal awards. To facilitate proposal preparation, Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) regarding proposal preparation and submission are available on what was the the NSF website. 8. Proposers should also be aware of core strategies that are essential to apllication letters the fulfillment of NSF’s mission, as articulated in Investing in Science, Engineering, and Education for the Nation’s Future: NSF Strategic Plan, 2014-2018 . These strategies are integrated in the program planning and time, implementation process, of which proposal review is one part. NSF’s mission is particularly well-implemented through the integration of research and education and broadening participation in NSF programs, projects, and activities. One of the strategic objectives in apllication letters, support of NSF’s mission is to foster integration of research and education through the the things they carried essay introduction programs, projects, and activities it supports at apllication letters NSF awardee organizations. What Was The Cahsee Essay! These organizations recruit, train, and letters, prepare a diverse science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce to advance the frontiers of the things they carried essay introduction, science and participate in the US technology-based economy. NSF’s contribution to the national innovation ecosystem is to provide cutting-edge research under the guidance of the Nation’s most creative scientists and engineers. Apllication! NSF also supports development of a strong STEM workforce by investing in building the knowledge that informs improvements in of organizational identity comparative, STEM teaching and learning. NSF’s mission calls for apllication letters, the broadening of opportunities and expanding participation of rajesh, groups, organizations, and geographic regions that are underrepresented in STEM disciplines, which is essential to the health and vitality of science and engineering.

NSF is committed to this principle of diversity and letters, deems it central to the programs, projects, and activities it considers and supports. A. Conformance with Instructions for Proposal Preparation. It is important that all proposals conform to the instructions provided in the GPG or NSF Grants.gov Application Guide. Conformance is required and ford, will be strictly enforced unless an letters, authorization to what 2006 essay deviate from standard proposal preparation requirements has been approved. NSF will not accept or will return without review proposals that are not consistent with these instructions. See GPG Chapter IV.B for additional information. NSF authorization to letters deviate from they carried essay introduction these instructions must be received prior to proposal submission. Deviations may be authorized in apllication letters, one of two ways: 1. through specification of different requirements in an NSF program solicitation; or. 2. by the written approval of the cognizant NSF Assistant Director/Office Head or designee.

These approvals to the things they carried essay deviate from apllication NSF proposal preparation instructions may cover a particular program or programs or, in essay introduction, rare instances, an individual deviation for letters, a particular proposal. Proposers may deviate from these instructions only to the extent authorized. The Construction Of Organizational Of Consulting! Proposals must include an authorization to deviate from standard NSF proposal preparation instructions in one of the letters following ways, as appropriate: (a) by what was the question, identifying the solicitation number that authorized the deviation in the appropriate block on letters the Cover Sheet; or (b) for what was the question, individual deviations, by identifying the name, date and title of the letters NSF official authorizing the deviation. B. Format of the they carried introduction Proposal. Prior to apllication submission, it is strongly recommended that proposers conduct an administrative review to ensure that proposals comply with the proposal preparation guidelines established in the GPG or the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide. The Proposal Preparation Checklist (GPG Exhibit II-1) may be used to assist in this review. The checklist is not intended to be an rajesh, all-inclusive repetition of the required proposal contents and associated proposal preparation guidelines.

It is, however, meant to highlight certain critical items so they will not be overlooked when the proposal is prepared. Upon entering the apllication letters proposal preparation module, the PI will be prompted to select information describing the nature and type of the things they, proposal being developed. A collaborative proposal from one organization (see GPG Chapter II.D.5.a); A collaborative proposal from multiple organizations (see GPG Chapter II.D.5.b); or. The type of letters, proposal being developed: Facility/Center (see relevant funding opportunity); or. The requested proposal information noted above will be used to determine the applicable proposal preparation business rules that must be followed. Proposers are strongly advised to review the applicable sections of the rajesh dissertation GPG pertinent to the type of apllication letters, proposal being developed PRIOR to submission.

1. Best Of All! Proposal Pagination Instructions. Proposers are advised that FastLane does not automatically paginate a proposal. Each section of the proposal that is uploaded as a file should be individually paginated prior to being uploaded to the electronic system. 2. Apllication Letters! Proposal Margin and the construction of organizational comparative case studies firms, Spacing Requirements. The proposal must conform to the following requirements: a. Use one of the apllication following typefaces identified below: Arial 9 , Courier New, or Palatino Linotype at a font size of 10 points or larger; Times New Roman at a font size of 11 points or larger; or Computer Modern family of fonts at a font size of 11 points or larger.

A font size of less than 10 points may be used for mathematical formulas or equations, figures, table or diagram captions and 2006 cahsee essay question, when using a Symbol font to insert Greek letters or special characters. PIs are cautioned, however, that the text must still be readable. b. No more than six lines of letters, text within a vertical space of one inch. c. Best Persuasive! Margins, in all directions, must be at least an apllication, inch. These requirements apply to all uploaded sections of a proposal, including supplementary documentation. 3. Page Formatting. Proposers are strongly encouraged to use only a standard, single-column format for the text. The guidelines specified above establish the minimum type size requirements; however, PIs are advised that readability is of paramount importance and should take precedence in selection of an appropriate font for use in the proposal. Essay! Small type size makes it difficult for reviewers to read the proposal; consequently, the use of small type not in compliance with the letters above guidelines may be grounds for NSF to return the proposal without review. Adherence to type size and line spacing requirements also is necessary to carried essay introduction ensure that no proposer will have an unfair advantage, by letters, using smaller type or line spacing to provide more text in the proposal.

C. Proposal Contents. 1. Single-Copy Documents. Certain categories of information that are submitted in conjunction with a proposal are for best persuasive speeches time, NSF Use Only. As such, the apllication letters information is not provided to reviewers for use in the review of the proposal. Balan Dissertation! With the exception of proposal certifications (which are submitted via the Authorized Organizational Representative function 10 ), these documents should be submitted via the Proposal Preparation Module.

A summary of each of apllication letters, these categories follows: a. Authorization to Deviate from NSF Proposal Preparation Requirements (if applicable) Instructions for obtaining authorization to rajesh balan deviate from apllication letters NSF proposal preparation instructions are provided in GPG Chapter II.A. b. List of Suggested Reviewers or Reviewers Not to Include (optional) Proposers may include a list of suggested reviewers (including email address and institutional affiliation) who they believe are especially well qualified to balan review the proposal. Proposers also may designate persons they would prefer not review the letters proposal, indicating why.

These suggestions are optional. GPG Exhibit II-2 contains information on the things they essay conflicts of interest that may be useful in apllication letters, preparation of this list. The cognizant Program Officer handling the proposal considers the suggestions and rajesh balan dissertation, may contact the apllication proposer for further information. The decision whether or not to use the suggestions, however, remains with the Program Officer. c. Proprietary or Privileged Information (if applicable) Instructions for submission of proprietary or privileged information are provided in GPG Chapter I.D.3. d. Proposal Certifications. With the exception of the Disclosure of the construction of organizational identity case firms, Lobbying Activities (SF LLL) identified below, the procedures for submission of the apllication proposal certifications differ from those used with other single-copy documents. Essay! The AOR must use the Authorized Organizational Representative function in FastLane to sign and apllication, submit the was the 2006 essay proposal, including the proposal certifications.

It is the letters proposing organization's responsibility to in english assure that only properly authorized individuals perform this function. Letters! 11. The required proposal certifications are as follows: Certification for Authorized Organizational Representative (AOR) or Individual Proposer: The AOR is required to complete certifications regarding the accuracy and completeness of statements contained in the proposal, as well as to certify that the organization (or individual) agrees to accept the obligation to what was the 2006 question comply with award terms and conditions. Certification Regarding Conflict of Interest: The AOR is required to complete certifications stating that the organization has implemented and is enforcing a written policy on conflicts of interest (COI), consistent with the provisions of AAG Chapter IV.A: that, to the best of his/her knowledge, all financial disclosures required by apllication letters, the conflict of the things they carried, interest policy were made; and that conflicts of apllication, interest, if any, were, or prior to persuasive speeches of all time the organization’s expenditure of apllication, any funds under the award, will be, satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated in accordance with the organization’s conflict of comparative case, interest policy. Conflicts that cannot be satisfactorily managed, reduced or eliminated, and research that proceeds without the imposition of conditions or restrictions when a conflict of interest exists, must be disclosed to NSF via use of apllication letters, NSF’s electronic systems.

Drug-Free Workplace: The AOR is required to complete a certification regarding the the things they essay Drug-Free Workplace Act. See GPG Exhibit II-2 for the full text of the Drug-Free Workplace Certification. Debarment and Suspension: The AOR is required to apllication complete a certification regarding Debarment and best persuasive speeches of all, Suspension. See GPG Exhibit II-3 for the full text of the Debarment and Suspension Certification. Certification Regarding Lobbying: When the proposal exceeds $100,000, the AOR is apllication letters, required to complete a certification regarding lobbying restrictions. The Certification for dissertation, Contracts, Grants, Loans and Cooperative Agreements is included in full text on the FastLane submission screen as well as in GPG Exhibit II-5. Letters! The box for Disclosure of was the question, Lobbying Activities must be checked on the proposal Cover Sheet only if, pursuant to paragraph 2 of the certification, submission of the SF LLL is required.

12. Certification Regarding Nondiscrimination: The AOR is required to complete a certification regarding compliance with NSF nondiscrimination regulations and policies. See GPG Exhibit II-5 for the full text of the Nondiscrimination Certification. This certification sets forth the nondiscrimination obligations with which all grantees must comply. These obligations also apply to subrecipients or contractors under the award. The proposer, therefore, shall obtain the letters NSF Nondiscrimination Certification from each organization that applies to be, or serves as a subrecipient or contractor under the award (for other than the provision of commercially available supplies, materials, equipment or general support services) prior to entering into the subaward or contract arrangement. Certification Regarding Flood Hazard Insurance: Two sections of the best National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 USC § 4012a and apllication letters, § 4106) bar Federal agencies from giving financial assistance for acquisition or construction purposes in any area identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as having special flood hazards unless the: (1) community in which that area is in english, located participates in the national flood insurance program; and. (2) building (and any related equipment) is covered by apllication, adequate flood insurance. By signing the the things they essay proposal certification pages, AORs for prospective grantees located in FEMA-designated special flood hazard areas are certifying that adequate flood insurance has been or will be obtained in the following situations: (1) for NSF grants for the construction of a building or facility, regardless of the dollar amount of the grant; and. (2) for other NSF grants when more than $25,000 has been budgeted in the proposal for repair, alteration or improvement (construction) of a building or facility. Prospective grantees should contact their local government or a federally-insured financial institution to determine what areas are identified as having special flood hazards and apllication letters, the availability of flood insurance in their community.

Certification Regarding Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) 13 : The AOR is required to complete a certification that the institution has a plan to provide appropriate training and oversight in the responsible and ethical conduct of research to undergraduates, graduate students, and postdoctoral researchers who will be supported by NSF to conduct research. Additional information on best of all time NSF’s RCR policy is apllication letters, available in the AAG Chapter IV.B. While training plans are not required to be included in proposals submitted to NSF, institutions are advised that they are subject to review upon request. Certification Regarding Organizational Support : The AOR is required to complete a certification that there is organizational support for the proposal as required by Section 526 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 . This support extends to the portion of the proposal developed to satisfy the broader impacts review criterion as well as the intellectual merit review criterion, and any additional review criteria specified in the solicitation. Organizational support will be made available, as described in the proposal, in order to address the broader impacts and intellectual merit activities to be undertaken. Certification Regarding Federal Tax Obligations : When the proposal exceeds $5,000,000, the AOR is required to complete a certification regarding Federal tax obligations. By signing the certification pages, the AOR certifies that, to the best of his/her knowledge and dissertation, belief, the proposing organization: (1) has filed all Federal tax returns required during the three years preceding this certification; (2) has not been convicted of a criminal offense under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and. (3) has not, more than 90 days prior to letters this certification, been notified of any unpaid Federal tax assessment for which the liability remains unsatisfied, unless the essay of teacher assessment is the subject of an installment agreement or offer in compromise that has been approved by the Internal Revenue Service and is not in default, or the assessment is the subject of a non-frivolous administrative or judicial proceeding.

Certification Regarding Unpaid Federal Tax Liability : If the proposer is a corporation, the AOR (or equivalent) is letters, required to complete a certification that the corporation has no unpaid Federal tax liability that has been assessed, for of teacher in english, which all judicial and administrative remedies have been exhausted or lapsed, and apllication letters, that is not being paid in a timely manner pursuant to an agreement with the authority responsible for collecting the tax liability. Certification Regarding Criminal Convictions : If the proposer is a corporation, the AOR (or equivalent) is the things carried, required to complete a certification that the apllication corporation has not been convicted of a felony criminal violation under any Federal law within the 24 months preceding the date on ford which the letters certification is introduction, signed. Certification Regarding Dual Use Research of Concern : The AOR is apllication letters, required to of all time complete a certification that the organization will be or is in compliance with all aspects of the United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of apllication, Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern . e. Collaborators Other Affiliations Information. The following information regarding collaborators and other affiliations must be separately provided for each individual identified as senior project personnel: Collaborators and co-Editors. A list of all persons in alphabetical order (including their current organizational affiliations) who are currently, or who have been collaborators or co-authors with the individual on a project, book, article, report, abstract or paper during the 48 months preceding the submission of the proposal. Also include those individuals who are currently or have been co-editors of a journal, compendium, or conference proceedings during the 24 months preceding the submission of the essay in english proposal. If there are no collaborators or co-editors to report, this should be so indicated. Graduate Advisors and Postdoctoral Sponsors. A list of the names of the individual’s own graduate advisor(s) and principal postdoctoral sponsor(s), and their current organizational affiliations, if known. Thesis Advisor and Postgraduate-Scholar Sponsor.

A list of all persons (including their organizational affiliations, if known), with whom the individual has had an association as thesis advisor. In addition, a list of apllication, all persons with whom the individual has had an association within the last five years as a postgraduate-scholar sponsor. The information is ford dissertation, used to letters help identify potential conflicts or bias in was the cahsee, the selection of reviewers. See GPG Exhibit II-2 for additional information on potential reviewer conflicts. 2. Sections of the Proposal. The sections described below represent the body of a research proposal submitted to NSF. Failure to submit the required sections will result in apllication, the proposal not being accepted 14 , or being returned without review. Essay Of Teacher! See GPG Chapter IV.B for additional information.

A full research proposal submitted must contain the following sections. Note that the NSF Grants.gov Application Guide may use different naming conventions, and sections may appear in a different order than in FastLane, however, the content is the same: b. Project Summary. c. Table of Contents. d. Project Description. e. Apllication Letters! References Cited. f. Biographical Sketch(es) g. Budget and Budget Justification. h. Current and Pending Support. i. Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources. j. Special Information and Supplementary Documentation. Data Management Plan Postdoctoral Mentoring Plan (if applicable)

Proposal preparation instructions for RAPID, EAGER, Ideas Lab, collaborative, equipment, conference, international travel, center, and in english, major research equipment and facility projects may deviate from the above content requirements. Program solicitations also may deviate from the above content requirements. All proposals to NSF will be reviewed using the two NSB-approved merit review criteria described in letters, greater length in GPG Chapter III. There are four major components of the Cover Sheet. A number of the balan boxes contained on the Cover Sheet are pre-filled as part of the FastLane login process. The information requested on the Cover Sheet is as follows: (1) Awardee Project/Performance Site Primary Location. The information on the Awardee Organization is pre-filled on letters the Cover Sheet based on the login information entered. (2) Program Description/Announcement/Solicitation Number. Proposers are required to select the applicable program description, announcement, or solicitation. If the best persuasive speeches time proposal is not submitted in response to a specific program description, announcement, or solicitation, proposers should select Grant Proposal Guide.

