Research paper editor

Barack Obama#8217;s Columbia University Thesis. Claim: Barack Obama#8217;s thesis for Columbia University, entitled #8220;Aristocracy Reborn,#8221; noted that America#8217;s founding fathers #8220;did not allow for economic freedom.#8221; Example: [Collected via e-mail, October 2009] I saw someone online claim that the following is research paper editor a quote from Barack Obama#8217;s thesis at Columbia contains the following segment: #8220;#8230; the Constitution allows for many things, but what it does not allow is the most revealing. The so-called Founders did not allow for r l stevenson as an essayist economic freedom. While political freedom is supposedly a cornerstone of the document, the distribution of wealth is not even mentioned. While many believed that the new Constitution gave them liberty, it instead fitted them with the shackles of hypocrisy.#8221; Origins: In academia, a thesis is a typical requirement for a graduate degree (although some schools require a thesis for a bachelor#8217;s degree as well), an original research project submitted by research paper a student on r l stevenson, a topic related to his major. Many universities keep their students#8217; theses on file and make them available to the public as library resources. In recent years, theses written by paper U.S. Writing About School? presidential candidates and research paper, their spouses have become subjects of great interest, particularly for the possibility that they might provide some insight into the thinking and paper, mindsets of their authors, including the disclosure of once-held viewpoints that might be now be considered controversial and disadvantageous to paper their current political careers (or those of their spouses). Accordingly, major political figures have become more circumspect about allowing public access to their theses: Former First Lady Hillary Clinton#8216;s 1969 Wellesley College thesis on lab report template college, community organizer Saul D. Alinsky, for example, was not available for examination by the public during the research editor eight years of locator her husband#8217;s presidency, and current First Lady Michelle Obama#8216;s 1985 Princeton University thesis on #8220;Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community#8221; was the research paper editor subject of controversy when access to essay it was initially blocked during her husband#8217;s campaign for research paper the presidency. (The Obama campaign made a copy of Michelle#8217;s thesis publicly available in February 2008, and Princeton#8217;s restriction on school, access to it was likewise lifted.) Throughout the 2008 presidential campaign (and afterwards), one of the items that was frequently cited as a #8220;missing document#8221; connected with Barack Obama was his own thesis for Columbia University, a school from editor, which he graduated in 1983 with a bachelor#8217;s degree in lab report template college, political science (with a specialization in international relations). Research Editor? Politico noted in October 2008 that: There#8217;s not a whole lot of essay writing about school information available about research paper editor Obama#8217;s time at writing about Columbia University in New York, which he attended for three years after attending Occidental College in Los Angeles for one year and from which he graduated in 1983.

His campaign would not release his transcripts, and research paper editor, it says it does not have a copy of his thesis, which dealt with Soviet nuclear disarmament and essay writing, which has drawn intense interest. As far as has been determined, Barack Obama did not produce a formal thesis for his degree at Columbia University; the closest match is a paper he wrote during his senior year for an honors seminar in American Foreign Policy. However, Columbia University has said it did not retain a copy of research paper that paper, Obama spokesman Ben LaBolt has said that Barack himself does not have a copy, and the professor to whom the paper was submitted has said that he no longer has a copy in his possession either: In 1983, as a senior at Columbia in essay school, New York, Barack Obama enrolled in an intense, eight-student honors seminar called American Foreign Policy. His former professor, Michael Baron, recalled in an interview with NBC News that Obama easily aced the year-long class. But Baron says he never had any inkling that the research paper gangly senior would scale such heights. [Baron] had saved Obama#8217;s senior paper for years, and even hunted for stevenson essayist it again [in July 2008] in some boxes.

But he said his search was fruitless, and he now thinks he tossed it out [in 2000] during a move. described [Obama#8217;s] paper as a #8220;thesis#8221; or #8220;senior thesis#8221; in research editor, several interviews, and fire prevention essay, said that Obama spent a year working on it. Baron recalls that the editor topic was nuclear negotiations with the Soviet Union. #8220;My recollection is global warmin that the paper was an analysis of the evolution of the arms reduction negotiations between the Soviet Union and research editor, the United States,#8221; Baron said in locator, an e-mail. #8220;At that time, a hot topic in foreign policy circles was finding a way in which each country could safely reduce the paper large arsenal of nuclear weapons pointed at the other #8230; For U.S. policy makers in both political parties, the aim was not disarmament, but achieving deep reductions in warmin, the Soviet nuclear arsenal and keeping a substantial and permanent American advantage. As I remember it, the paper was about those negotiations, their tactics and paper editor, chances for success. Consciousness From Higher Order Perspective? Barack got an A.#8221; Baron said that, even if he could find a copy of the paper, it would likely disappoint Obama#8217;s critics. #8220;The course was not a polemical course, it was a course in decision making and how decisions got made,#8221; he said. Research Paper Editor? #8220;None of the papers in the class were controversial.#8221; So would it provide any political ammunition today? #8220;I don#8217;t think it would at all,#8221; Baron said. #8220;It wasn#8217;t a position paper; it was an analysis of decision-making.#8221; In October 2009, a purported excerpt from Barack Obama#8217;s #8220;missing#8221; Columbia thesis began circulating widely on the Internet, one which claimed the paper stated that the fire prevention essay paper Constitution drafted by American#8217;s founding fathers #8220;did not allow for economic freedom#8221; and paper, failed to mention #8220;the distribution of wealth#8221; (a play on the common campaign charge that a redistribution of wealth was one of Barack Obama#8217;s political goals). Had someone finally turned up Barack Obama#8217;s elusive senior paper? The Pajamas Media web site reported on 21 October 2009 that writer/reporter Joe Klein had been permitted to read the first ten pages of it and had revealed that the paper (supposedly entitled #8220;Aristocracy Reborn#8221;) included the excerpt reproduced above.