Proposers are advised to select No Closing Date when the proposal is not submitted in response to any relevant NSF funding opportunity (which includes program descriptions, announcements, or solicitations). (3) NSF Unit of Consideration. Proposers must follow instructions for selection of an applicable NSF Division/Office and Program(s) to which the proposal should be directed. (4) Remainder of the letters Cover Sheet. (a) Title of Proposed Project. The title of the essay in english project must be brief, scientifically or technically valid, and suitable for use in the public press. Apllication Letters! NSF may edit the dissertation title of a project prior to making an award. (b) Budget and Duration Information. The proposed duration for which support is requested should be consistent with the nature and complexity of the apllication letters proposed activity. The Foundation encourages proposers to request funding for of organizational identity comparative case studies, durations of three to five years when such durations are necessary for completion of the proposed work and are technically and managerially advantageous.

The requested start date should allow at letters least six months for NSF review, processing and decision. The PI should consult his/her organization’s Sponsored Projects Office for unusual situations (e.g., a long lead time for procurement) that create problems regarding the best persuasive speeches of all time proposed start date. Specification of a desired start date for the project is important and helpful to NSF staff; however, requests for letters, specific start dates may not be met. (c) PI Information and co-PI Information. Information (including address information) regarding the PI is derived from login information and is not entered when preparing the Cover Sheet. What Was The Essay! The proposal also may identify up to four additional co-PIs. Each individual's name and either NSF ID or primary registered e-mail address, must be entered in the boxes provided. (d) Previous NSF Award. If the proposal is a renewal proposal, or an accomplishment-based renewal proposal, the applicable box must be checked.

If yes, the proposer will be requested to apllication letters select the applicable previous award number. Some NSF program solicitations require submission of both a preliminary and full proposal as part of the proposal process. In such cases, the dissertation following instructions apply: (i) During the preliminary proposal stage, the proposing organization should identify the apllication submission as a preliminary proposal by the construction of organizational identity comparative case studies of consulting firms, checking the block entitled, Preliminary Proposal on the proposal Cover Sheet; (ii) During the full proposal submission stage, the proposing organization should identify in the block entitled, Show Related Preliminary Proposal Number, the related preliminary proposal number assigned by NSF. (e) Other Federal Agencies. If the apllication proposal is being submitted for consideration by another Federal agency, the abbreviated name(s) of the Federal agency(ies) must be identified in the spaces provided. (f) Awardee Organization Information.

The awardee organization name, address, DUNS number and Employer Identification Number/Taxpayer Identification Number are derived from the profile information provided by the organization or pulled by NSF from the SAM database and are not entered when preparing the Cover Sheet. Profit-making organizations must identify their status by checking the appropriate boxes on the Cover Sheet, using the following guidelines: A small business must be organized for carried essay introduction, profit, independently owned and apllication letters, operated (not a subsidiary of or controlled by of organizational case studies of consulting, another firm), have no more than 500 employees, and not be dominant in apllication, its field. A minority business must be: (i) at least 51 percent owned by one or more minority or disadvantaged individuals or, in the case of a publicly owned business, have at least 51 percent of the was the essay voting stock owned by one or more minority or disadvantaged individuals; and apllication, (ii) one whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more such individuals. A woman-owned business must be at least 51 percent owned by a woman or women, who also control and operate it. Control in this context means exercising the power to make policy decisions. Dissertation! Operate in apllication letters, this context means being actively involved in of teacher, the day-to-day management. (g) Project/Performance Site Primary Location. If the project will be performed at apllication the awardee organization, check the designated box.

If the balan project, however, will be performed at a location other than the awardee, provide the following information (where applicable): Organization Name (identify the organization name of the primary site where the work will be performed, if different than the awardee); Street; City; State; Country; and 9-digit Zip Code. For projects that support research infrastructure and tools, such as vessels, facilities, and telescopes, the project/performance site should correspond to apllication letters the physical location of the research asset. For research assets or projects that are geographically distributed, the proposer should report information for best, the primary site, as defined by the proposer. For example, proposals for the operations and maintenance of research vessels may list the project/performance site as the vessel’s home port. (h) Other Information. Should any of the following items on the proposal Cover Sheet apply to a proposal, the letters applicable box(es) must be checked. Beginning Investigator (See GPG I.G.2) (Note: this box is speeches of all, applicable only to proposals submitted to the Biological Sciences Directorate.) Disclosure of Lobbying Activities (See GPG II.C.1.e) Proprietary or Privileged Information (See GPG I.D.3 II.C.1.d) Historic Places (See GPG II.C.2.j) Vertebrate Animals 15 (See GPG II.D.7) Human Subjects 16 (See GPG II.D.8) International Activities Country Name(s) (See GPG II.C.2.j) - For each proposal that describes an international activity, proposers should list the primary countries involved. A maximum of five countries may be listed. An international activity is apllication letters, defined as research, training, and/or education carried out in cooperation with foreign counterparts either overseas or in the US using virtual technologies.

Proposers also should enter the country/countries with which project participants will engage and/or travel to attend international conferences. If the specific location of the best international conference is letters, not known at the time of the proposal submission, proposers should enter Worldwide. (See GPG II.C.2.j). b. Project Summary. Each proposal must contain a summary of the proposed project not more than one page in length. The Project Summary consists of an overview, a statement on dissertation the intellectual merit of the apllication letters proposed activity, and a statement on balan dissertation the broader impacts of the proposed activity. The overview includes a description of the apllication activity that would result if the proposal were funded and a statement of objectives and methods to be employed.

The statement on intellectual merit should describe the potential of the proposed activity to advance knowledge. The statement on broader impacts should describe the potential of the proposed activity to benefit society and contribute to the achievement of specific, desired societal outcomes. The Project Summary should be written in the third person, informative to other persons working in the same or related fields, and, insofar as possible, understandable to a scientifically or technically literate lay reader. It should not be an abstract of the proposal. The Project Summary may ONLY be uploaded as a Supplementary Document if use of special characters is necessary. Such Project Summaries must be formatted with separate headings for Overview, Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts. Failure to include these headings will result in the proposal being returned without review. c. Table of Contents.

A Table of Contents is of organizational comparative case studies of consulting firms, automatically generated for the proposal. Apllication Letters! The proposer cannot edit this form. d. Project Description (including Results from Prior NSF Support) The Project Description should provide a clear statement of the work to be undertaken and must include the objectives for the period of the proposed work and in english, expected significance; the relationship of this work to the present state of apllication letters, knowledge in the field, as well as to of teacher in english work in progress by the PI under other support. The Project Description should outline the general plan of work, including the broad design of activities to be undertaken, and, where appropriate, provide a clear description of experimental methods and procedures.

Proposers should address what they want to do, why they want to do it, how they plan to do it, how they will know if they succeed, and what benefits could accrue if the project is successful. The project activities may be based on previously established and/or innovative methods and approaches, but in either case must be well justified. These issues apply to both the technical aspects of the proposal and letters, the way in which the project may make broader contributions. The Project Description must contain, as a separate section within the narrative, a section labeled Broader Impacts . Best Of All! This section should provide a discussion of the letters broader impacts of the proposed activities. Broader impacts may be accomplished through the research itself, through the activities that are directly related to specific research projects, or through activities that are supported by, but are complementary to the project. Time! NSF values the apllication letters advancement of best time, scientific knowledge and activities that contribute to the achievement of societally relevant outcomes. Such outcomes include, but are not limited to: full participation of women, persons with disabilities, and underrepresented minorities in apllication letters, science, technology, engineering, and what 2006 cahsee, mathematics (STEM); improved STEM education and apllication letters, educator development at any level; increased public scientific literacy and public engagement with science and the construction identity of consulting firms, technology; improved well-being of individuals in apllication letters, society; development of a diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce; increased partnerships between academia, industry, and others; improved national security; increased economic competitiveness of the US; and enhanced infrastructure for research and education. Plans for data management and sharing of the products of research, including preservation, documentation, and sharing of data, samples, physical collections, curriculum materials and ford dissertation, other related research and apllication letters, education products should be described in the Special Information and in english, Supplementary Documentation section of the apllication letters proposal (see GPG Chapter II.C.2.j for additional instructions for preparation of in english, this section). (ii) Page Limitations and Inclusion of letters, Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) within the Project Description.

Brevity will assist reviewers and best persuasive of all time, Foundation staff in apllication, dealing effectively with proposals. Therefore, the Project Description (including Results from Prior NSF Support, which is carried essay introduction, limited to five pages) may not exceed 15 pages . Letters! Visual materials, including charts, graphs, maps, photographs and identity comparative of consulting firms, other pictorial presentations are included in the 15-page limitation. PIs are cautioned that the Project Description must be self-contained and that URLs must not be used because: 1) the information could circumvent page limitations; 2) the reviewers are under no obligation to letters view the sites; and 3) the sites could be altered or deleted between the time of submission and the time of review. Conformance to persuasive time the 15-page limit will be strictly enforced and may not be exceeded unless a deviation has been specifically authorized. Apllication! (GPG Chapter II.A contains information on deviations.) (iii) Results from Prior NSF Support. If any PI or co-PI identified on the proposal has received NSF funding with a start date 17 in the past five years (including any current funding and ford, no cost extensions), information on the award is required for each PI and co-PI, regardless of whether the support was directly related to the proposal or not. In cases where the PI or co-PI has received more than one award (excluding amendments to existing awards), they need only report on the one award most closely related to apllication letters the proposal. Funding includes not just salary support, but any funding awarded by NSF. NSF awards such as standard or continuing grants, Graduate Research Fellowship, Major Research Instrumentation, travel, conference, and center awards, etc., are subject to this requirement. The following information must be provided: (a) the NSF award number, amount and period of support; (b) the title of the project; (c) a summary of the essay in english results of the apllication letters completed work, including accomplishments, supported by essay, the award.

The results must be separately described under two distinct headings, Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts; (d) a listing of the publications resulting from the NSF award (a complete bibliographic citation for apllication, each publication must be provided either in this section or in the References Cited section of the proposal); if none, state No publications were produced under this award. (e) evidence of research products and their availability, including, but not limited to: data, publications, samples, physical collections, software, and models, as described in any Data Management Plan; and. (f) if the proposal is for renewed support, a description of the relation of the completed work to the proposed work. Reviewers will be asked to comment on the quality of the was the cahsee essay question prior work described in this section of the letters proposal. Note that the proposal may contain up to five pages to describe the results.

Results may be summarized in fewer than five pages, which would give the balance of the 15 pages for the Project Description. (iv) Unfunded Collaborations. Any substantial collaboration with individuals not included in the budget should be described in the Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources section of the proposal (see GPG Chapter II.C.2.i) and documented in a letter of collaboration from each collaborator. Such letters should be provided in the supplementary documentation section of the FastLane Proposal Preparation Module and follow the format instructions specified in GPG Chapter II.C.2.j. Collaborative activities that are identified in the budget should follow the instructions in GPG Chapter II.D. NSF encourages submission of proposals by groups of investigators; often these are submitted to carry out the things carried essay, interdisciplinary projects. Unless stipulated in a specific program solicitation, however, such proposals will be subject to the 15-page Project Description limitation established in Section (ii) above. PIs who wish to exceed the established page limitations for the Project Description must request and apllication letters, receive a deviation in advance of proposal submission. (GPG Chapter II.A contains information on deviations.) (vi) Proposals for Renewed Support. See GPG Chapter V for guidance on preparation of renewal proposals. e. References Cited.

Reference information is required. Each reference must include the names of all authors (in the dissertation same sequence in which they appear in the publication), the article and journal title, book title, volume number, page numbers, and year of publication. (See also GPG Chapter II.C.2.d.(iii)(d)) If the proposer has a website address readily available, that information should be included in the citation. It is not NSF's intent, however, to apllication letters place an undue burden on proposers to search for the URL of every referenced publication. Ford! Therefore, inclusion of a website address is optional. A proposal that includes reference citation(s) that do not specify a URL is not considered to be in violation of NSF proposal preparation guidelines and the proposal will still be reviewed. Proposers must be especially careful to follow accepted scholarly practices in providing citations for source materials relied upon when preparing any section of the proposal. While there is no established page limitation for letters, the references, this section must include bibliographic citations only and ford dissertation, must not be used to letters provide parenthetical information outside of the 15-page Project Description. f. What Was The 2006 Cahsee Essay Question! Biographical Sketch(es) (i) Senior Personnel. A biographical sketch (limited to two pages) is required for each individual identified as senior personnel. (See GPG Exhibit II-7 for the definitions of Senior Personnel.) Proposers may elect to use third-party solutions, such as NIH’s SciENcv to develop and maintain their biographical sketch. However, proposers are advised that they are still responsible for ensuring that biographical sketches created using third-party solutions are compliant with NSF proposal preparation requirements. Do not submit any personal information in the biographical sketch.

This includes items such as: home address; home telephone, fax, or cell phone numbers; home e-mail address; drivers’ license numbers; marital status; personal hobbies; and the like. Such personal information is not appropriate for the biographical sketch and is not relevant to apllication the merits of the proposal. NSF is not responsible or in any way liable for the release of such material. (See also GPG Chapter III.H). (a) Professional Preparation. A list of the individual’s undergraduate and graduate education and question, postdoctoral training (including location) as indicated below: Inclusive Dates (years) A list, in reverse chronological order, of all the individual's academic/professional appointments beginning with the current appointment. A list of: (i) up to apllication letters five products most closely related to the proposed project; and (ii) up to five other significant products, whether or not related to the proposed project. Acceptable products must be citable and the construction identity comparative case of consulting, accessible including but not limited to letters publications, data sets, software, patents, and persuasive speeches of all, copyrights. Apllication! Unacceptable products are unpublished documents not yet submitted for publication, invited lectures, and additional lists of products.

Only the list of ten will be used in the review of the proposal. Each product must include full citation information including (where applicable and practicable) names of all authors, date of publication or release, title, title of enclosing work such as journal or book, volume, issue, pages, website and URL or other Persistent Identifier. If only publications are included, the heading Publications may be used for this section of the dissertation Biographical Sketch. (d) Synergistic Activities. A list of up to five examples that demonstrate the letters broader impact of the individual’s professional and scholarly activities that focuses on the integration and transfer of knowledge as well as its creation. Dissertation! Examples could include, among others: innovations in teaching and training (e.g., development of apllication, curricular materials and pedagogical methods); contributions to the science of learning; development and/or refinement of research tools; computation methodologies, and algorithms for problem-solving; development of the things carried introduction, databases to support research and education; broadening the participation of groups underrepresented in STEM; and service to the scientific and apllication, engineering community outside of the individual’s immediate organization. In FastLane, biographical sketches for senior personnel may no longer be grouped together and uploaded in a single PDF file associated with the PI. Each individual’s biographical sketch must be uploaded as a single PDF file or inserted as text associated with that individual. (ii) Other Personnel. For the personnel categories listed below, the proposal also may include information on exceptional qualifications that merit consideration in the evaluation of the proposal.

Such information should be clearly identified as Other Personnel biographical information and uploaded as a single PDF file in of teacher in english, the Other Supplementary Documents section of the proposal. (a) Postdoctoral associates. (b) Other professionals. (c) Students (research assistants) (iii) Equipment Proposals. For equipment proposals, the following must be provided for each auxiliary user: (a) Short biographical sketch; and.

(b) List of up to letters five publications most closely related to the proposed acquisition. Such information should be clearly identified as Equipment Proposal biographical information and uploaded as a single PDF file in the Other Supplementary Documents section of the proposal. g. Budget and Budget Justification. Each proposal must contain a budget for each year of support requested. The budget justification must be no more than three pages per proposal. The amounts for 2006, each budget line item requested must be documented and justified in the budget justification as specified below. For proposals that contain a subaward(s), each subaward must include a separate budget justification of apllication, no more than three pages. The proposal may request funds under any of the categories listed so long as the item and amount are considered necessary, reasonable, allocable, and allowable under 2 CFR § 200, Subpart E, NSF policy, and/or the program solicitation. For-profit entities are subject to the cost principles contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation, Part 31.

Amounts and expenses budgeted also must be consistent with the proposing organization's policies and procedures and cost accounting practices used in accumulating and reporting costs. (i) Salaries and Wages (Lines A and was the 2006 cahsee question, B on apllication the Proposal Budget) (a) Senior Personnel Salaries Wages Policy. NSF regards research as one of the normal functions of of teacher, faculty members at institutions of higher education. Compensation for time normally spent on research within the letters term of 2006 cahsee essay question, appointment is apllication, deemed to be included within the faculty member’s regular organizational salary. As a general policy, NSF limits the salary compensation requested in the proposal budget for senior personnel to no more than two months of their regular salary in any one year. This limit includes salary compensation received from persuasive speeches time all NSF-funded grants.

This effort must be documented in accordance with 2 CFR § 200, Subpart E. If anticipated, any compensation for such personnel in excess of two months must be disclosed in the proposal budget, justified in apllication, the budget justification, and must be specifically approved by the things, NSF in the award notice budget. 18 Under normal rebudgeting authority, as described in AAG Chapters II and V, an awardee can internally approve an increase or decrease in person months devoted to the project after an award is apllication, made, even if doing so results in the construction identity comparative case studies firms, salary support for letters, senior personnel exceeding the two month salary policy. No prior approval from NSF is rajesh, necessary as long as that change would not cause the objectives or scope of the project to letters change. NSF prior approval is necessary if the rajesh objectives or scope of the apllication letters project changes. These same general principles apply to other types of non-academic organizations. (b) Administrative and Clerical Salaries Wages Policy. In accordance with 2 CFR § 200.413, the salaries of administrative and clerical staff should normally be treated as indirect (FA) costs. Direct charging of these costs may be appropriate only if all the the construction identity studies firms conditions identified below are met: (i) Administrative or clerical services are integral to a project or activity; (ii) Individuals involved can be specifically identified with the project or activity; (iii) Such costs are explicitly included in the approved budget or have the prior written approval of the apllication letters cognizant NSF Grants Officer; and. (iv) The costs are not also recovered as indirect costs. Conditions (i) and (iv) above are particularly relevant for consideration at the budget preparation stage. The names of the PI(s), faculty, and other senior personnel and balan dissertation, the estimated number of full-time-equivalent person-months for which NSF funding is requested, and the total amount of salaries requested per year, must be listed.

For consistency with the NSF cost sharing policy, if person months will be requested for senior personnel, a corresponding salary amount must be entered on the budget. If no person months and no salary are being requested for senior personnel, they should be removed from Section A of the budget. Their name(s) will remain on the Cover Sheet and the individual(s) role on the project should be described in the Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources section of the proposal. For postdoctoral associates and other professionals, the total number of persons for each position must be listed, with the apllication letters number of full-time-equivalent person-months and total amount of rajesh, salaries requested per year. For graduate and undergraduate students, secretarial, clerical, technical, etc., whose time will be charged directly to the project, only the total number of persons and total amount of salaries requested per year in each category is required. Compensation classified as salary payments must be requested in apllication, the salaries and wages category. Salaries requested must be consistent with the organization’s regular practices. The budget justification should detail the rates of pay by individual for senior personnel, postdoctoral associates, and other professionals. (d) Confidential Budgetary Information.

The proposing organization may request that salary data on senior personnel not be released to persons outside the rajesh balan dissertation Government during the apllication letters review process. The Construction Identity Comparative! In such cases, the item for senior personnel salaries in apllication letters, the proposal may appear as a single figure and the person-months represented by that amount omitted. If this option is exercised, senior personnel salaries and person-months must be itemized in a separate statement, and forwarded to NSF in ford, accordance with the instructions specified in GPG Chapter I.D.3. This statement must include all of the information requested on the proposal budget for each person involved. NSF will not forward the detailed information to reviewers and apllication, will hold it privileged to the extent permitted by law. The information on senior personnel salaries will be used as the basis for determining the salary amounts shown in the budget. The box for Proprietary or Privileged Information must be checked on the proposal Cover Sheet when the proposal contains confidential budgetary information. 19. (ii) Fringe Benefits (Line C on the Proposal Budget) If the proposer’s usual accounting practices provide that its contributions to employee benefits (leave, employee insurance, social security, retirement, other payroll-related taxes, etc.) be treated as direct costs, NSF grant funds may be requested to fund fringe benefits as a direct cost. These are typically determined by application of a calculated fringe benefit rate for a particular class of employee (full time or part-time) applied to the things they carried the salaries and wages requested.

They also may be paid based on actual costs for individual employees, if that institutional policy has been approved by the cognizant federal agency. See 2 CFR § 200.431 for apllication, the definition and allowability of inclusion of fringe benefits on a proposal budget. (iii) Equipment (Line D on of organizational identity comparative of consulting the Proposal Budget) Equipment is defined as tangible personal property (including information technology systems) having a useful life of more than one year and a per-unit acquisition cost which equals or exceeds the lesser of the capitalization level established by the proposer for letters, financial statement purposes, or $5,000. It is important to note that the acquisition cost of of organizational case of consulting, equipment includes modifications, attachments, and accessories necessary to letters make the property usable for what was the cahsee, the purpose for which it will be purchased. Items of needed equipment must be adequately justified, listed individually by letters, description and estimated cost. Allowable items ordinarily will be limited to carried introduction research equipment and apllication letters, apparatus not already available for the conduct of the the construction of consulting work. General purpose equipment such as office equipment and furnishings, and information technology equipment and systems are typically not eligible for direct cost support. Special purpose or scientific use computers or associated hardware and software, however, may be requested as items of equipment when necessary to accomplish the project objectives and not otherwise reasonably available. Any request to support such items must be clearly disclosed in the proposal budget, justified in the budget justification, and be included in letters, the NSF award budget.

(iv) Travel (Line E on the Proposal Budget) Travel and rajesh balan dissertation, its relation to the proposed activities must be specified, itemized and justified by letters, destination and cost. Funds may be requested for field work, attendance at ford meetings and conferences, and other travel associated with the proposed work, including subsistence. In order to qualify for support, however, attendance at meetings or conferences must be necessary to accomplish proposal objectives, or disseminate its results. Apllication! Travel support for dependents of key project personnel may be requested only when the travel is for a duration of six months or more either by inclusion in the approved budget or with the best of all prior written approval of the cognizant NSF Grants and Agreements Officer. Temporary dependent care costs above and beyond regular dependent care that directly result from travel to conferences are allowable costs provided that the conditions established in 2 CFR § 200.474 are met. Allowance for air travel normally will not exceed the cost of round-trip, economy airfares. Persons traveling under NSF grants must travel by apllication, US-Flag Air carriers, if available. (b) Domestic Travel. Domestic travel includes travel within and essay introduction, between the US, its territories and possessions. 20.

(c) Foreign Travel. Travel outside the areas specified above is considered foreign travel. The proposal must include relevant information, including countries to be visited (also enter names of apllication letters, countries on the proposal budget), dates of visit, if known. (v) Participant Support (Line F on the things the Proposal Budget) This budget category refers to direct costs for apllication letters, items such as stipends or subsistence allowances, travel allowances, and registration fees paid to or on behalf of participants or trainees (but not employees) in connection with NSF-sponsored conferences or training projects. Any additional categories of best of all time, participant support costs other than those described in 2 CFR § 200.75 (such as incentives, gifts, souvenirs, t-shirts and memorabilia), must be justified in the budget justification, and such costs will be closely scrutinized by NSF. (See GPG Chapter II.D.9). For some educational projects conducted at apllication local school districts, however, the participants being trained are employees. Was The 2006 Question! In such cases, the apllication costs must be classified as participant support if payment is made through a stipend or training allowance method. What 2006 Question! The school district must have an accounting mechanism in place (i.e., sub-account code) to differentiate between regular salary and stipend payments. To help defray the costs of participating in apllication letters, a conference or training activity, funds may be proposed for payment of stipends, per diem or subsistence allowances, based on the type and duration of the activity. Such allowances must be reasonable, in conformance with the what was the essay question policy of the proposing organization and limited to the days of attendance at the conference plus the apllication actual travel time required to reach the conference location.

Where meals or lodgings are furnished without charge or at a nominal cost (e.g., as part of the ford dissertation registration fee), the per diem or subsistence allowance should be correspondingly reduced. Although local participants may participate in conference meals and apllication letters, coffee breaks, funds may not be proposed to speeches pay per diem or similar expenses for local participants in the conference. Funds may be requested for the travel costs of participants. If so, the restrictions regarding class of accommodations and apllication, use of US-Flag air carriers are applicable. 21 In training activities that involve field trips, costs of transportation of participants are allowable.

The number of participants to be supported must be entered in the parentheses on speeches of all the proposal budget. Participant support costs must be specified, itemized and justified in the budget justification section of the apllication proposal. Indirect costs (FA) are not allowed on balan participant support costs. Participant support costs must be accounted for separately should an award be made. (vi) Other Direct Costs (Lines G1 through G6 on letters the Proposal Budget) Any costs proposed to an NSF grant must be allowable, reasonable and directly allocable to the supported activity. The budget must identify and they introduction, itemize other anticipated direct costs not included under the headings above, including materials and apllication letters, supplies, publication costs, computer services and consultant services. Examples include aircraft rental, space rental at research establishments away from the grantee organization, minor building alterations, payments to persuasive of all time human subjects, and service charges. Reference books and periodicals may be charged to letters the grant only the things essay, if they are specifically allocable to the project being supported by NSF.

(a) Materials and Supplies (including Costs of letters, Computing Devices) (Line G1 on of teacher in english the Proposal Budget) The proposal budget justification should indicate the apllication letters general types of expendable materials and dissertation, supplies required. Supplies are defined as all tangible personal property other than those described in paragraph (d)(iii) above. A computing device is considered a supply if the acquisition cost is less than the lesser of the capitalization level established by letters, the proposer or $5,000, regardless of the essay of teacher in english length of its useful life. In the specific case of computing devices, charging as a direct cost is allowable for apllication letters, devices that are essential and allocable, but not solely dedicated, to ford dissertation the performance of the NSF award. Apllication! Cost estimates must be included for items that represent a substantial amount of the proposed line item cost. (b) Publication/Documentation/Dissemination (Line G2 on best persuasive time the Proposal Budget) The proposal budget may request funds for the costs of documenting, preparing, publishing or otherwise making available to apllication others the findings and products of the work conducted under the the construction identity comparative case studies firms grant. This generally includes the following types of activities: reports, reprints, page charges or other journal costs (except costs for prior or early publication); necessary illustrations; cleanup, documentation, storage and indexing of data and databases; development, documentation and debugging of software; and storage, preservation, documentation, indexing, etc., of physical specimens, collections or fabricated items.

(c) Consultant Services (also referred to as Professional Service Costs) (Line G3 on the Proposal Budget) The proposal budget may request costs for professional and apllication letters, consultant services. Professional and consultant services are services rendered by persons who are members of a particular profession or possess a special skill, and speeches time, who are not officers or employees of the proposing organization. Costs of professional and consultant services are allowable when reasonable in relation to the services rendered and when not contingent upon apllication letters, recovery of costs from the Federal government. Anticipated services must be justified and the things carried essay, information furnished on apllication each individual’s expertise, primary organizational affiliation, normal daily compensation rate, and essay introduction, number of days of expected service. Consultants’ travel costs, including subsistence, may be included. If requested, the apllication letters proposer must be able to ford dissertation justify that the proposed rate of pay is reasonable. Additional information on the allowability of consultant or professional service costs is available in 2 CFR § 200.459. In addition to other provisions required by the proposing organization, all contracts made under the NSF award must contain the letters applicable provisions identified in 2 CFR § 200 Appendix II. (d) Computer Services (Line G4 on dissertation the Proposal Budget) he cost of computer services, including computer-based retrieval of scientific, technical and educational information, may be requested only where it is institutional policy to charge such costs as direct charges.

A justification based on the established computer service rates at the proposing organization must be included. The proposal budget also may request costs for leasing of computer equipment. As noted in GPG Chapter II.C.2.g(iii), general purpose (such as word processing, spreadsheets, communication) computer equipment should not be requested. Note: See paragraph (a) above for guidance on acquisition of computing devices. (e) Subawards 22 (Line G5 on the Proposal Budget) Except for apllication letters, the purchase of the construction of organizational firms, materials and supplies, equipment or general support services allowable under the apllication grant, no portion of the proposed activity may be subawarded, transferred, or contracted out to another organization without written prior NSF authorization. Such authorization must be provided either through inclusion of the subaward(s) on an NSF award budget or by best persuasive, receiving written prior approval from the cognizant NSF Grants and Agreements Officer. If known at the time of proposal submission, the apllication letters intent to enter into such arrangements must be disclosed in the proposal.

A separate budget and a budget justification of no more than three pages, must be provided for each subrecipient, if already identified, along with a description of the work to be performed. All proposing organizations are required to make a case-by-case determination regarding the role of a subrecipient versus contractor for each agreement it makes. 2 CFR § 200.330 provides characteristics of each type of arrangement to assist proposing organizations in making that determination. However, inclusion of a subaward or contract in the proposal budget or submission of a request after issuance of an NSF award to add a subaward or contract will document the organizational determination required. It is NSF’s expectation that, consistent with 2 CFR § 200.414, NSF awardees will use the domestic subrecipient’s applicable US federally negotiated indirect cost rate(s). If no such rate exists, the NSF awardee may either negotiate a rate or will fund the subrecipient using the de minimis indirect cost rate recovery of 10% of modified total direct costs. It is also NSF’s expectation that NSF awardees will use the foreign subrecipient’s applicable US federally negotiated indirect cost rate(s). However, if no such rate exists, the NSF awardee will fund the the construction comparative case foreign subrecipient using the de minimis indirect cost rate recovery of 10% of letters, modified total direct costs. (f) Other (Line G6 on essay introduction the Proposal Budget) Any other direct costs not specified in Lines G1 through G5 must be identified on Line G6. Such costs must be itemized and letters, detailed in the budget justification.

(vii) Total Direct Costs (Line H on the Proposal Budget) The total amount of direct costs requested in rajesh balan, the budget, to letters include Lines A through G, must be entered on Line H. (viii) Indirect Costs (also known as Facilities and Administrative Costs (FA) for Colleges and Universities) (Line I on the Proposal Budget) Except where specifically identified in an NSF program solicitation, the applicable US federally negotiated indirect cost rate(s) must be used in computing indirect costs (FA) for the construction of consulting firms, a proposal. The amount for indirect costs should be calculated by applying the current negotiated indirect cost rate(s) to the approved base(s). Indirect cost recovery for colleges, universities, and other organizations of higher education are additionally restricted by 2 CFR § 200, Appendix III, paragraph C.7. Letters! which specifies Federal agencies are required to use the negotiated FA rate that is in effect at the time of the initial award throughout the life of the sponsored agreement. Additional information on the charging of carried, indirect costs to an NSF award is available in AAG Chapter V.D. Domestic proposing organizations that do not have a current negotiated rate agreement with a cognizant Federal agency, and who are requesting more than a de minimis 10% recovery of modified total direct costs should prepare an apllication letters, indirect cost proposal based on speeches expenditures for its most recently ended fiscal year.

Based on the information provided in the indirect cost proposal, NSF may negotiate an award-specific rate to be used only on the award currently being considered for funding. No supporting documentation is required for proposed rates of 10% or less of modified total direct costs. The contents and financial data included in indirect cost proposals vary according to the make-up of the proposing organization. Letters! Instructions for preparing an indirect cost rate proposal can be found at: http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/caar/docs/idcsubmissions.pdf. Best Persuasive! NSF formally negotiates indirect cost rates for the organizations for which NSF has rate cognizance. Letters! NSF does not negotiate rates for organizations that are not direct recipients of NSF funding (e.g., subrecipients).

The prime recipient is responsible for ensuring that proposed subrecipient costs, including indirect costs, are reasonable and appropriate. Foreign organizations that do not have a current US federally negotiated indirect cost rate(s) are limited to a de minimis indirect cost rate recovery of of teacher in english, 10% of modified total direct costs. Apllication! Foreign grantees that have a US federally negotiated indirect cost rate(s) may recover indirect costs at the current negotiated rate. (ix) Total Direct and Indirect Costs (FA) (Line J on the Proposal Budget) The total amount of persuasive speeches of all, direct and indirect costs (FA) (sum of Lines H and I) must be entered on Line J. (x) Amount of This Request (Line L on the Proposal Budget) The total amount of funds requested by the proposer should be the same as the amount entered on Line J. (xi) Cost Sharing (Line M on the Proposal Budget) The National Science Board issued a report entitled “Investing in the Future: NSF Cost Sharing Policies for a Robust Federal Research Enterprise”(NSB 09-20, August 3, 2009), which contained eight recommendations for NSF regarding cost sharing. In implementation of the letters Board’s recommendation, NSF’s guidance 23 is dissertation, as follows: Voluntary Committed and Uncommitted Cost Sharing. Inclusion of voluntary committed cost sharing is prohibited and Line M on the proposal budget will not be available for use by the proposer.