However, that claim seemed dubious, as a paper on locator, #8220;Aristocracy Reborn,#8221; with musings about the research paper editor Founding Fathers#8217; supposed lack of interest in warmin essay, #8220;economic freedom#8221; and #8220;the distribution of wealth,#8221; would have been rather unusual content to find in a senior paper on the topic of Soviet nuclear disarmament, written for a seminar on American foreign policy. In fact, the putative excerpt was fictitious, something lifted from editor, a bit of satire published on the Jumping in Pools blog back on 25 August 2009: Obama was required to write a #8216;senior seminar#8217; paper in order to fire prevention paper graduate from Columbia. The subject of this paper, which totaled 44 pages, was American government. Paper Editor? Entitled Aristocracy Reborn , this paper chronicled the long struggle of the working class against, as Obama put it, #8220;plutocratic thugs with one hand on the money and the other on the government.#8221; In the paper, in which only the first ten pages were given to the general media, Obama decries the plight of the fire essay paper poor: #8220;I see poverty in every place I walk. In Los Angeles and research editor, New York, the poor reach to me with bleary eyes and all I can do is sigh.#8221; In part, the future President blames this on the current economic system: #8220;There are many who will defend the #8216;free market.#8217; But who will defend the single mother of from higher order perspective four working three jobs. When a system is allowed to be free at the expense of research paper editor its citizens, then it is tyranny.#8221; However, the President also singled out the American Constitution: #8220;#8230; the Constitution allows for many things, but what it does not allow is the most revealing. The so-called Founders did not allow for consciousness essay order economic freedom.

While political freedom is paper supposedly a cornerstone of the essay order perspective document, the research paper editor distribution of wealth is not even mentioned. While many believed that the new Constitution gave them liberty, it instead fitted them with the shackles of hypocrisy.#8221; Pajamas Media issued a notice a few days after its original report acknowledging that the essay writing information about Barack Obama#8217;s Columbia thesis was a hoax. Joe Klein also affirmed that he had never seen the paper in question. Last updated: 25 October 2009. Dedman, Bill. #8220;Reading Hillary Rodham#8217;s Hidden Thesis.#8221; MSNBC.com.

9 May 2007. Popkin, Jim. #8220;Obama and research paper, the Case of the Missing #8216;Thesis.'#8221; MSNBC.com. 24 July 2008. Saul, Michael. College? #8220;Limbaugh Falls for Obama Thesis Hoax.#8221; [New York] Daily News. Research Editor? 25 October 2009. Stevenson? Scott, Janny. Paper Editor? #8220;Obama#8217;s Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say.#8221; The New York Times. 30 October 2007. Vogel, Kenneth P. #8220;What Are the essayist Candidates Hiding?#8221; Politico.com.

23 October 2008. Got a tip or a rumor? Contact us here. Published: Sep 28th, 2012. Research Paper Editor? Are the Spires on Disney World#8217;s Cinderella Castle Removable in Case of Hurricane? Oct 2nd, 2017 An old but still thriving urban legend about Walt Disney World in Florida holds that the theme park's tallest structure, Cinderella Castle, was built such that it can be fully or partially dismantled in the event of locator a hurricane. Oct 2nd, 2017 The musician suffered cardiac arrest a week after he and his group the Heartbreakers had concluded their 40th anniversary tour. Are NFL Players Required to Stand on the Field During the National Anthem? Sep 24th, 2017 Confusing claims about whether the NFL's rulebook or game operations manual specifically requires players to research editor stand on perspective, the sideline during the pre-game playing of the U.S. national anthem. CBS Fires Lawyer Over Facebook Comments About Las Vegas Mass Shooting.

Oct 2nd, 2017 The comments, which have since been deleted, express a lack of sympathy for shooting victims in Las Vegas because they may have been Republicans. Did Donald Trump Bankrupt a Golf Course, Leaving Puerto Rico with $33 Million in Debt? Sep 27th, 2017 A viral string of tweets gets some facts right about a failed business venture involving a Trump company, but it also leaves out editor, some important context. #8216;Nothing, Nothing.#8217; Aid Lags in Hurricane-Torn Puerto Rico. Sep 27th, 2017 Many of the more than 3.4 million U.S. Essay Perspective? citizens in Puerto Rico were still without adequate food, water and fuel five days after Hurricane Maria hit. Updated What appears to be a $100 (or $50) coupon giveaway by Lowe's is actually a scam. Was a Protester Throwing Explosives Into a Berkeley Crowd Before She Was Punched? Apr 20th, 2017 There's no evidence Louise Rosealma was using a glass bottle she appeared to be holding as an incendiary device. Did a 1950s TV Episode Feature a Character Named Trump Who Offered to Build a Protective Wall?

Jan 9th, 2017 An episode of the research paper editor 1950s western TV series 'Trackdown' featured a character named Walter Trump who claimed he would build a wall in order to protect a town from the end of the fire essay world. Did Jeff Sessions Say He#8217;s Amazed a Judge #8216;On an Island in the Pacific#8217; Can Block Executive Orders? Apr 20th, 2017 The Trump administration's Attorney General expressed his amazement on a radio talk show. Updated Rumor holds that conservative rocker Ted Nugent evaded the Vietnam-era draft by paper editor taking drugs and college, acting crazy during his pre-induction physical.

List of the best free software for research editor students. Updated 11 September 2017. We've done a whole load of essay writing, research to find some of the research paper best free software available for students at the moment. The best things in life are free, right? Free software might sound a little suspect. After all, it's free and useful… so why aren't they making us cough up for it?

How often does that happen? The free software market has expanded massively in recent years, as those in the know seek to warmin, oppose bigwig software companies and make great software readily available to all. If you're willing to paper, compromise a little on aesthetics, you could save yourself a small fortune on fire essay software. And if you're looking to get the most out of research, your phone, our list of essential apps for students will put you on r l stevenson essayist the right track. Office software (alternatives to MS Office etc.) Antivirus software Image editing software (alternative to Photoshop etc.) Audio video editing software The best of the rest… Whatever you study, you're bound to need some sort of office package similar to paper, Microsoft Office, or at fire, least something that's compatible with it. Here's a selection of the best free software to use for uni work, without having to pay for the privilege. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. Apache is paper editor, currently the leading producer of essay, free open source software. The software package includes all necessary office programmes.

It has a word processor which is similar to research, Microsoft word, (NB: the lab report template college grammar checker is not as good, though!). Open Office also includes other features like the ones you'd find with a Microsoft Office package – for example, to produce spreadsheets, presentations, databases, and an illustrator programme. As Open Office's features mimic those you'll have encountered with Microsoft Office, this makes them pretty easy to research paper, use. Open Office also supports a range of Microsoft Office files saved as, .doc; .xls, .ppt, and other formats such as PDF, HTML, and XML. Think of the difference between Apache Open Office and writing school Microsoft Office as like the difference between a Big Mac and paper a Whopper – they're essentially the same thing, just presented to you a bit differently. Compatible with: PC and Linux. Oxygen Office Professional is essay perspective, essentially just an research paper editor, enhanced version of Open Office and is branded as 'Open Office with extras.' Although Oxygen Office might not look as up-to-date and pretty as Open Office, you might find some of these extras are useful to you. They include: templates, fonts, clip art, new and college updated import filters, enhanced palettes for research paper colour, and overall enhanced performance. Note that Oxygen Office isn't available for Mac! Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux.

LibreOffice is locator, another fork off from Open Office and, after plenty of research we've found the paper general consensus is that the two are pretty much exactly the essay same, and LibreOffice has all the same programmes as Open Office. A few small notable differences are that LibreOffice can handle Scalable Vector Graphics images in paper editor, its programmes and supports a larger number of languages. We also heard through the locator geek-vine that LibreOffice is just slightly more compatible with Microsoft Office than Open Office is, so if you'll be doing a lot of presentations at uni (where Microsoft Office is the standard) this might be a better option. Using free software online means you can save your documents in paper editor, online files, which avoids clogging up your hard-drive. This also means you can access it on consciousness essay from order any kind of computer at research paper, any time, as all your data is stored in the cloud.

If slightly unfamiliar office software isn't for global you, then you might want to research paper editor, stick with Microsoft Office, and this is a great way to from higher, use it free of research, charge. Microsoft Office Web Apps are stripped down versions of the fire prevention essay paper most popular office features – Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and OneNote are available. All you need is a Windows live account (which is also free), and you can access the programmes via your browser. One downside of the Web Apps is that they don't include all the best features as the programs are simplified for research paper online use. Google Docs is our top pick for students – it's super straight-forward to use and allows you to create basic documents, spreadsheets and presentations online. It includes all the familiar editing tools such as font changing, text editing, cell editing, etc. Locator. Google Docs also allows you to upload your existing files in DOC, XLS, ODT, ODS, RTF, CSV, and PPT formats. What makes Google Docs a cut above the rest is that it makes collaborations and group projects easy . The software allows you to invite others to access and edit your documents, all in real time. This allows multiple people to work on the same document at once, tracing the edits that are made and by who (and you can even discuss changes in a live chat window whilst you do so). Google drive also autosaves regularly , so if you suddenly lose internet connection or you laptop battery dies, you can be relaxed in the knowledge that your work will still be there when you get back online. Amazingly, you can also easily restore or view previous versions of your document, so if you've deleted something previously that you'd like to resurrect, it's easily done!

Great for use on mobile and desktops, ThinkFree is getting more and more popular due it's similarity to paper, Microsoft Office suite. Although ThinkFree is an online software, you so still have to go through an stevenson as an essayist, installation process before you can use it. Don't be fooled by editor this though – you can still only access it online, and if you do want to college, upgrade to research, offline use you'll need to pay ?35 for ThinkFree Office. Perhaps the best thing about ThinkFree is that it does fancy stuff with your browser so you can still use all your normal keyboard shortcuts. Anti-virus software can be really expensive, but no one wants a laptop on the blink – particularly when there are deadlines to global warmin, meet! The unfortunate situation is that most of us don't think seriously about installing antivirus software until it's too late.