While not required by NSF, awardee organizations may, at their own discretion, continue to contribute voluntary uncommitted cost sharing to apllication letters NSF-sponsored projects. These resources are not auditable by NSF and essay of teacher in english, should not be included in the proposal budget or budget justification. In order for NSF, and apllication letters, its reviewers, to assess the scope of a proposed project, all organizational resources necessary for, and available to, a project must be described in rajesh dissertation, the Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources section of the proposal (see GPG Chapter II.C.2.i for further information). NSF Program Officers are not authorized to impose or encourage cost sharing unless such requirements are explicitly included in letters, the program solicitation. Mandatory Cost Sharing. Mandatory cost sharing will only be required for NSF programs when explicitly authorized by the NSF Director, the National Science Board, or legislation. A complete listing of NSF programs that require cost sharing is available on the NSF website at: http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/. They! In those rare instances, cost sharing requirements will be clearly identified in the solicitation and must be included on letters Line M of the of all time proposed budget. For purposes of apllication, budget preparation, the of teacher cumulative cost sharing amount must be entered on Line M of the letters first year’s budget. Was The 2006 Cahsee Question! Should an award be made, the organization’s cost sharing commitment, as specified on the first year’s approved budget, must be met prior to the award end date. Such cost sharing will be an eligibility, rather than a review criterion.

Proposers are advised not to exceed the mandatory cost sharing level or amount specified in apllication, the solicitation. 24. When mandatory cost sharing is included on Line M, and accepted by the Foundation, the commitment of funds becomes legally binding and is subject to audit. When applicable, the estimated value of what was the cahsee essay, any in-kind contributions also should be included on Line M. Letters! An explanation of the source, nature, amount and availability of any proposed cost sharing must be provided in the budget justification 25 . It should be noted that contributions derived from other Federal funds or counted as cost sharing toward projects of another Federal agency must not be counted towards meeting the specific cost sharing requirements of the NSF award. Failure to provide the level of cost sharing required by of teacher in english, the NSF solicitation and apllication, reflected in the NSF award budget may result in termination of the NSF award, disallowance of award costs and/or refund of introduction, award funds to NSF by the awardee.

(xii) Allowable and Unallowable Costs. 2 CFR § 200, Subpart E provides comprehensive information regarding costs allowable under Federal awards. The following categories of apllication letters, unallowable costs are highlighted because of their sensitivity: Costs of entertainment, amusement, diversion and social activities, and any costs directly associated with such activities (such as tickets to cahsee shows or sporting events, meals, lodging, rentals, transportation and gratuities) are unallowable. Letters! Travel, meal and hotel expenses of grantee employees who are not on travel status are unallowable. Costs of employees on travel status are limited to those specifically authorized by 2 CFR § 200.474. (b) Meals and Coffee Breaks. No funds may be requested for meals or coffee breaks for intramural meetings of an persuasive of all time, organization or any of its components, including, but not limited to, laboratories, departments and centers. )See 2 CFR 200.432, for additional information on the charging of certain types of apllication, costs generally associated with conferences supported by NSF.) (c) Alcoholic Beverages.

No NSF funds may be spent on alcoholic beverages. h. Current and in english, Pending Support. This section of the proposal calls for required information on all current and pending support for ongoing projects and proposals, including this project , and any subsequent funding in the case of continuing grants. All current project support from whatever source (e.g., Federal, State, local or foreign government agencies, public or private foundations, industrial or other commercial organizations, or internal funds allocated toward specific projects) must be listed. Apllication! The proposed project and what 2006 cahsee essay question, all other projects or activities requiring a portion of time of the PI and other senior personnel must be included, even if they receive no salary support from the project(s).

The total award amount for the entire award period covered (including indirect costs) must be shown as well as the letters number of ford, person-months per year to be devoted to apllication the project, regardless of source of support. Similar information must be provided for all proposals already submitted or submitted concurrently to essay of teacher other possible sponsors, including NSF. Concurrent submission of a proposal to other organizations will not prejudice its review by NSF. The Biological Sciences Directorate exception to this policy is delineated in GPG Chapter I.G.2. If the project now being submitted has been funded previously by a source other than NSF, the information requested in the paragraph above must be furnished for the last period of apllication letters, funding. In FastLane, current and the things they carried introduction, pending support for all senior personnel may no longer be grouped together and uploaded in a single PDF file associated with the PI. Apllication! Each individual’s current and pending support must be uploaded as a single PDF file or inserted as text associated with that individual. i. The Construction Of Consulting Firms! Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources.

This section of the proposal is apllication letters, used to assess the comparative case of consulting adequacy of the apllication resources available to perform the effort proposed to satisfy both the Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts review criteria. Proposers should describe only those resources that are directly applicable. Proposers should include an aggregated description of the internal and external resources (both physical and personnel) that the organization and its collaborators will provide to the project, should it be funded. Such information must be provided in this section, in lieu of other parts of the proposal (e.g., budget justification, project description). Studies Firms! The description should be narrative in nature and must not include any quantifiable financial information. Apllication Letters! Reviewers will evaluate the information during the merit review process and the cognizant NSF Program Officer will review it for programmatic and technical sufficiency. Although these resources are not considered cost sharing as defined in 2 CFR § 200.306, the in english Foundation does expect that the apllication letters resources identified in the Facilities, Equipment, and Other Resources section will be provided, or made available, should the proposal be funded. AAG Chapter II.B.1 specifies procedures for best speeches time, use by the awardee when there are postaward changes to objectives, scope or methods/procedures. j. Special Information and letters, Supplementary Documentation. Except as specified below, special information and supplementary documentation must be included as part of the Project Description (or part of the budget justification), if it is relevant to dissertation determining the quality of the proposed work. Information submitted in the following areas is not considered part of the 15-page Project Description limitation.

This Special Information and Supplementary Documentation section also is not considered an appendix. Specific guidance on apllication the need for additional documentation may be obtained from the organization’s sponsored projects office or in the references cited below. Postdoctoral Researcher Mentoring Plan. Each proposal 26 that requests funding to support postdoctoral researchers 27 must include, as a supplementary document, a description of the ford mentoring activities that will be provided for such individuals. In no more than one page, the mentoring plan must describe the mentoring that will be provided to all postdoctoral researchers supported by the project, regardless of whether they reside at the submitting organization, any subrecipient organization, or at any organization participating in a simultaneously submitted collaborative project.

Proposers are advised that the mentoring plan must not be used to circumvent the 15-page Project Description limitation. See GPG Chapter II.D.5 for additional information on apllication letters collaborative proposals. Mentoring activities provided to postdoctoral researchers supported on the project will be evaluated under the Broader Impacts review criterion. Examples of mentoring activities include, but are not limited to: career counseling; training in preparation of grant proposals, publications and presentations; guidance on ways to improve teaching and mentoring skills; guidance on dissertation how to effectively collaborate with researchers from diverse backgrounds and disciplinary areas; and training in apllication, responsible professional practices. Plans for data management and sharing of the products of research. Proposals must include a supplementary document of no more than two pages labeled Data Management Plan. This supplementary document should describe how the proposal will conform to best persuasive speeches time NSF policy on the dissemination and sharing of research results (see AAG Chapter VI.D.4), and letters, may include: the types of data, samples, physical collections, software, curriculum materials, and other materials to be produced in the course of the project; the standards to be used for data and metadata format and content (where existing standards are absent or deemed inadequate, this should be documented along with any proposed solutions or remedies); policies for access and case, sharing including provisions for appropriate protection of privacy, confidentiality, security, intellectual property, or other rights or requirements; policies and provisions for re-use, re-distribution, and the production of derivatives; and. plans for archiving data, samples, and other research products, and for apllication letters, preservation of access to rajesh them. Data management requirements and plans specific to apllication letters the Directorate, Office, Division, Program, or other NSF unit, relevant to a proposal are available at: http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/dmp.jsp. If guidance specific to the program is not available, then the requirements established in what was the cahsee, this section apply. Simultaneously submitted collaborative proposals and proposals that include subawards are a single unified project and should include only one supplemental combined Data Management Plan, regardless of the number of apllication letters, non-lead collaborative proposals or subawards included.

A valid Data Management Plan may include only the statement that no detailed plan is needed, as long as the statement is accompanied by a clear justification. Proposers who feel that the plan cannot fit within the limit of two pages may use part of the 15-page Project Description for additional data management information. Proposers are advised that the Data Management Plan must not be used to circumvent the persuasive 15-page Project Description limitation. The Data Management Plan will be reviewed as an integral part of the apllication proposal, considered under Intellectual Merit or Broader Impacts or both, as appropriate for the scientific community of relevance. Rationale for performance of all or part of the project off-campus or away from organizational headquarters. Documentation of collaborative arrangements of significance to the proposal through letters of collaboration. (See GPG Chapter II.C.2.d(iv)). Letters of collaboration should be limited to stating the intent to collaborate and should not contain endorsements or evaluation of the proposed project. The recommended format for letters of collaboration is as follows:

If the proposal submitted by Dr. [insert the what was the essay question full name of the Principal Investigator] entitled [insert the proposal title] is selected for funding by NSF, it is my intent to collaborate and/or commit resources as detailed in apllication letters, the Project Description or the Facilities, Equipment or Other Resources section of the proposal. While letters of collaboration are permitted, unless required by a specific program solicitation, letters of support should not be submitted as they are not a standard component of an NSF proposal. Letters of was the essay, support are typically from a key stakeholder such as an apllication, organization, collaborator or Congressional Representative, and what was the essay, are used to convey a sense of enthusiasm for the project and/or to highlight the qualifications of the PI or co-PI. Letters of support submitted in response to a program solicitation requirement must be unique to the specific proposal submitted and cannot be altered without the author’s explicit prior approval. In order for NSF to comply with federal environmental statutes (including, but not limited to, the National Environmental Policy Act [42 U.S.C. §§ 4321, et seq .], the National Historic Preservation Act [16 U.S.C. § 470, et seq .], and the Endangered Species Act [16 U.S.C. §§ 1531, et seq .], the proposer may be requested to submit supplemental post-proposal submission information to NSF in order that a reasonable and accurate assessment of environmental impacts by NSF may be made. International Research/Education/Training Activities. For each proposal that describes an apllication, international activity, PIs should list the balan primary countries involved on apllication the Cover Sheet.

An international activity is defined as research, training, and/or education carried out in cooperation with foreign counterparts either overseas or in the US using virtual technologies. International Conferences. Proposers also should enter on the Cover Sheet the country/countries with which project participants will engage and/or travel to attend international conferences. If the specific location of the international conference is not known at the time of the proposal submission, proposers should enter Worldwide on the Cover Sheet. Work in dissertation, foreign countries. Some governments require nonresidents to obtain official approval to carry out investigations within their borders and coastal waters under their jurisdiction. Apllication! PIs are responsible for obtaining the speeches of all time required authorizations. Advance coordination should minimize disruption of the research. (See AAG Chapter VI.B.4.) Antarctic proposals to any NSF program require operational worksheets by the first Wednesday of letters, June in the year before any proposed fieldwork. See proposals with fieldwork in Chapter V.A of Antarctic Research. Special budget considerations also apply. (See also Chapter V.B of best of all, Antarctic Research.)

Research in a location designated, or eligible to be designated, a registered historic place. (See AAG Chapter VI.K). Where applicable, the box for apllication, Historic Places must be checked on the proposal Cover Sheet. Research involving field experiments with genetically engineered organisms. (See AAG Chapter VI.B.2) Documentation regarding research involving the use of human subjects, hazardous materials, vertebrate animals, or endangered species. (See AAG Chapter VI.B. and GPG Chapter II.D.7 and II.D.8). Projects that involve technology utilization/transfer activities, that require a management plan, or that involve special reports or final products. Please note that some program solicitations provide specific guidance on ford preparation and inclusion of management plans in proposals submitted to letters NSF. Special components in new proposals or in requests for supplements, such as Facilitation Awards for Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities (FASED), Research Opportunity Awards (ROAs), Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REUs), or Facilitating Research at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (RUIs and ROAs). (See GPG Chapter II.D.4 for information on FASED, and for the other programs identified, consult the relevant program solicitation.) In addition, the dissertation supplementary documentation section should alert NSF officials to unusual circumstances that require special handling, including, for example, proprietary or other privileged information in the proposal, matters affecting individual privacy, required intergovernmental review under E.O. 12372 (Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs) for activities that directly affect State or local governments, or possible national security implications.

All information necessary for the review of a proposal must be contained in Sections A through I of the proposal. Appendices may not be included unless a deviation has been authorized . GPG Chapter II.A contains further information. D. Special Guidelines. 1. Rapid Response Research (RAPID) Proposals. The RAPID funding mechanism is used for proposals having a severe urgency with regard to apllication letters availability of, or access to, data, facilities or specialized equipment, including quick-response research on natural or anthropogenic disasters and similar unanticipated events. Best Speeches Time! PI(s) must contact the letters NSF program officer(s) whose expertise is most germane to the proposal topic before submitting a RAPID proposal. This will facilitate determining whether the proposed work is appropriate for RAPID funding. The Project Description is expected to be brief and must be no more than five pages. It must include clear statements as to why the proposed research is of an urgent nature and why a RAPID award would be the the things carried essay most appropriate mechanism for supporting the proposed work. Note this proposal preparation instruction deviates from the standard proposal preparation instructions contained in this Guide; RAPID proposals must otherwise be compliant with the GPG. The RAPID proposal type must be selected in the proposal preparation module in FastLane.

Only internal merit review is required for apllication, RAPID proposals. Under rare circumstances, program officers may elect to obtain external reviews to inform their decision. If external review is to carried be obtained, then the PI will be informed in the interest of maintaining the transparency of the review and recommendation process. The two standard NSB-approved merit review criteria will apply. Requests may be for up to $200K and letters, of one year duration.

The award size, however, will be consistent with the project scope and of a size comparable to grants in similar areas. No-cost extensions and requests for supplemental funding will be processed in accordance with standard NSF policies and procedures. Renewed funding of RAPID awards may be requested only through submission of a proposal that will be subject to full external merit review. Such proposals would be designated as RAPID renewals. 2. EArly-concept Grants for Exploratory Research (EAGER) Proposals.

The EAGER funding mechanism may be used to support exploratory work in its early stages on untested, but potentially transformative, research ideas or approaches. This work may be considered especially high risk-high payoff in the sense that it, for example, involves radically different approaches, applies new expertise, or engages novel disciplinary or interdisciplinary perspectives. These exploratory proposals also may be submitted directly to an NSF program, but the EAGER mechanism should not be used for projects that are appropriate for submission as regular (i.e., non-EAGER) NSF proposals. PI(s) must contact the NSF program officer(s) whose expertise is most germane to what 2006 essay the proposal topic prior to submission of an EAGER proposal. This will aid in determining the appropriateness of the work for consideration under the apllication EAGER mechanism; this suitability must be assessed early in the process. The Project Description is expected to be brief and must be no more than eight pages. It must include clear statements as to why this project is appropriate for EAGER funding, including why it does not fit into existing programs and the things they carried introduction, why it is a good fit for EAGER. Note this proposal preparation instruction deviates from the standard proposal preparation instructions contained in this Guide; EAGER proposals must otherwise be compliant with the GPG. The EAGER proposal type must be selected in the proposal preparation module in FastLane.

Only internal merit review is required for letters, EAGER proposals. Under rare circumstances, program officers may elect to obtain external reviews to inform their decision. If external review is to essay of teacher be obtained, then the PI will be informed in letters, the interest of maintaining the transparency of the review and recommendation process. Was The 2006 Essay Question! The two standard NSB-approved merit review criteria will apply. Requests may be for letters, up to $300K and ford dissertation, of up to two years duration. The award size, however, will be consistent with the project scope and of a size comparable to grants in similar areas. No-cost extensions and requests for supplemental funding will be processed in apllication letters, accordance with standard NSF policies and procedures.

Renewed funding of EAGER awards may be requested only ford, through submission of a proposal that will be subject to apllication full external merit review. Best Persuasive Time! Such proposals would be designated as EAGER renewals. The Ideas Lab is a funding mechanism designed to support the development and implementation of creative and innovative project ideas that have the potential to transform research paradigms and/or solve intractable problems. An Ideas Lab may be run independently, or in parallel, with the issuance of an NSF funding opportunity on the same topic. Apllication! These project ideas typically will be high-risk/high-impact, as they represent new and best of all time, unproven ideas, approaches and/or technologies. This mechanism was developed collaboratively within NSF, modeled on the sandpit workshops that are a key component of the United Kingdom Research Council’s IDEAs Factory program. The implementation of the Ideas Lab mechanism is letters, a four-stage process as described below: a. Stage 1: Selection of Panelists. There are two separate panels convened for an Ideas Lab: a selection panel and an Ideas Lab panel. The role of the selection panel is to what provide advice on the selection of participants. Letters! The role of the Ideas Lab panel is to was the cahsee provide an assessment of the project ideas developed there.

The individuals selected to apllication letters participate in of organizational identity firms, each of these panels are subject matter experts for the specific topic of the letters Ideas Lab. All panelists are barred from receiving any research funding through, or in any other way collaborating on, the particular Ideas Lab in which they are involved. b. Stage 2: Selection of Participants. A call for participants solicitation that describes the specific focus of the speeches time Ideas Lab will be issued. The solicitation will specify the content and submission instructions for such applications. The project description is limited to two pages and should include information regarding the applicant’s specific expertise and interest in the topic area, as well as about certain personal attributes that enhance the success of the Ideas Lab workshop mechanism (e.g., experience and interest in working in teams, communication skills, level of creativity, willingness to apllication take risks). Applicants also must include a Biographical Sketch and Current and Pending Support information (both of which must be prepared in accordance with standard NSF formatting guidelines). Speeches Of All Time! All other elements of letters, a full proposal are waived (i.e., Project Summary, References Cited, Budget and Budget Justification, Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources).

The application must be submitted as a preliminary proposal in FastLane. No appendices or supplementary documents may be submitted. Applicants are notified electronically of NSF’s decision regarding whether they are invited or not invited to participate in the Ideas Lab. Applicants will be informed about the the construction of organizational studies context of the review and the criteria that were used to letters assess the applications in essay, the form of letters, a panel summary, but will not receive individual reviews or other review-related feedback. c. Stage 3: Ideas Lab.

The agenda and duration 28 of the Ideas Lab are communicated to meeting participants by the cognizant NSF Program Officer. Anonymous real-time peer review involving the dissertation participants and the Ideas Lab panel is incorporated into the workshop format, providing iterative constructive feedback during the development of project ideas. The Ideas Lab concept incorporates a guided creativity process, thus the use of a facilitator(s) is included, both to guide the creation of interdisciplinary teams and the creative development of ideas, and to ensure that the workshop progresses in a productive manner. At the end of the Ideas Lab, the Ideas Lab panel will provide a consensus report summarizing their evaluation of each project idea. The recommendations of the Ideas Lab panel are advisory to NSF. Apllication! Within seven to fourteen days following the Ideas Lab, the NSF Program Officers will determine which project ideas are meritorious and should be invited as full proposals. At the of organizational comparative studies firms NSF Program Officers’ discretion (subject to apllication Division Director concurrence), they may invite none, some, or all of the project ideas as full proposals, with the final funding decision to occur after the full proposals have been received and reviewed.

Invited full proposals (which are prepared in accordance with standard research proposal formatting guidelines) must be submitted within two months of receiving NSF notification after the Ideas Lab. d. Stage 4: Review and recommendation of full proposals. Invited proposals will be reviewed internally by cahsee, the cognizant NSF Program Officers, the Ideas Lab panelists, and other external reviewers, as appropriate. Resulting awards will be administered in accordance with standard NSF policies and procedures, including no-cost extensions and supplemental funding requests. Renewed funding of an Ideas Lab award may be requested only through submission of apllication letters, a full proposal that will be subject to external merit review.

Such proposals would be designated as an Ideas Lab renewal. 4. Facilitation Awards for persuasive of all, Scientists and Engineers with Disabilities (FASED) As part of its effort to promote full utilization of highly qualified scientists, mathematicians, and engineers, and to develop scientific and letters, technical talent, the carried essay introduction Foundation has the following goals: to reduce or remove barriers to participation in letters, research and training by persons with physical disabilities by in english, providing special equipment and apllication letters, assistance under awards made by NSF; and. to encourage persons with disabilities to pursue careers in science and engineering by stimulating the development and demonstration of special equipment that facilitates their work performance. Persons with disabilities eligible for facilitation awards include PIs, other senior personnel, and graduate and undergraduate students. The cognizant NSF Program Officer will make decisions regarding what constitutes appropriate support on of teacher a case-by-case basis. The specific nature, purpose, and need for equipment or assistance should be described in sufficient detail in the proposal to apllication letters permit evaluation by knowledgeable reviewers. There is no separate program for funding of special equipment or assistance. Requests are made in conjunction with regular competitive proposals, or as a supplemental funding request to an existing NSF award.

Specific instructions for question, each type of request are provided below. a. Requests as part of a competitive proposal submission. Funds may be requested to purchase special equipment, modify equipment or provide services required specifically for the work to be undertaken. Requests for funds for apllication, equipment or assistance that compensate in a general way for the disabling condition are not permitted. For example, funds may be requested to provide: prosthetic devices to manipulate a particular apparatus; equipment to convert sound to visual signals, or vice versa, for a particular experiment; access to a special site or to what 2006 cahsee essay a mode of apllication letters, transportation (except as defined below); a reader or interpreter with special technical competence related to the project; or other special-purpose equipment or assistance needed to conduct a particular project. Items, however, such as standard wheel chairs, prosthetics, hearing aids, TDD/text-phones, or general readers for the blind would not be supported because the need for balan dissertation, them is not specific to the proposed project. Similarly, ramps, elevators, or other structural modifications of research facilities are not eligible for direct support under this program. No maximum funding amount has been established for apllication letters, such requests.

It is dissertation, expected, however, that the apllication letters cost (including equipment adaptation and installation) will not be a major component of the the things carried essay introduction total proposed budget for the project. Requests for funds for special equipment or assistance to facilitate the participation of apllication, individuals with disabilities should be included in the proposed budget for the project and documented in the budget justification. The specific nature, purpose and need for such equipment or assistance should be described in sufficient detail in the Project Description to permit evaluation of the request by knowledgeable reviewers. b. Supplemental funding requests to the construction case firms existing NSF grants. Supplemental funds for special equipment or assistance to facilitate participation in NSF-supported projects by persons with disabilities may be provided under existing NSF grants. Apllication! Normally, title is vested in the grantee organization for the things they carried essay, equipment purchased in conjunction with NSF-supported activities. In accordance with the applicable grant terms and conditions, the grantee organization guarantees use of the equipment for letters, the specific project during the period of work funded by the Foundation, and assures its use in an appropriate manner after project completion. In instances involving special equipment for persons with disabilities, the need for such may be unique to the individual. In such cases, the grantee organization may elect to transfer title to the individual to assure appropriate use after project completion. Supplemental funding requests should be submitted by using the ”Supplemental Funding Request” function in rajesh balan, FastLane and should include a brief description of the request, a budget and a budget justification. Requests must be submitted at least two months before funds are needed.

Funding decisions will be made on the basis of the justification and apllication letters, availability of program funds with any resultant funding provided through a formal amendment of the existing NSF grant. 5. Best Of All Time! Collaborative Proposal. A collaborative proposal is one in which investigators from two or more organizations wish to collaborate on a unified research project. Apllication Letters! Collaborative proposals may be submitted to balan NSF in apllication, one of two methods: as a single proposal, in which a single award is being requested (with subawards administered by the lead organization); or by simultaneous submission of proposals from different organizations, with each organization requesting a separate award. In either case, the lead organization’s proposal must contain all of the of organizational case requisite sections as a single package to be provided to reviewers (that will happen automatically when procedures below are followed).

All collaborative proposals must clearly describe the apllication letters roles to in english be played by letters, the other organizations, specify the managerial arrangements, and explain the advantages of the dissertation multi-organizational effort within the Project Description. PIs are strongly encouraged to apllication letters contact the balan dissertation cognizant NSF Program Officer prior to submission of a collaborative proposal. a. Submission of a collaborative proposal from one organization. The single proposal method allows investigators from two or more organizations who have developed an integrated research project to submit a single, focused proposal. Letters! A single investigator bears primary responsibility for the administration of the grant and discussions with NSF, and, at the discretion of the organizations involved, investigators from 2006 cahsee essay any of the participating organizations may be designated as co-PIs. Note, however, that if awarded, a single award would be made to apllication the submitting organization, with any collaborators listed as subawards. (See GPG Chapter II.C.2.g(vi)(e) for additional instructions on preparation of this type of proposal.)

If a proposed subaward includes funding to support postdoctoral researchers, the mentoring activities to be provided for such individuals must be incorporated in the supplemental mentoring plan outlined in GPG Chapter II.C.2.j. b. Submission of a collaborative proposal from multiple organizations. Simultaneous submission of essay introduction, proposals allows multiple organizations to submit a unified set of certain proposal sections, as well as information unique to each organization as specified below. All collaborative proposals arranged as separate submissions from letters multiple organizations must be submitted via FastLane. For these proposals, the project title must begin with the balan dissertation words Collaborative Research:” If funded, each organization bears responsibility for a separate award. Required sections of the proposal differ based on the organization’s role. Apllication! The following sections are required for a collaborative proposal submitted by: Table of Contents (automatically generated) Table of Contents (automatically generated) Budget and Budget Justification. Current and Pending Support.

Facilities, Equipment and carried, Other Resources. Budget and Budget Justification. Current and Pending Support. Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources. Data Management Plan. Postdoctoral Mentoring Plan (if applicable) See GPG Chapter II.C.2.j for additional guidance on mentoring and data management plan requirements for collaborative proposals. NSF will combine the proposal submission for letters, printing or electronic viewing. To submit the collaborative proposal, the following process must be completed: 29.

(i) Each non-lead organization must assign their proposal a proposal PIN. This proposal PIN and best of all time, the temporary proposal ID generated by FastLane when the letters non-lead proposal is created must be provided to the lead organization before the lead organization submits its proposal to carried NSF. (ii) The lead organization must then enter each non-lead organization(s) proposal PIN and temporary proposal ID into the FastLane lead proposal by using the Link Collaborative Proposals option found on apllication the FastLane Form Preparation screen. Given that such separately submitted proposals constitute a single proposal submission to NSF, it is imperative that the proposals be submitted within a reasonable timeframe to one another. (iii) All components of the collaborative proposal must meet any established deadline date and time 30 , and failure to do so may result in the entire collaborative proposal being returned without review. (iv) If funded, both lead and rajesh balan dissertation, non-lead organizations are required to apllication letters submit separate annual and final project reports.

These reports should reference the essay in english work of the collaborative, while focusing on apllication letters the distinct work conducted at each funded organization. 6. Equipment Proposals. Proposals for specialized equipment may be submitted by an organization for: individual investigators; groups of investigators within the same department; several departments; organization(s) participating in a collaborative or joint arrangement; any components of an organization; or a region. One individual must be designated as PI. Investigators may be working in ford dissertation, closely related areas or their research may be multidisciplinary. An equipment proposal must contain all of the following proposal sections: Project Summary: GPG Chapter II.C.2.b should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. Project Description (not to exceed 15 pages) that includes: a. an overall acquisition plan which discusses arrangements for acquisition, maintenance and operation. Equipment to be purchased, modified or constructed must be described in sufficient detail to apllication allow comparison of its capabilities with the needs of the proposed activities; b. Essay Of Teacher! a description, from each potential major user, of the project(s) for which the equipment will be used.

This description must be succinct, not necessarily as detailed as in a full research proposal, and must emphasize the intrinsic merit of the activity and the importance of the equipment to letters it. A brief summary will suffice for dissertation, auxiliary users; and. c. a description of comparable equipment already at the proposing organization(s), if applicable, and an explanation of why it cannot be used. Apllication Letters! This includes comparable government-owned equipment that is on-site. Biographical Sketch(es) of the ford person(s) who will have overall responsibility for maintenance and operation and a brief statement of letters, qualifications (GPG Chapter II.C.2.f should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal; also see GPG II.C.2.f(iii)). Proposal Budget and Budget Justification: An annual budget and rajesh balan dissertation, budget justification for the operation, maintenance and administration of the proposed equipment, (GPG Chapter II.C.2.g should be consulted to letters prepare this portion of the proposal).

Current and Pending Support: GPG Chapter II.C.2.h should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources that includes a description of the physical facility, including floor plans or other appropriate information, where the rajesh dissertation equipment will be located; a narrative description of the source of funds available for operation and apllication, maintenance of the proposed equipment; a brief description of other support services available, and a statement of why the equipment is time, severable or non-severable from the physical facility (GPG Chapter II.C.2.i should be consulted to prepare this portion of the letters proposal). Data Management Plan: GPG Chapter II.C.2.j should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. Postdoctoral Mentoring Plan (if applicable): GPG Chapter II.C.2.j should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. These proposals normally compete with proposals for research or education projects. 31. 7. Proposals Involving Vertebrate Animals. a. Any project proposing use of vertebrate animals for research or education shall comply with the Animal Welfare Act [7 U.S.C.

2131, et seq.] and the regulations promulgated thereunder by the Secretary of Agriculture [9 CFR 1.1-4.11] pertaining to was the 2006 cahsee the humane care, handling, and treatment of apllication, vertebrate animals held or used for ford, research, teaching or other activities supported by Federal awards. In accordance with these requirements, proposed projects involving use of any vertebrate animal for research or education must be approved by the submitting organization's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) before an award can be made. For this approval to be accepted by NSF, the organization must have a current Public Health Service (PHS) Approved Assurance. In the case of research involving the study of wildlife in the field or in the laboratory, for the provision in the PHS Assurance for Institutional Commitment (Section II) that requires the organization to establish and maintain a program for activities involving animals in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of letters, Laboratory Animals (Guide), the organization has established and will maintain a program for activities involving animals according to the Guide. The organization will follow recommendations specified in the Guide for details involving laboratory animals, and taxon-specific guidelines approved by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, the American Society of Mammalogists, and ford dissertation, the Ornithological Council, as is appropriate for the taxon to be studied. 32. b. Apllication! Sufficient information must be provided within the 15-page Project Description to enable reviewers to evaluate the: (i) rationale for involving animals; (ii) choice of species and number of the things they carried, animals to be used; (iii) description of the proposed use of the animals; (iv) exposure of animals to discomfort, pain, or injury; and. (v) description of any euthanasia methods to be used. c. Research facilities subject to the Animal Welfare Act using or intending to use live animals in research and who receive Federal funding are required to register the facility with the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), US Department of letters, Agriculture.

A current listing of licensed animal dealers also may be obtained from APHIS. The location of the the construction of organizational comparative case firms nearest APHIS Regional Office, as well as information concerning this and other APHIS activities, may be obtained at apllication http://www.aphis.usda.gov/. d. Projects involving the the construction of organizational identity studies of consulting care or use of vertebrate animals at apllication letters a foreign organization or foreign field site also require approval of research protocols by of teacher, the US grantee’s IACUC. If the apllication project is to be funded through an award to essay of teacher in english a foreign organization or through an individual fellowship award that will support activities at a foreign organization, NSF will require a statement explicitly listing the apllication proposer’s name and essay of teacher in english, referencing the title of the award to confirm that the activities will be conducted in accordance with all applicable laws in the foreign country and that the apllication International Guiding Principles for rajesh dissertation, Biomedical Research Involving Animals (see http://www.cioms.ch/) will be followed. e. The following information regarding the organization’s intention to utilize vertebrate animals as part of the project should be provided on the Cover Sheet: (i) The box for Vertebrate Animals must be checked on apllication the Cover Sheet if use of vertebrate animals is envisioned. (ii) The date of IACUC approval of the rajesh balan dissertation animal-use protocol covering the proposed work (if obtained) must be identified in the space provided.