Don't make this mistake (we've been there, and it's not pretty)! Warning : Take care when searching online for free antivirus software, as (ironically) some of these can be viruses in paper editor, disguise. This is warmin, how they get ya. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. Avast is a free and fairly comprehensive antivirus software. The software can detect viruses, spyware, worms, Trojans and malicious adware. The software offers browser and email scanners which offer protection from spam, phishing emails and editor viruses. Avast is pretty easy to use, but has been known to slow down your computer's performance whilst running a scan. Small price to pay to keep your computer protected, though!

Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. AVG offers a decent antivirus software, if you don't mind the aggressive advertising. As well as the basic protection against locator viruses and malware, AVG scans incoming and outgoing emails, and automatically uses red, yellow or green warnings to rate the security of results in your browser. The downside of AVG is thatit constantly advertises costly updates, and the size of the software can make a pretty large dent in your computer storage. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. Microsoft Security Essentials is research paper, simple to install and use, but is essay writing about school, a little on paper the basic side. Microsoft's antivirus software effectively protects against viruses and r l stevenson spyware, and includes a variety of computer scan options including whole system or custom scans. Security Essentials offers browser and email protection but it has been reviewed as less effective as Avast and AVG. Image editing software is a necessity for many students – whether specifically for their course, or just in order to create photoshopped pictures to research paper editor, send to their mates (both equally important). Either way, Photoshop costs a bomb so we've scoped out writing about school some of the best image editing software which does the job for research paper free. Note : Be wary of the different file formats you save your work under when using this software, as they might not be compatible when transferred to other computers.

Aaaawww Paint. That trusty software you would only expect to use when defacing photos with bright moustaches and lab report devil horns, right? Well, despite the name, Paint.net is surprisingly sophisticated in what it offers (moustaches and all). Paint.net includes many features usually only available with expensive software – it uses multiple layering for rich photo composition so you can get your pic looking just how you'd like it. There is research paper editor, also a wide range of colour editing options and a 3D rotate and zoom effect. Paint.net supports the file types, BMP, GIF, HD PHOTO, JPEG, JPEG 2000, PCX, PNG, and lab report RAW. Compatible with: PC, Mac.

Autodesk offer free design software to research paper, students, cause they're nice like that. You can get their software free of charge for three years if you sign up to the Autodesk Education Committee, which requires your uni email address. The free software package includes programmes worth hundreds of pounds such as AutoCAD, Autodesk Sketchbook Pro, AutoCAD Map 3D, and AutoCAD Architecture. One drawback is that all print outs will have a watermark to show they are from the free student version of the software. Annoying!

Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. WARNING: Please be wary when searching online for this free service, you might be, erm… surprised by what the fire prevention search pulls up. Research Paper Editor. We learned the hard way. According to Gimp, their intention is to rival Adobe Photoshop with free software of equal quality – and they've done a pretty good job of it. Gimp includes loads of fire prevention essay, features similar to editor, Photoshop, and has been highly recommended both amateur and lab report template college savvy Photoshoppers alike. They offer a huge range of research editor, editing tools, which allow both simple and complex photo manipulation. Like Photoshop, there are a range of plug-ins available for consciousness higher Gimp to make your editing easier and paper more advanced – a quick online search will show you what's available. Gimp supports a broad range of file types including, JPEG, GIF, PNG, TIFF among others. Sketchup by essay writing about school Google is a free downloadable software that allows you to easily produce 3D models of anything you like. It's a free and less advanced version of Trimble's Sketchup Pro, but still has a lot to offer.

The software is pretty easy after a bit of practice, and the results are pretty impressive. Research Editor. You'll find yourself looking for locator any excuse to research, use a 3D model in your uni work. Edited images can take up a lot of space on your hard drive. To save on space try some of lab report, this free software for research paper editor editing images online. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux.

Picasa is locator, primarily a space to organise and research paper backup your photos, but it also offers some simple and handy editing tools too. Basic features such as red-eye reduction, cropping and colour enhancement are available and pretty handy for essay higher perspective filtering all your night out pics where everyone looks a bit read and research paper sweaty. You can also use Picasa for reducing photo size, creating image time lines and photo sharing – and to use it, all you need is a Google Account . It may be part of your course, or maybe you just enjoy being able to edit tunes or procrastinate by r l making silly videos to wind your mates up. These free video and audio software packages won't help you to research paper, make the prevention paper next big blockbuster, but they will get you on paper the right track at least! Note : Although these programs are all compatible with any computer, be wary of the file formats you save your creations under. Essay Writing About. Otherwise, they might not be compatible when transferred to other computers. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux.

Audacity is free software that allows you to record, convert, edit, copy, slice, mix and do much more to research paper editor, your chosen audio. Amongst other tools, the software allows you to dub over existing tracks to create multi-track recordings, monitor volume levels before, during and after recording, and remove static, hiss, hum or other constant background noises. Audacity enables you to import and locator export WAV, AIFF, AU, FLAC and Ogg Vorbis files and create WAV or AIFF files which are suitable for burning to a CD. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. Anything named after a Star Trek character is bound to have the computer boffin seal of approval! If your online music collection is a mess of research editor, untitled artists, incomplete albums, and misspelt song titles, then MusicBrainz Picard can sort it all out for you. The software will take an audio tracks unique digital 'fingerprint' and match it against the MusicBrainz Picard database. It then adds tags to your tracks, including correct spelling, comprehensive release information and assignment to the correct album. It's like hiring a cleaner for your music collection!

Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. If you've often spent hours downloading a video, only to find it won't play on your media player (aaargh!) then VLC player is the software for you. VLC claims you'd be hard pressed to consciousness higher order perspective, find a format that it can't work with, and it can even play broken, corrupted or unfinished video or audio files. The software leaves a little to be desired aesthetically, but it's really easy to use and does exactly what it says on the tin. Videora is free software, and research paper editor it can actually save you money to essay paper, boot, hooray!

The software allows you to convert a variety of research paper, formats into files which can be played on your iPod, phone, PSP, Xbox, or whatever other device you have. This could save you pennies as it means you don't have to shop directly at the apple store (for example) to locator, get your files in the right format if you already have them. There's loads of free software out there to help with you uni work, socialising and much more. Research Editor. These are the best of the rest! Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. If you like to access your files wherever you are and worry about lab report template losing anything (hard drives do get lost, stolen or broken, remember) then Dropbox is a great plan. Dropbox allows you to bring all your photos, documents and research paper editor videos into one neat and tidy place.

The cloud based software saves you the about school trouble of research, emailing yourself, losing memory sticks, or crying when your computer breaks down and you lose everything on template it. Alter/add files in your Dropbox and research editor these changes will be available on whatever device you use Dropbox on. It also includes a sharing function, which is great for group projects. The free version of fire, Dropbox starts off with 2GB, with a maximum of 16GB of space if you refer friends onto paper editor the service. If you've been taking advantage of all the free software we've shown you, then your laptop may be a getting a little clogged up. Not to worry though – Ccleaner is a system optimisation which clears space on your hard drive by removing unwanted files, emptying your recycle bin and clearing your internet history. Ccleaner runs pretty quickly and can make your laptop running time a lot faster. IMGBurn is free software that allows for essay from higher order perspective easy CD, DVD, HD-DVD, or Blu-Ray burning. Editor. It allows you to achieve a range of burning tasks that can often be temperamental. It allows you to read a disk to an image file, write an image file to disk, check if a disk is fully readable, and more. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux.

Increasingly popular with students, Prezi is a free and college easy to use presentation tool that creates really impressive slides that will impress your classmates and paper editor lecturers! Not only can you make some impressively good looking presentations, but all of the storage is online so there's no chance of forgetting your memory stick. It's free to locator, use for everyone but students can also look forward to increased storage – just 'cause. Whether it's remembering everything on your daily-increasing shopping list, or you're working on projects with people and need access across a variety of different devices, Evernote is great at organising your life all in one place. You can collate all of your files, notes, pictures and favourite web pages all in one place so you can read or view at research paper editor, any time (even on your phone when you're out and locator about) and paper editor then share them with whoever you like. Microsoft Imagine (formally DreamSpark)

Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. So, Microsoft have caught on to the fact that since students are more immersed in technology and tend to writing about, pack in research paper, some pretty amazing ideas, they've created free software that aims to writing school, bring these ideas to life. With Microsoft imagine, you can use their tools to research paper, develop apps, build a project or even design a game if you've got a flare for locator that stuff. This software has specifically been designed to nurture ideas from current students, so it's only available with an active student email address or ISIC number. Compatible with: PC, Mac, Linux. Plugged as 'a personal research assistant,' Zotero is a free reference management software that aims to help students collect and research save sources as they go along, making referencing for essay essays and projects so much easier. Zotero works by creating an online folder for your different projects, which you can add sources to with a single click – be it a journal article, a website, an ebook, or any other source.

Then, like the magic little genie it is, Zotero will automatically insert in-text citations based on what you've collected for that project, and editor create your bibliography for you – error free! The amount of hours this will save on your dissertation is essay, just crazy. Do you use any great free software that you'd recommend other students try out research paper editor too? Fill us in using the comments section below! Earn ?20 Amazon Vouchers. Win ?250 Nando’s Vouchers!

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6 Resume Rules for 2017 That You May Not Know About. We#8217;re only in the second week of the new year, so this is a great time to talk about resume rules for 2017. This time last year, readers talked about whether or not they apply to jobs when they don#8217;t meet all the requirements (also see our imposter syndrome post), and a few years ago Kat answered a reader email about unusual ways to get your resume noticed. Here are six resume rules for editor 2017 that you may not have heard: 1. Know that the r l essayist, #8220;one page#8221; limit no longer applies. Depending on research editor your career and circumstances, it#8217;s OK if your resume goes beyond a page. To figure out essay order perspective, whether to make your resume one, two, or even three pages, check out research, these guidelines from Monster. No matter what, though, keep it concise #8212; and make 100% sure there are no typos!

2. Tailor your resume to each position and company; don#8217;t keep sending every employer exactly the same one. R L As An Essayist! Use the words and phrases from the job description in each resume, especially because it#8217;s more likely to editor be read by a computer first than by a human. 3. Include the URL of your LinkedIn profile and any relevant, employer-friendly social media accounts. (After all, the company is going to r l essayist google you anyway!) If you have a portfolio website, include that too. By the way, if your LinkedIn URL looks something like this: linkedin.com/in/jane-smith-5cu95802, create a custom URL for editor your public profile (e.g., linkedin.com/in/janesmith) by updating your public profile settings. 4. Include a summary or #8220;personal branding statement#8221; rather than an objective, which has fallen out of favor over the years.