(iii) The PHS Approved Animal Welfare Assurance Number must be entered in the space provided. If IACUC approval has not been obtained prior to submission, the proposer should indicate Pending in the space provided for letters, the approval date. If a decision is made to fund the proposal, the organization must provide a signed copy of the official IACUC approval letter to of teacher the cognizant NSF Program Officer before an apllication, award can be issued. The approval letter must affirm that an animal-use protocol covering the the construction of organizational identity studies firms proposed activities has been approved, and should explicitly list the proposer’s name, the letters title and ford dissertation, number of the apllication letters NSF proposal, and the date of IACUC approval. f. For fellowship proposals submitted by individuals that involve use of vertebrate animals, a copy of the approval letter from the IACUC (including Assurance Number and organizational signature) should be included in of organizational identity comparative case studies of consulting firms, the Supplementary Documentation section of the proposal or sent directly to the cognizant NSF Program Officer. Apllication! The letter should indicate approval of the proposed activities. If IACUC approval has not been obtained prior to submission, the proposer should indicate Pending in the space provided for the approval date. If a decision is made to fund the proposal, the comparative case organization must provide a signed copy of the official IACUC approval letter to the cognizant program. The letter should indicate approval of the proposed activities, explicitly listing the proposer’s name and referencing the title of the NSF proposal, and must be submitted prior to apllication letters an award being issued. See also AAG Chapter VI.B.3 for additional information on the administration of awards that utilize vertebrate animals.

Note that for some types of vertebrate animals (e.g., non-human primates), additional review may be required. 8. Proposals Involving Human Subjects. a. Projects involving research with human subjects must ensure that subjects are protected from research risks in conformance with the relevant federal policy known as the Common Rule ( Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects , 45 CFR 690). All projects involving human subjects must either (1) have approval from the organization's Institutional Review Board (IRB) before issuance of an the construction identity studies, NSF award or, (2) must affirm that the IRB has declared the research exempt from IRB review, in accordance with the applicable subsection, as established in section 101(b) of the Common Rule. If certification of exemption is provided after submission of the proposal and before the award is letters, issued, the exemption number corresponding to one or more of the of organizational identity of consulting exemption categories also must be included in the documentation provided to NSF. The only acceptable IRB approval documents are those that approve a human subjects research protocol; approvals in concept are not acceptable. NSF also cannot accept any IRB document that qualifies conditions that must be met before human subjects work can be carried out. Apllication Letters! If IRB approval cannot be obtained at the time of the award action because the essay of teacher development of a human subjects research protocol requires preliminary or other conceptual work to take place, the PI should notify the cognizant NSF Program Officer assigned to apllication the proposal. In such a case, NSF may add conditions to the award that prevent any research involving human subjects from being carried out, and otherwise restrict the drawing down of funds, until IRB approval has been obtained.

If the essay project involves human subjects and is to be performed outside of the letters US, evidence of IRB approval also is required. If there is no IRB approval provided, and rajesh balan dissertation, the foreign country is not included in the Department of apllication, Health and Human Services, Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP), International Compilation of Human Research Standards (http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/international/intlcompilation/intlcompilation.html), nor is an Assurance on file with OHRP (http://ohrp.cit.nih.gov/search/search.aspx?styp=bsc), NSF may decline to support the project. b. The following information regarding the organization’s intention to use human subjects as part of the project should be provided on the Cover Sheet: (i) The box for balan, Human Subjects must be checked on the Cover Sheet if use of human subjects is envisioned. (ii) If human subject activities are exempt from IRB review, provide the apllication letters exemption number(s) corresponding to one or more of the exemption categories. The six categories of research that qualify for rajesh balan dissertation, exemption from coverage by apllication, the regulations are defined in the Common Rule for Protection of they carried introduction, Human Subjects. (iii) If the research is apllication, not designated as exempt, the IRB approval date should be identified in persuasive speeches time, the space provided. This date, at minimum, should cover the period at apllication letters which the project is initiated. If IRB approval has not been obtained prior to submission, the proposer should indicate Pending in the space provided for the approval date. If a decision is made to ford fund the apllication proposal, the organization must provide a signed copy of the IRB approval letter to the cognizant program.

The letter should indicate approval of the proposed activities and must be submitted prior to an award being issued. (iv) The Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) Number that the dissertation proposer has on file with OHRP should be entered, if available. See also AAG Chapter VI.B.1 for additional information on the administration of awards that use human subjects. 9. Apllication Letters! Conference Proposals 33. NSF supports conferences in special areas of science and engineering that bring experts together to of teacher discuss recent research or education findings or to apllication expose other researchers or students to new research and education techniques. NSF encourages the the things they essay introduction convening in the US of apllication letters, major international conferences. Conferences will be supported only if equivalent results cannot be obtained at regular meetings of professional societies. Although requests for support of conferences ordinarily originate with educational institutions or scientific and engineering societies, they also may come from other groups.

Shared support by several Federal agencies, States or private organizations is encouraged. Because proceedings of such conferences normally should be published in professional journals, requests for support may include publication costs. Proposals for conferences should generally be submitted at least a year in advance of the scheduled date. Conferences, including the facilities in which they are held, funded in whole or in essay question, part with NSF funds, must be accessible to participants with disabilities. NSF funds are not to be spent for apllication letters, meals and coffee breaks for intramural meetings of an organization or any of ford dissertation, its components, including, but not limited to, laboratories, departments and centers, as a direct cost. A conference proposal must contain the elements identified below: Project Summary (GPG Chapter II.C.2.b should be consulted to apllication letters prepare this portion of the balan dissertation proposal) Project Description (not to exceed 15 pages) that includes: a. A statement of the need for such a gathering and a list of topics; b. Letters! A listing of recent meetings on the same subject, including dates and locations; c. The names of the the construction of organizational comparative case studies of consulting chairperson and members of organizing committees and apllication letters, their organizational affiliations; d. Information on the location and probable date(s) of the essay meeting and the method of announcement or invitation; e. A statement of how the meeting will be organized and conducted, how the results of the meeting will be disseminated and how the meeting will contribute to the enhancement and improvement of letters, scientific, engineering and/or educational activities; Proposal Budget and Budget Justification: A budget, and budget justification for the conference that is prepared in accordance with GPG Chapter II.C.2.g.

The following provides a listing of the types of ford, costs that may be included on a conference budget. Such costs may be included only if they are specifically and clearly identified in the proposed scope of apllication, work and budget. Note that registration fees under NSF-supported conferences are considered program income. For additional information on program income associated with conferences, see AAG Chapter III.D.4. a. Conference Facilities. Rental of the construction of organizational comparative case of consulting, facilities and necessary equipment. b. Supplies. Expendable materials and supplies necessary for the meeting.

c. Conference Services. Costs of translation services, audio visual, webcast, and computer services for recording, transmitting and transcribing the proceedings. d. Apllication! Publication Costs. Rajesh Dissertation! Costs of publishing the proceedings. e. Letters! Salaries. Salaries of professional personnel, editorial and clerical assistants and other staff members in proportion to the time or effort devoted to the preparation and of all, conduct of the conference and letters, summarizing its results. f. Consultant Services and Speaker Fees. Ford! Reasonable fees and apllication, travel allowances and per diem (or meals provided in lieu of per diem). Consultants’ travel costs, including subsistence, may be included. If requested, the proposer must be able to justify that the proposed rate of pay is ford, reasonable. Additional information on the allowability of consultant or professional service costs is available in 2 CFR § 200.459.

In addition to other provisions required by the proposing organization, all contracts made under the NSF award must contain the applicable provisions identified in 2 CFR § 200 Appendix II. g. Letters! Meals and time, Coffee Breaks. Meals that are an integral and necessary part of a conference (e.g., working meals where business is transacted). Funds may be included for furnishing a reasonable amount of apllication letters, hot beverages or soft drinks to conference participants and attendees during periodic coffee breaks. The following provides a listing of the types of costs that are not allowable for inclusion on ford dissertation a conference budget. a. Letters! Meals and Coffee Breaks for Intramural Meetings. NSF funds may not be included or spent for meals or coffee breaks for intramural meetings of an ford dissertation, organization or any of apllication letters, its components, including, but not limited to, laboratories, departments and centers, as a direct cost. b. Entertainment. Costs of entertainment, amusement, diversion and social activities (such as tickets to cahsee essay question shows or sporting events, meals, lodging, rentals, transportation and gratuities) are unallowable and may not be requested. Travel, meal, and hotel expenses of apllication, awardee employees who are not on ford travel status also are not permitted. Costs of employees on travel status are limited to those specifically authorized by 2 CFR § 200.474.

c. Apllication! Alcoholic Beverages. NSF funds may not be proposed for alcoholic beverages. Current and Pending Support: The support requested or available from the things carried essay introduction other Federal agencies and other sources. GPG Chapter II.C.2.h should be consulted to prepare this portion of the apllication proposal. If included, these resources will not be auditable and must not be included in the proposal budget or budget justification. A description of such support should be included in the Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources section of the proposal. (See GPG Chapter II.C.2.g.(xi) for further information.)

Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources: If there will be support from other sources for the conference, such information should be included in best of all time, the Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources section of the proposal. The description should be narrative in nature and must not include any quantifiable financial information. Apllication! GPG Chapter II.C.2.i should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. Data Management Plan: Plans for management and sharing of any data products resulting from the activity. GPG Chapter II.C.2.j should be consulted to prepare this portion of the proposal. 10.

International Travel Proposals. Proposals for what was the cahsee essay, travel support for US participation in letters, international scientific and engineering meetings held abroad are handled by the NSF organizational unit with program responsibility for the area of interest. Group travel awards are encouraged as the primary means of support for international travel. A university, professional society or other non-profit organization may apply for funds to enable it to coordinate and support US participation in one or more international scientific meeting(s) abroad. Proposals submitted for this purpose should address the same items as those indicated for conferences (see Section 9 above), with particular attention to plans for composition and recruitment of the travel group. Information on best of all time planned speakers should be provided where available from the conference organizer. Similar to proposals for apllication, conferences, symposia, or workshops, if any section is not required, insert text or upload a document in that section of the proposal that states, Not Applicable. Group travel proposals may request support only for the international travel costs of the proposed activity. Group travel grantees are required to retain supporting documentation that funds were spent in accordance with the original intent of the proposal.

Such documentation may be required in final reports and is subject to audit. 11. Support for Development of rajesh dissertation, NSF Centers. NSF provides support for letters, a variety of time, individual Centers and Centers programs that contribute to the Foundation's vision as outlined in the NSF Strategic Plan. Centers exploit opportunities in science, engineering and apllication, technology in which the complexity of the research problem(s) or the resources needed to solve the(se) problem(s) require the advantages of scope, scale, change, duration, equipment, facilities, and students that can only be provided by an academic research center. They focus on investigations at was the essay question the frontiers of knowledge not normally attainable through individual investigations, at the interfaces of disciplines and/or by incorporating fresh approaches to the core of disciplines. Apllication! Centers focus on integrative learning and rajesh balan dissertation, discovery and letters, demonstrate leadership in broadening participation through focused investments in a diverse set of essay of teacher, partner organizations and individuals. In doing so, they draw upon, and contribute to, the development of the Nation's full intellectual talent. Most Center awards are limited to a maximum duration of ten years and are often subject to mid-course external merit review.

Proposers interested in apllication letters, learning more about current or future NSF Centers are encouraged to contact the appropriate disciplinary NSF Program Officer. 12. Support for the construction of organizational identity comparative studies firms, Development of Major Research Equipment and apllication letters, Facilities. As an integral part of its responsibility for strengthening the science and engineering infrastructure of the country, NSF provides support for the construction and operation of major research equipment and facilities. NSF depends on of teacher in english the research communities to provide the justification, planning, development, and implementation of facility projects.

This normally occurs through National Academies studies, workshop reports, professional society activities, and other community-based mechanisms, including engineering studies and research projects related to the development of new technologies. Many of these mechanisms are funded by interested NSF Programs on the basis of merit-reviewed proposals. The construction funding mechanism depends on the scale of the proposed facility. Apllication Letters! For large facilities construction, the Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MREFC) account is one option. Proposers are strongly encouraged to contact the appropriate NSF Program to discuss the availability of funding and the appropriate funding mechanisms in advance of proposal submission. 13.

Projects Requiring High-Performance Computing Resources, Large Amounts of Data Storage, or Advanced Visualization Resources. Many research projects require access to computational, data storage or visualization resources in order to complete the work proposed. For those projects that require such resources at a scale that is what was the cahsee, beyond that typically available locally, NSF supports a number of resources. For the most computationally intensive projects, the Blue Waters system at letters University of Illinois, Urbana/Champaign, is the most suitable. Blue Waters is designed to support a small number ( 50) of the construction of organizational comparative case, research teams involved with projects requiring the most advanced computational and data resources. Apllication! Currently, the allocation process for that resource is done directly via proposal submission to the cognizant Program Officer in the Division of rajesh balan, Advanced CyberInfrastructure within the NSF Directorate for Computer Information Science Engineering.

Proposals are reviewed for both their scientific and letters, computational needs. The Blue Waters supercomputer provides sustained performance of 1 petaflop on a range of real-world science and engineering applications. It is the construction of organizational identity comparative case studies, one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Those interested should visit the apllication letters Blue Waters portal (https://bluewaters.ncsa.illinois.edu/) for the things essay, more details of the system's hardware and capabilities. Yellowstone, which is part of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, is a significant resource, 1.5 petaflop peak speed, but one that is designed to meet the apllication letters needs of the atmospheric and related-sciences communities. Dissertation! Yellowstone operates its own allocations process and those interested in obtaining time and/or storage should consult the cognizant program director in the Division of apllication letters, Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences within the the construction identity comparative case of consulting firms Geosciences Directorate. The most general set of computational and data resources funded by the NSF are accessible through the letters XSEDE project. XSEDE provides the integrating fabric for ford, a collection of very powerful supercomputers, a high-throughput computing environment, high-volume data storage facilities, advanced visualization services, connected by a high-bandwidth private network, a training education and outreach program in how to use its services and apllication, an extended collaborative support program to assist researchers in using the advanced computational resources. The physical resources themselves are provided by Service Providers (SP) via separate awards from the NSF. Allocations of those resources for large projects are determined by the XSEDE Resource Advisory Committee, which meets quarterly, using an the things carried essay introduction, external set of experts.

Smaller requests do not require a proposal or review and a simple on-line process may be used to request such an allocation. Apllication! NSF encourages prospective users to seek more information at dissertation https://www.xsede.org, where they can also register for a portal account. 14. Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC) This section applies to all research, for which NSF grant funds may be used, that potentially falls within the scope of the US Government Policy for apllication, Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern as published in September, 2014, hereafter referred to as the Policy. NSF is committed to preserving the benefits of ford, life sciences research while minimizing the risk of letters, misuse of the knowledge, information, products, or technologies provided by such research. The Construction Comparative Case Studies Of Consulting! The purpose of apllication letters, NSF’s implementation of the Policy is to clarify proposer expectations about NSF-funded research with certain high-consequence pathogens and toxins with potential to they essay be considered dual use research of apllication letters, concern.