Here are some examples from the web: #8220;corporate troubleshooter regularly assigned to global warmin the most challenging initiatives#8221; (source) #8220;cost-conscious benefits manager who has creatively tailored plans to research paper employee needs at global warmin, below average employer cost#8221; (source) #8220;online ad sales director with 12 years of research experience leading sales teams in essay writing school start-up, rapidly growing, and established companies#8221; (source) 5. Don#8217;t leave college activities on your resume forever. Research Paper Editor! Career experts recommend removing them anywhere from two to five years after graduation. And unless you#8217;re a recent graduate, don#8217;t include your graduation year. Once you#8217;ve past the #8220;young professional#8221; stage, leaving it off may protect you from global essay, age discrimination (and motherhood discrimination). Editor! (You might ask, #8220;Well, can#8217;t they tell how old I am by looking at my listed positions?#8221; but Alison Green of locator Ask a Manager recommends removing jobs that you held more than 15-20 years ago.) 6. Save and send/upload your resume as a PDF (rather than a Word document) so that the formatting will look exactly the research editor, same to the hiring manager as it does to locator you.

Tip: I literally did not learn this until today, so some of you may not know this either #8212; when you choose #8220;Export#8221; in research editor Word and template, create a PDF, the formatting will be preserved, including hyperlinks. (A note based on research editor some of the comments #8212; if you KNOW a bot will be looking at your resume, upload a plain .txt version as well as a PDF version for essay writing human eyes, if you can.) When is the research, last time you updated your resume? How long is it? How much do you alter it for each position you apply for? For those of you who REVIEW resumes, what are your main takeaways? Have you read about any other resume rules for 2017?

Getting Past the First Cut with a Resume That Grabs Digital Eyes [New York Times] What To Remove From Your Resume In 2017 [Forbes] How Long Can Your Resume Be? [Ask a Manager] 16 Things You Should Remove From Your Resume [The Ladders] Research: How Subtle Class Cues Can Backfire on Your Resume [Harvard Business Review] I would be weary of the PDF rule. I always used to submit resumes as PDFs it just seemed more polished. But one of my friend who works in locator HR for a big multi-national company says that they get so many applications for each job that they all get scanned by automated software for keywords before ever being seen by a person. And many of research editor those software applications cannot properly search PDFs, even though candidates are told this is an acceptable format. If your application is global being submitted to paper editor what is obviously HR software, I#8217;d think twice and submit a Word document if it#8217;s a supported format. R L Essayist! They probably can#8217;t search PDFs if they#8217;re a scan of something.

But the paper, PDFs you save from Microsoft Word are most definitely searchable. I don#8217;t know how the search function of essay paper these software applications work, but apparently a number of them struggle with PDFs. Knowing that, why take the risk? They#8217;re only not searchable if they#8217;re scanned. I think it#8217;s riskier to editor send a .doc than to send a searchable, natively created PDF. Here#8217;s an example where spellcheck won#8217;t help you. You meant wary but wrote weary. Both are words, so spellcheck is warmin essay going to research editor think you#8217;re fine. Always have a good friend or colleague check your entire resume. I review resumes pretty regularly and I HATE when someone sends a Word document. Whether fair or not, it makes me feel like the applicant is not very tech-savvy.

Even when the lab report college, format stays as the applicant intended (which it seldom does), I always use the Show/Hide formatting button and can often see that s/he made the resume #8220;look#8221; good but is not a very adept/efficient Word user. In fairness, my organization does not use automated software but I haven#8217;t heard of problems with resume scanning software and PDFs as long as OCR is applied. Another big turn-off is people who describe themselves as #8220;detail-oriented#8221; but have an error in their resume. Research Paper Editor! I am much less forgiving of an error when the applicant has listed #8220;attention to detail#8221; as one of their selling points. Fire Prevention! Similarly, I more apt to forgive a minor error on our online application (unique to us, no spell check, etc.) than I am to overlook an error on your resume or cover letter, which you#8217;ve had time to prep, check and have others review. Research Paper Editor! Is #4 actually a thing people recommend now?

I always think it looks a bit cliched and useless, and as a hiring manager, I wouldn#8217;t even bother to read it. If you have some special skill/relation to the job, tell me in your cover letter or email don#8217;t give me random marketing jargon. Agree, I would be surprised to see this on template a resume and would assume the person is out of touch with current norms. This should be in the cover letter. Paper! Keeping it in is a waste of space. I see this a lot so I know it#8217;s done. I#8217;m not in Law, though, so that may be the difference?

It doesn#8217;t bother me as long as it#8217;s brief. Stevenson! Even if they use marketing jargon, it still gives me a sense of what the applicant believes are their top professional or personal traits, which can be telling. Research! It#8217;s like the classic interview question, #8220;describe yourself in three words#8221; (or some iteration of that). Writing About School! The cover letter, on paper the other hand, is how their skills and experience will align with my organization and the position. I am really, really against #8220;personal branding statements#8221; on resumes. I don#8217;t need or want that on your resume. The resume is valuable space and should be devoted to highlighting how the applicant#8217;s skills and experience match the employer#8217;s need. I would keep graduation year on resumes, but that may be a law-specific thing I need to know when you graduated so I know what kind of level of seniority I#8217;m looking at. I#8217;m also really against wasting resume space on #8220;other interests,#8221; but I know lots of people here disagree with me. And I do get that, say, summer associate candidates may not have a ton of stuff to include on the resume and thus the fluff gives the consciousness essay perspective, interviewer something to talk about. Research Editor! But if you have enough substantive material to fill up a page, please, for the love of god, do not cut any of it so you can include that you enjoy hiking, cooking, and SEC football.

What would you think of including law school graduation year, but losing college graduation year and essay higher order perspective, grad school graduation year? In my case, I graduated in research paper 2010, but did grad school before law school, so I#8217;m 39. And don#8217;t really want to broadcast that to essay higher order perspective a prospective employer. But neither do I want to paper editor make the locator, employer suspect I#8217;m even older. Honestly, if you graduated in 2010, you#8217;re not applying for entry-level jobs, so why would your age be concerning? I think that age discrimination of the kind you#8217;re worried about research editor, really pops out when you#8217;re looking for essay from order that first post-law school job and you#8217;re 10 years older than your classmates I#8217;d be more likely to do what you suggest then. At this point, you#8217;re well into your career so personally I wouldn#8217;t see a significant risk there.

Ha- I#8217;ve seen the personal interests work against applicants. There was one law student who put that their special talent was building a house of cards in under a minute (talent changed slightly for privacy). Several people wanted to hand this person a deck of cards to test them during the interview. They were also known as the card student when discussed internally. Don#8217;t be that person.

But why? It wasn#8217;t an paper editor offensive interest. To the contrary, it appeared rather impressive and locator, memorable to the people. Yeah, if he can deliver I think that would be epic. And I would be pleased to paper editor be known as #8220;card student.#8221; The #8220;card#8221; applicant goes right along with the applicant who wore the stevenson essayist, really cool/funky/hot thing to the interview.

Unless it#8217;s relevant (card-house building prepares me for paper a career in cup stacking), metaphorical (building card houses requires a keen sense of balance, as does this position, and each piece must be in essay paper place) or network-y (when I was at the card house tournament, I met person X, who you may know), why bring it up? I#8217;m not bringing it up. I#8217;m putting it on the very bottom of my resume as a fun fact to reward you for research editor plowing through the rest of it. Although certainly I am prepared to discuss its relevance to essay from the position if you bring it up. I think it can work for and against#8230; I am off the opinion that card building is pretty awesome. The ones I think should be avoided: -Travel#8230; And then listing places. I do not have a lot of work experience however, my volunteer life is research paper editor where I have gained experience. SO I don#8217;t put my interests (reading, knitting, scrapbooking) but I put my volunteer experience that is fire prevention relevant to paper the position I am applying for (for example, I volunteer as an instructor/trainer for girl guides and that gives me experience in public speaking/presenting and facilitating, things I want to do in a career but do not have the experience in essay that yet). I remember the year everyone was fighting to hire the law student who took a year off school to drive the editor, Weinermobile around the country.

He had the prevention essay, best stories. The one that was a subject of debate was the guy who put on his resume that he ran the Boston marathon with a broken foot. Shows determination or stupidity? Don#8217;t think he got an editor interview. +1 to everything cbackson said. Yeah I agree with all of writing about school this. #4 (branding statement) sounds like something Resume Advice People invented to research give themselves something to about talk about. Paper Editor! No one is stevenson (or should be) actually doing this.

Also#8230; #3#8230; unless you#8217;re super hard to find on LinkedIn (why, though?) or have a super common name, you don#8217;t need to research editor include a link. I#8217;d frankly rather google it. Essay School! Agree on keeping the grad year. It honestly looks like you are trying to research paper hide something by leaving it off. I would be wary of a candidate who did. I am also against putting #8220;interests#8221; on consciousness essay perspective resumes. It#8217;s not relevant to whether you can do the editor, jobI want to essay higher know your education, experience, and interest in the actual work. Paper! Also, maybe I#8217;m overthinking things, but I think there#8217;s too big of a risk that your interests are boring (hiking, reading, traveling), will be perceived as taking too much time or energy away from writing about school, work (triathlons, writing screenplays), falling into or out of some gender stereotype (sewing, baking, metalworking), or being too idiosyncratic (card guy). There#8217;s a possible exception of research paper summer associate applicants because it#8217;s expected.

But I also think law firms should stop asking. I kind of feel like if you#8217;re a card builder and you#8217;re interviewing with a firm that is anti-idisyncratic, then that#8217;s good information and it#8217;s a useful screening device on higher order perspective both sides, no? Just read a REALLY interesting Harvard Business Review article addressing this exact topic. Special interest are actually a way that subtle social class cues are conveyed. Research! There#8217;s been research conducted specifically in a law firm setting and (not shockingly), the locator, male with interests like polo and sailing was 4 times more likely to research paper editor get a callback. When asked to give reasons, employers made generalizations about #8220;good fit.#8221; In a frustrating twist, having money as a woman worked against candidates because they were perceived as not needing to essay school work because of family money. Research Paper! That#8217;s not frustrating at essay from higher order perspective, all#8230; I#8217;ll post the link to research editor the article in my reply. All in all very interesting.

And of course now I see that it was linked at the bottom of the post. Silly me! Trying to lateral or possibly go in house (ouch, paycut) after being told I#8217;m out in my #8220;up or out#8221; big firm. 18 big firm apps via recruiter and global warmin essay, so far 11 rejections. SIGH/Terrified. Paper! I don#8217;t know that I#8217;d waste time or space on the LinkedIn link if people want to see your LinkedIn profile, don#8217;t they just open up Linkedin and search? I agree too. Plus, my LinkedIn profile had essentially the same information as my resume (educational background, experience). Unless your LinkedIn profile reflects something important that you can#8217;t fit on your resume, I#8217;d ask why you bothered to include the link. Even then, you should be able to include anything you really want an employer to see in your cover letter and resume, especially if you can break the r l essayist, one-page rule.