Proposing organizations are responsible for identifying NSF-funded life sciences proposals that could potentially be considered dual use research of rajesh dissertation, concern as defined in the US Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern and for compliance with the requirements established in letters, that Policy. (See also AAG Chapter VI.B.5 for best of all, additional information.) Exhibit II-1: Proposal Preparation Checklist. It is imperative that all proposals conform to the proposal preparation and submission instructions specified in the Grant Proposal Guide . Conformance with all preparation and submission instructions is required and will be strictly enforced unless a deviation has been approved in advance of proposal submission. Note that some NSF program solicitations modify the general provisions of the GPG, and in such cases, the guidelines provided in the solicitation must be followed. FastLane uses the rules specified for each type of apllication letters, proposal, (e.g., RAPID, EAGER, Ideas Lab, Equipment, Conference, and International Travel) to check for compliance prior to balan dissertation submission to NSF. Proposers are strongly advised to review the applicable sections of the GPG pertinent to the type of proposal being developed PRIOR to submission. NSF will not accept 34 or will return without review proposals that are not consistent with these instructions.

See GPG Chapter IV.B for additional information. Prior to apllication letters submission, it is strongly recommended that an question, administrative review be conducted to apllication ensure that proposals comply with the instructions, in the format specified. This checklist is not intended to introduction be an all-inclusive repetition of the apllication required proposal contents and associated proposal preparation guidelines. It is, however, meant to highlight certain critical items so they will not be overlooked when the proposal is prepared. [ ] The proposal is responsive to essay in english and compliant with the provisions in the program description, announcement, or solicitation. [ ] If the proposal has been previously declined and is being resubmitted, the apllication proposal has been revised to take into account the major comments from the prior NSF review. [ ] The proposed work is appropriate for funding by NSF, and is not a duplicate of, or substantially similar to, a proposal already under consideration by NSF from the same submitter. [ ] The proposal will be submitted by 5 p.m. submitter's local time on the established deadline date.

[ ] Single Copy Documents: [ ] Authorization to Deviate from NSF Proposal Preparation Requirements (if applicable). [ ] List of Suggested Reviewers, or Reviewers Not To Include has been provided (if applicable). [ ] Collaborators and other Affiliation information has been provided for each individual identified as senior project personnel. [ ] For interdisciplinary proposals, ensure all relevant programs are identified. [ ] For renewal proposals, previous award numbers have been entered. [ ] Related preliminary proposal number has been entered (if applicable). [ ] Appropriate box(es) have been checked, and requisite information has been provided. [ ] The Project Summary may ONLY be uploaded as a Supplementary Document if use of special characters is necessary. Such Project Summaries must be formatted with separate headings for Overview, Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts.

[ ] Project Description does not exceed the page limitations specified in the GPG or solicitation. [ ] Project Description contains, as a separate section within the narrative, a section labeled Broader Impacts. [ ] Results from of organizational studies of consulting Prior NSF Support have been provided for PIs and apllication letters, co-PIs who have received NSF support within the last five years. Results related to Intellectual Merit and Broader Impacts are described under two separate, distinct headings. [ ] This section includes bibliographic citations only and does not provide parenthetical information outside of the 15-page Project Description. [ ] Each reference is in the specified format.

[ ] The content described is in accordance with the essay of teacher instructions, and does not contain additional information beyond that specified. [ ] Each budget line item is apllication letters, documented and justified in the budget justification. [ ] Unless required by an NSF program solicitation, voluntary committed cost sharing has not been included. Best Of All! Note that voluntary committed cost sharing is prohibited and Line M on the proposal budget will not be available for use by the proposer. While not required by NSF, proposing organizations may, at apllication their own discretion, continue to contribute voluntary uncommitted cost sharing to NSF-sponsored projects. These resources are not auditable by NSF and should not be included in the proposal budget or budget justification. [ ] Current and Pending Support : [ ] All current and pending support from whatever source (e.g., Federal, State, local or foreign government agencies, public or private foundations, industrial or other commercial organizations, or internal funds allocated toward specific projects) must be listed. The proposed project and all other projects or activities requiring a portion of time of the PI and other senior personnel must be included, even if they receive no salary support from the in english project(s).

[ ] Facilities, Equipment and Other Resources: [ ] An aggregated description of the internal and external resources (both physical and letters, personnel) that the organization and its collaborators will provide to the project, should it be funded, has been included. [ ] No quantifiable financial information has been provided. [ ] If there are no facilities, equipment or other resources identified, a statement to that effect has been included in this section of the proposal and uploaded into was the cahsee essay FastLane. [ ] Special Information and Supplementary Documentation: [ ] The types of apllication letters, information identified in GPG Chapter II.C.2.j have been included, as appropriate. [ ] Any additional items specified in a relevant program solicitation have been included. Exhibit II-2: Potentially Disqualifying Conflicts of Interest. Unless a waiver has been granted by NSF, a reviewer cannot review a proposal if: the reviewer, the reviewer’s spouse, minor child, or business partner; the organization where the cahsee question reviewer is letters, employed, has an arrangement for future employment or is the things essay introduction, negotiating for employment; or. the organization where the letters reviewer is an officer, director, trustee, or partner, has a financial interest in the outcome of the proposal. Unless a waiver has been granted by NSF, a potential reviewer also may be barred from reviewing a proposal, if it involves individuals with whom he/she has a personal relationship, such as a close relative, current or former collaborator, or former thesis student/advisor. Unless a waiver has been granted by NSF, a disqualifying conflict may exist, if a proposal involves an organization or other entity with which the potential reviewer has a connection. Such potentially disqualifying connections include: a reviewer’s recent former employer; an organization in which the reviewer is an active participant; an institution at which the dissertation reviewer is currently enrolled as a student, or at which he/she serves as a visiting committee member; or.

an entity with which the apllication letters reviewer has or seeks some other business or financial relationship (including receipt of an honorarium.) Exhibit II-3: Drug-Free Workplace Certification. Instructions for Certification. By signing the NSF Cover Sheet and submitting this proposal, the Authorized Organizational Representative is providing the certifications set out in english, below. The certification set out below is a material representation of fact upon which reliance was placed when the agency determined to award the grant. Apllication Letters! If it is balan dissertation, later determined that the grantee knowingly rendered a false certification, or otherwise violates the requirements of the Drug-Free Workplace Act, the agency, in addition to any other remedies available to the Federal Government, may take action authorized under the letters Drug-Free Workplace Act. For grantees other than individuals, Alternate I applies. For grantees who are individuals, Alternate II applies. Certification Regarding Drug-Free Workplace Requirements. Alternate I (Grantees Other Than Individuals)

The grantee certifies that it will or will continue to identity comparative studies of consulting firms provide a drug-free workplace by: (a) Publishing a statement notifying employees that the apllication unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession or use of a controlled substance is prohibited in the grantee’s workplace and specifying the actions that will be taken against employees for violation of such prohibition; (b) Establishing an ongoing drug-free awareness program to inform employees about -- (1) The dangers of drug abuse in the workplace; (2) The grantee’s policy of maintaining a drug-free workplace; (3) Any available drug counseling, rehabilitation and employee assistance programs; and. (4) The penalties that may be imposed upon employees for drug abuse violations occurring in the workplace; (c) Making it a requirement that each employee to be engaged in the performance of the grant be given a copy of the statement required by paragraph (a); (d) Notifying the employee in the statement required by was the 2006 cahsee essay question, paragraph (a) that, as a condition of apllication letters, employment under the grant, the employee will -- (1) Abide by the terms of the statement; and. (2) Notify the employer in writing of his or her conviction for best speeches time, a violation of a criminal drug statute occurring in the workplace, no later than five calendar days after such conviction; (e) Notifying the agency in writing, within 10 calendar days after receiving notice under subparagraph (d)(2) from an employee or otherwise receiving actual notice of such conviction. Employers of apllication, convicted employees must provide notice, including position title, to of organizational identity comparative case of consulting firms every grant officer or other designee on whose grant activity the convicted employee was working, unless the Federal agency has designated a central point for apllication, the receipt of such notices. Notice shall include the identification number(s) of each affected grant; (f) Taking one of the following actions, within 30 calendar days of receiving notice under subparagraph (d)(2), with respect to any employee who is so convicted-- (1) Taking appropriate personnel action against such an employee, up to and including termination, consistent with the requirements of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended; or. (2) Requiring such employee to participate satisfactorily in a drug abuse assistance or rehabilitation program approved for such purposes by a Federal, State, or local health, law enforcement, or other appropriate agency; (g) Making a good faith effort to continue to maintain a drug-free workplace through implementation of paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f). Alternate II (Grantees Who Are Individuals) (a) The grantee certifies that, as a condition of the grant, he or she will not engage in the unlawful manufacture, distribution, dispensing, possession or use of a controlled substance in conducting any activity with the grant. (b) If convicted of a criminal drug offense resulting from a violation occurring during the what was the cahsee conduct of letters, any grant activity, he or she will report the conviction, in writing, within 10 calendar days of the conviction, to every grant officer or other designee, unless the Federal agency designates a central point for the receipt of such notices. When notice is was the cahsee essay question, made to such a central point, it shall include the identification number(s) of each affected grant. For NSF, grantee notification should be made to apllication the Cost Analysis Audit Resolution Branch, Division of Institution Award Support, NSF, Arlington, VA 22230. Exhibit II-4: Debarment and best time, Suspension Certification.

Instruction on Certification Regarding Debarment and apllication, Suspension. By signing and submitting this proposal, the prospective primary participant is providing the certification set out below. The inability of the things, a person to provide the certification required below will not necessarily result in denial of participation in letters, this covered transaction. The prospective participant shall submit an explanation of why it cannot provide the what was the 2006 question certification set out below. The certification or explanation will be considered in connection with the department or agency's determination whether to enter into this transaction. However, failure of the apllication letters prospective primary participant to ford dissertation furnish a certification or an explanation shall disqualify such person from participation in this transaction.

The certification in this clause is any material representation of fact upon which reliance was placed when the department or agency determined to enter into this transaction. If it is later determined that the prospective primary participant knowingly rendered an erroneous certification, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal Government, the department or agency may terminate this transaction for cause or default. The prospective primary participant shall provide immediate written notice to the department or agency to whom this proposal is submitted if at any time the letters prospective primary participant learns that its certification was erroneous when submitted or has become erroneous by rajesh balan, reason of changed circumstances. The terms covered transaction, debarred, suspended, ineligible, lower tier covered transaction, participant, person, primary covered transaction, principal, proposal, and voluntarily excluded, as used in this clause, have the meanings set out in the Definitions and Coverage sections of the rules implementing Executive Order 12549. You may contact the department or agency to which this proposal is being submitted for assistance in obtaining a copy of those regulations. The prospective primary participant agrees by submitting this proposal that, should the proposed covered transaction be entered into, it shall not knowingly enter into any lower tier covered transaction with a person who is apllication letters, debarred, suspended, declared ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from participation in this covered transaction, unless authorized by the department or agency entering into this transaction. The prospective primary participant further agrees by submitting this proposal that it will include the clause titled Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension, Ineligibility and the construction of organizational comparative case firms, Voluntary Exclusion - Lower Tier Covered Transaction, provided by the department or agency entering into apllication letters this covered transaction, without modification, in all lower tier covered transactions.

A participant in persuasive time, a covered transaction may rely upon apllication letters, a certification of the construction identity studies firms, a prospective participant in a lower tier covered transaction that it is letters, not debarred, suspended, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from the covered transaction, unless it knows that the what 2006 cahsee essay question certification is erroneous. A participant may decide the method and frequency by which it determines the apllication eligibility of its principals. Each participant may, but is carried essay, not required to, check the Nonprocurement List. Nothing contained in the foregoing shall be construed to require establishment of letters, a system of records in order to render in good faith the certification required by this clause. The knowledge and information of a participant is not required to exceed that which is normally possessed by a prudent person in the ordinary course of business dealings. Except for transactions authorized under paragraph 6 of these instructions, if a participant in a covered transaction knowingly enters into a lower tier covered transaction with a person who is suspended, debarred, ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from participation in this transaction, in addition to other remedies available to the Federal Government, the department or agency may terminate this transaction for cause or default. (1) The prospective primary participant certifies to the best of ford dissertation, its knowledge and belief, that it and its principals: (a) Are not presently debarred, suspended, proposed for debarment, declared ineligible, or voluntarily excluded from apllication a covered transaction by any Federal department or agency; (b) Have not within a three-year period preceding this proposal been convicted of or had a civil judgment rendered against them for what was the essay question, commission of fraud or a criminal offense in connection with obtaining, attempting to obtain, or performing a public (Federal, State or local) transaction or contract under a public transaction; violation of apllication, Federal or State antitrust statutes or commission of embezzlement, theft, forgery, bribery, falsification or destruction of records, making false statements, or receiving stolen property; (c) Are not presently indicted for or otherwise criminally or civilly charged by a governmental entity (Federal, State or local) with commission of any of the offenses enumerated in paragraph (1)(b) of this certification; and (d) Have not within a three-year period preceding this application/proposal had one or more public transactions (Federal, State or local) terminated for cause or default. (2) Where the essay of teacher in english prospective primary participant is unable to apllication certify to any of the statements in this certification, such prospective participant shall include an explanation with this proposal. Exhibit II-5: Lobbying Certification. Instructions on best persuasive Certification Regarding Lobbying.

This certification is required for an award of a Federal contract, grant or cooperative agreement exceeding $100,000 and for an award of a Federal loan or a commitment providing for the United States to insure or guarantee a loan exceeding $150,000. The Certification for Contracts, Grants, Loans and Cooperative Agreements also is apllication, included in full text on the FastLane submission screen. Certification for Contracts, Grants, Loans and Cooperative Agreements. The undersigned certifies, to the best of his or her knowledge and belief, that: (1) No Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid, by or on behalf of the undersigned, to any person for rajesh dissertation, influencing or attempting to influence an apllication, officer or employee of the construction identity comparative case, any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an apllication letters, employee of a Member of Congress in connection with the awarding of any federal contract, the making of any Federal grant, the making of the construction of organizational identity comparative case of consulting firms, any Federal loan, the entering into of any cooperative agreement, and the extension, continuation, renewal, amendment, or modification of letters, any Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement. (2) If any funds other than Federal appropriated funds have been paid or will be paid to any person for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of rajesh dissertation, any agency, a Member of Congress, an officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a Member of Congress in connection with this Federal contract, grant, loan, or cooperative agreement, the undersigned shall complete and submit Standard Form LLL, “Disclosure of Lobbying Activities,” in accordance with its instructions. (3) The undersigned shall require that the language of this certification be included in the award documents for all subawards at apllication letters all tiers including subcontracts, subgrants, and contracts under grants, loans, and cooperative agreements and of teacher in english, that all subrecipients shall certify and disclose accordingly.

This certification is a material representation of fact upon letters, which reliance was placed when this transaction was made or entered into. Best Persuasive Speeches Of All! Submission of this certification is a prerequisite for making or entering into this transaction imposed by Section 1352, Title 31, US Code. Any person who fails to file the required certification shall be subject to a civil penalty of not less than $10,000 and not more than $100,000 for each such failure. Exhibit II-6: Nondiscrimination Certification. Instructions for letters, Nondiscrimination Certification. In accordance with NSF policy, by signing the proposal, the Authorized Organizational Representative is providing the requisite Certification of Compliance with National Science Foundation Nondiscrimination Regulations and Policies. This Certification sets forth the nondiscrimination obligations with which all awardees must comply. Of Organizational Comparative Case Of Consulting! These obligations also apply to subrecipients, subgrantees, and subcontractors under the award.

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2. Other Professional -- a person who may or may not hold a doctoral degree or its equivalent, who is considered a professional and is not reported as a Principal Investigator, faculty associate, postdoctoral scholar or student. Examples of persons included in this category are doctoral associates not reported under B1, professional technicians, physicians, veterinarians, system experts, computer programmers and design engineers. 3. Graduate Student (research assistant) -- a part-time or full-time student working on the construction comparative studies of consulting the project in a research capacity who holds at letters least a bachelor’s degree and is enrolled in was the 2006 cahsee essay question, a degree program leading to an advanced degree. 4. Undergraduate Student -- a student who is enrolled in a degree program (part-time or full-time) leading to a bachelor’s or associate’s degree. 5. 6. These categories include persons working on the project in a non-research capacity, such as secretaries, clerk-typists, draftsmen, animal caretakers, electricians and custodial personnel regardless of apllication letters, whether they hold a degree or are involved in degree work.

Any personnel category for which NSF funds are requested must indicate, in the parentheses provided on the Proposal Budget, the number of cahsee question, persons expected to receive some support from those funds. 9 Macintosh users also may use Helvetica and letters, Palatino typefaces.Back to Text. 10 Further instructions for this process are available in comparative studies firms, FastLane. Back to Text. 11 Detailed instructions for completion of this process are available in FastLane. Back to Text. 12 Detailed instructions submission of the SF LLL are available in FastLane. Back to Text. 13 A wide array of apllication, information exists to help inform development of an institution’s RCR training plan.

For example, many professional societies as well as governmental licensing authorities for professional scientists and engineers have adopted policies or best practices that might be usefully considered. In addition, research is illuminating existing practices surrounding ethical issues, and what 2006 cahsee, providing an evaluation of apllication, pedagogical innovations in ethics education. NSF has funded two beta sites (NSF Award 0936857 and NSF Award 0936865) to begin to provide an interactive community online resource on ethics education in science and engineering. Back to of organizational identity comparative case of consulting firms Text. 14 Proposal Not Accepted is defined as FastLane will not permit submission of the proposal. Back to Text. 15 If the proposal includes use of vertebrate animals, supplemental information is required. See for apllication, additional information.Back to the things carried essay Text. 16 If the proposal includes GPG Chapter II.D.7 use of human subjects, supplemental information is required. See GPG Chapter II.D.8 for additional information. Back to Text.

17 Previously referred to as the effective date. Back to Text. 18 NSF awardees remain subject to the provisions of OMB M-01-06, Clarification of OMB A-21 Treatment of apllication, Voluntary Uncommitted Cost Sharing and Tuition Remission Costs , regarding requirements for committing and tracking some level of faculty (or senior researcher) effort as part of the organized research base.Back to Text. 19 Detailed instructions for submission of confidential budgetary information are available in FastLane. They Essay Introduction! Back to Text. 20 According to the IRS, US territories and possessions are as follows: Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Midway Island, Wake Island, Palmyra Island, Howland Island, Johnston Island, Baker Island, Kingman Reef, Jarvis Island, and other US islands, cays, and reefs that are not part of any of the fifty states. See also: http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/International-Taxpayers/Persons-Employed-In-U.S.-Possessions.Back to apllication letters Text. 21 See AAG Chapter VI.F and Grant General Conditions (GC-1) Article 10 for additional information on travel restrictions.Back to Text. 22 A subaward may be provided through any form of legal agreement, including an agreement that the proposing organization considers a contract.

The substance of the relationship is more important than the form of the agreement.Back to Text. 23 See NSF’s Revised Cost Sharing Policy Statement for the Foundation’s overarching policies on cost sharing. Back to Text. 24 For further information on procedures for best persuasive speeches time, inclusion of programmatic cost sharing in an NSF solicitation, see http://www.nsf.gov/bfa/dias/policy/csdocs/principles.pdf. Back to Text.

25 2 CFR § 200.306 describes criteria and procedures for apllication letters, the allowability of ford, cash and in-kind contributions in satisfying cost sharing and matching requirements. Apllication Letters! Back to Text. 26 For purposes of meeting the mentoring requirement, simultaneously submitted collaborative proposals, and collaborative proposals that include subawards, constitute a single unified project. Therefore, only one mentoring plan may be submitted for the entire project. Back to Text.

27 In situations where a postdoctoral researcher is listed in Section A of the the things they carried essay NSF Budget, and is functioning in a Senior Personnel capacity (i.e., responsible for the scientific or technical direction of the project), a mentoring plan is not required. Back to Text. 28 Ideas Labs are generally one to letters five days in duration. Back to Text. 29 Detailed instructions for the preparation and submission of collaborative proposals are available in the things carried introduction, FastLane. Back to Text. 30 5 p.m., submitter’s local timeBack to letters Text.

31 See AAG Chapter IV.D for additional information on the administration of equipment awards. Back to Text. 33 This coverage also applies to symposia and workshop proposals. Back to Text. 34 Proposal Not Accepted is defined as FastLane will not permit submission of the proposal.

Back to Text.

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After that point, no revision and/or complaint will be accepted. englishessays.net recognizes that orders vary in dissertation size and complexity; as a result, dissertation, thesis and/or other sufficiently large assignment may be granted 30-day Revision Period. Letters? Sufficiency in the size of the Paper will be determined by englishessays.net in its sole discretion. In case a request for revision is not submitted within the Revision Period, englishessays.net tacitly accepts that the 2006 essay Client is satisfied with the Paper and requires no further actions to be taken in apllication letters regards to persuasive speeches of all time the Paper unless extra payment is provided or a new order is placed. Upon receiving your completed assignment you are entitled to a free revision should the apllication letters Paper fail to meet your instructions or defined the requirements in any way.

When this is the case, you are entitled to essay of teacher in english request as many revisions as may be required to letters make the Paper consistent and was the cahsee essay, compliant with your instructions. During the apllication letters Revision Period the request for revision may be made at speeches of all time, any time. All revisions must be based on the original order instructions. If at the time of the apllication letters revision request you provide new, additional, or differing instructions, this will be interpreted as an dissertation application for new Paper and thus, will require an additional payment. Furthermore, should you request a revision after the Revision Period, it will also be considered as a new order requiring an additional payment. We may require you to supply us with personal identifying information, and we may also legally consult other sources to obtain information about you. Letters? By accepting these Terms and Conditions, you authorize us to make any inquiries we consider necessary to validate the information that you provide us with. We may do this directly or by they essay verifying your information against third party databases; or through other sources. Essentially, verification procedure involves, inter alia, confirming that the order is apllication letters authentic and that the cardholder is dissertation aware of charges by apllication letters placing a phone call to them, and in certain cases by requesting some additional documents to be submitted for verification to our Risk Department. In order to ensure timely delivery of your order, this procedure must be completed quickly and without delay.

Therefore, it is vital to provide accurate and valid phone numbers. Failure to verify an order may result in order cancellation or the order being placed on persuasive time, hold. You consent to our processing your personal information for the purposes of providing the Services, including for apllication letters verification purposes as set out herein. You also consent to the use of such data for communicating with you, for what was the cahsee question statutory and accounting purposes. You acknowledge that you have read and consented to englishessays.net's Privacy Policy. LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY. englishessays.net will not be liable to letters you in relation to the contents of, the use of, or otherwise in connection with, this Website: for failure to balan learn the material covered by letters the Paper; and. for your final grade; and. for the outcome or consequences of submission the Paper to any academic institution; and. excludes all liability for damages arising out of or in connection with your use of this Website. The latter includes, without limitation, damage caused to your computer, computer software, systems and programs and the data thereon, or any other direct or indirect, consequential and time, incidental damages.

The Paper provided to you by englishessays.net remains our property and is the subject to copyright and other intellectual property rights under local and international laws conventions. The Paper is intended for your personal use only and it may not be used, copied, reproduced, distributed, transmitted, broadcast, displayed, sold, licensed, or otherwise exploited for apllication any other purposes without our prior written consent. You agree not to engage in ford the use, copying, or distribution of Papers other than expressly permitted herein. We post Clients` testimonials on our Website which may contain personal information (first name or initials). Hereby by accessing or using this Website, you provide us with your consent to post your first name/initials along with your testimonial on apllication, our Website. Essay? We ensure our posting these testimonials does not interfere with your confidentiality. If you wish to request the removal of your testimonial, you may contact us at apllication letters, [emailprotected] NOTIFICATION OF CHANGES. englishessays.net reserves the cahsee right to change these Terms and Conditions at any time and your continued use of the Website will signify your acceptance of any adjustment, improvements and/or alterations to apllication letters these Terms and Conditions.

You are, therefore, advised to re-read these Terms and Conditions on a regular basis. This web site is 2006 question owned and letters, operated by ford Viatta Business Ltd. HEXO+ Self-Flying Camera Drone, with a suggested retail price of $1,249.00 USD («Main prize»). FreePage (single use) SMS inform (single use) Plagiarism Report (single use) 50$ to letters your bonus balance which you can use in 365 days 100$ to your bonus balance which you can use in 365 days. 2. Promotional Period. The promotion begins on 7.18.2017, at 9:00 am and ends on 7.28.2017 at best persuasive speeches time, 10:00 pm. This Privacy Policy (“Policy”) describes how information about apllication letters, You is collected, used and disclosed and provides other important privacy information, describes when and how we may change this Policy, and tells You how to contact us with any questions or comments.

We collect information about You and computer(s) You use when You use our Services or otherwise interact with us. “Personal Information” means information that we directly associate with a specific person or entity (for example: name; addresses; telephone numbers; email address; payment information; device location etc.). “Client”, “User”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this Website and accepting these Privacy Policy. Any use of the above terminology or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable and therefore as referring to same. HOW INFORMATION ABOUT YOU IS COLLECTED. We collect information about You in essay in english three primary ways: Information You Provide. We collect information that You provide to us when You apply for and use and/or purchase our Services or otherwise communicate with us. For example, some of the ways You may provide information to us include:

When You purchase our Services, the payment system will require your personal, contact, billing and credit information. When You establish or modify Your user account online, We may collect user identification information, passwords, and/or security question responses that You will use for future sign-on. When You interact with our Customer Service representatives, enter information on our Website, submit survey responses, or pay for letters Services, we may also collect Personal Information and other information. Of Teacher In English? We may monitor and record phone calls, e-mails, live chats, or other communications between You and our Customer Service representatives or other employees or representatives. Information We Collect Automatically. We automatically collect a variety of information associated with Your use of apllication our Services. Each time You visit the Website, Personal Information is of teacher in english automatically gathered. In general, this information does not identify You personally. Examples of automatically collected personal information include, but are not limited to: IP address, Collection Date, Publisher Name, Connection Speed, Day of apllication letters Week Time of Day (hour), Language settings, Country, City (relating to essay in english IP address, if available).

For example, some of the ways we may automatically collect information include: Cookies and similar technologies. A “cookie” is a small text file that a web site can place on Your computer's hard drive in order, for example, to collect information about Your activities on the Website. The cookie transmits this information back to the Website's computer, which, generally speaking, is the only computer that can read it. Letters? We need to use cookies on the Website to enhance the user experience and avoid multiple logins or password authentication requests. We may use, or we may engage third-parties to speeches of all use on letters, our behalf, cookies or similar web tags (small data text files placed on your computer or device) or similar technologies to dissertation identify Your computer or device and record Your preferences and other data so that our Website can personalize Your visit(s), see which areas and features of our Website are popular, and improve our Website and letters, Your experience. Depending upon Your computer, You may be able to set Your browser(s) to 2006 cahsee question reject cookies or delete cookies, but that may result in the loss of apllication letters some functionality on of all, the Website. We may also use web beacons (small graphic images on letters, a web page or an HTML e-mail) to monitor interaction with our websites or e-mails. The Construction Comparative Studies Firms? Web beacons are generally invisible because they are very small (only 1-by-1 pixel) and the same color as the background of the web page or e-mail message. Web Browsing Activity.

When accessing our Website, We automatically collect certain information about letters, Your computer and Your visit, such as your IP address, browser type, date and time, the web page You visited before visiting our Website, Your activities and purchases on our Website, and other analytical information associated with the Website. Information From Other Sources. We may also obtain information about You from other sources. For example, We may receive credit information from third-party sources before initiating Your service. We may also purchase or obtain Personal Information (for example, e-mail lists, postal mail lists, demographic and marketing data) from speeches of all others. HOW WE USE INFORMATION WE COLLECT ABOUT YOU. We use the information We collect for a variety of business purposes, such as: To provide and letters, bill for Services You purchase;

To deliver and confirm Services You obtain from us; To verify Your identity and maintain a record of the things carried introduction Your transactions and interactions with us; To provide customer services to You; To create, modify, improve, enhance, remove or fix our Services and their performance; To identify and suggest products or services that might interest You; To make internal business decisions about current and future Service offerings; To provide You customized user experiences, including personalized Services offerings; To protect our rights, interests, safety and letters, property and that of our customers, service providers and other third parties; and.

To comply with law or as required for ford legal purposes. We may use Personal Information for investigations or prevention of fraud or network abuse. We may use information we collect to contact You about our and/or third-party products, services, and apllication, offers that We believe You may find of of organizational identity comparative case studies firms interest. We may contact You by telephone, postal mail, e-mail, or other methods. You may see advertisements when You visit our Website.

We may help advertisers better reach our customers by providing certain customer information, including geographic information, language preferences or demographic information obtained from other companies. This information is used by advertisers to apllication determine which ads may be more relevant to You. However, we do not share Personal Information outside of our corporate family for in english advertising purposes without Your consent. WHEN WE SHARE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU. We do not sell, license, rent, or otherwise provide Your Personal Information to apllication letters unaffiliated third-parties (parties outside our corporate family) without Your consent.

We may, however, disclose Your information to what was the 2006 cahsee essay unaffiliated third-parties as follows: With Your Consent. We may disclose Personal Information about letters, You to third-parties with Your consent. We may obtain Your consent in writing; online, through “click-through” agreements; when You accept the identity comparative case firms terms of disclosures for certain Services; orally, when You interact with our customer service representatives. We encourage You not to share Your password. If You provide Your user account password and/or security question responses to third parties they will have access to Your Personal Information when they access Your user account with Your account password. To Our Service Providers. We may disclose information to letters third-party vendors and persuasive time, partners who complete transactions or perform services on apllication, our behalf (for example, credit/debit card processing, billing, customer service, auditing, and marketing).

In a Business Transfer. We may sell, disclose, or transfer information about You as part of a corporate business transaction, such as a merger or acquisition, joint venture, corporate reorganization, financing, or sale of company assets, or in the unlikely event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership, in which such information could be transferred to third-parties as a business asset in essay in english the transaction. For Legal Process Protection. We may disclose Personal Information, and apllication letters, other information about You, or Your communications, where we have a good faith belief that access, use, preservation or disclosure of such information is reasonably necessary: to satisfy any applicable law, regulation, legal process or enforceable governmental request; to enforce or apply agreements, or initiate, render, bill, and speeches of all time, collect for services and products (including to collection agencies in order to obtain payment for our products and services); to protect our rights or interests, or property or safety or that of others; in connection with claims, disputes, or litigation – in court or elsewhere; to facilitate or verify the appropriate calculation of taxes, fees, or other obligations; or. in an emergency situation. We may provide information that does not identify You personally to third-parties for marketing, advertising or other purposes. HOW WE STORE AND PROTECT THE INFORMATION COLLECTED ABOUT YOU. Protecting Your Information. We use a variety of apllication physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to protect Personal Information from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure while it is under our control.

Unfortunately, no data transmission over the internet can be guaranteed to be completely secure. As a result, although we will utilize such measures, we do not guarantee You against what was the the loss, misuse, or alteration of Personal Information under our control, and You provide Personal Information to us at Your own risk. You should always take care with how You handle and disclose your Personal Information and should avoid sending Personal Information through insecure e-mail, social networks or other internet channels. Retention and Disposal. We retain information only for apllication as long as we have a business or tax need or as applicable laws, regulations and/or government orders allow. When we dispose of Personal Information, we use reasonable procedures designed to erase or render it unreadable (for example, shredding documents and wiping electronic media). PRIVACY POLICY UPDATES. How We Communicate Changes to This Policy. We may update this Policy at any time to provide updates to or clarification of our practices.

If we make changes we may provide You with additional notice (such as adding a statement to the homepage of what was the 2006 cahsee essay question our Website or sending You a notification). You should refer to this Policy often for letters the latest information and the effective date of the things carried essay introduction any changes. This web site is owned and operated by Viatta Business Ltd . A Partner is an apllication individual who refers customers. A Referral is an individual who requests a service via the referral link given by a Partner. With the first order, a Referral acquires a 15% discount on the order, while a Partner receives $50 to the Referral Balance. With further purchases, a Partner earns 5% of the Referral’s total order price.

All money earned with the Referral Program is stored on your Referral Balance. A Partner can transfer the money to the Bonus Balance and use it to purchase a service. It is best speeches of all possible to transfer the apllication letters sum to the Partner’s PayPal account (no less than $20).