LinkedIn is where the branding statement goes! In 2016 we undertook a time-consuming effort to account for all our income and spending. There are probably tools that would have made this effort easier, but I did it #8220;by hand#8221;: I built a spreadsheet and recorded each month#8217;s income (my salary; husband#8217;s salary; other income) and all expenses (utilities; car expenses; groceries; eating out; travel; discretionary; childcare; etc.). Research Paper Editor! It is not quite complete yet because I am waiting for the next credit card bills to enter all the end of lab report template college year expenses. But, it#8217;s provided very interesting, fairly accurate, and research paper, generally reassuring data about the choices we are making. I don#8217;t plan to prevention do the editor, same in 2017 (because it was a lot of effort), but I will continue to track my discretionary spending (which I#8217;ve done for several years) because it really helps me to curb my unnecessary purchases. I tend to global use Marshalls/TJMaxx as a form of research paper editor entertainment, but all those $30-70 purchases really add up (and I#8217;m mostly buying little bit of stuff I really don#8217;t need). I#8217;ve been doing this for years. One of the things I love about it is college that the record of my expenses is also the diary of my life: trips, house projects, tuition, weddings (!), and so on. I#8217;ve been tracking my expenses and research editor, income by hand using spreadsheets for a few years now, and if you enter things a couple of template college times a month it doesn#8217;t take that much time.

This is also a good way to keep track of research paper where you are each month WRT your budget for a particular category. I got all excited the other day because I started using if/then formulas to alert myself to categories I#8217;m approaching the paper, limit on research paper editor or have exceeded. I#8217;ve been doing it for the last 7 years with YNAB. It is still eye opening to me to this day. I think it is an excellent habit to create. Lawyerly ladies I#8217;m currently struggling with how to global include this information in my resume: my law school graduation year and firm class year are different. Paper! I have a really specialized skill set and worked full time for fire essay paper my current firm while attending law school. Post-graduation, they offered me a three year bump in seniority to research paper editor stay with them, and within the firm, I operate at that level of r l stevenson essayist seniority (now a senior associate). I#8217;m basically looking for a way to say #8220;I graduated in 20XX, but am compensated as and given the responsibility of a 20(XX+3) grad.#8221; In the scoping sentence under your company/job, I would say a concise version of just that.

Thanks for research this post and the links, which absolve me from guilt over coming to a #8220;fun#8221; site when I have other stuff I should be doing! That Harvard Business Review article #8212; ouch. Essayist! A resume showing a guy comes from editor, money (sailing, polo) does better than lower-class-looking guys and locator, all women. Editor! A resume showing a woman comes from global warmin, money (sailing, polo) gets the least amount of interest b/c the reviewers assume she#8217;ll quit because she will have a rich husband. I just finished reading that, too. I guess I should#8217;ve put sailing on my resume all these years#8230; Or maybe work #8220;desire to editor stay single forever#8221; into my mission statement.

I enjoyed reading your post. Prevention! I worked as a career coach for a few years and everything you covered here it#8217;s on point! It is critical to paper optimize your resume to each position and locator, company culture. There is a free AI resume tool that helps do just that. Super helpful in any job search!

Diagnosis and research paper editor, Treatment of global essay, PTSD-Related Compulsive Checking Behaviors in Veterans of the Iraq War: The Influence of Military Context on the Expression of PTSD Symptoms. This case study presents an paper overview of the conceptualization and treatment of two veterans of the Iraq War who presented for higher combat-related treatment at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. In addition to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of editor, reexperiencing, arousal, and avoidance, the veterans exhibited compulsive checking behaviors that appear to be influenced by theater-specific combat duties and traumatic events. These cases represent what the authors believe to be an increasingly common expression of PTSD in veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Both veterans were treated with prolonged exposure therapy, which includes imaginal and in essay, vivo exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli, processing of research paper editor, traumatic events, and self-assessment of anxiety. Consciousness Essay Higher Perspective! Treatment also included in vivo exposure with response prevention techniques borrowed from the literature on paper, obsessive-compulsive disorder to address compulsive checking behaviors within the ecological context of each patient’s symptom presentation. Measures related to locator PTSD and depression were obtained before, during, and after treatment. Editor! Treatment was associated with significant declines in symptom severity and improved functioning for both veterans.

The unique nature of the conflict in the Middle East represents role challenges for soldiers that affect symptom presentation. Variations in symptom presentation can in prevention, turn complicate efforts to identify and appropriately address PTSD-related health concerns in research, this population. Thus, clinicians and prevention paper, researchers must remain cognizant of research paper editor, how theater-specific duties influence the manifestation and treatment of PTSD in order to locator provide optimal care to a new generation of veterans. Since 2001, more than 1.5 million U.S. troops have been deployed to research paper Iraq or Afghanistan as part of template college, Operations Iraqi Freedom and research editor, Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) (1) . A significant number have returned with psychiatric problems and concomitant mental health service needs. A recent large-scale study of OIF/OEF Army and essay, Marine personnel indicated that 10%–20% of personnel meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depending on the stringency of the diagnostic standard used (2) . A similar picture emerged from the Army Surgeon General’s Mental Health Advisory Team V (3) and from a report by the Rand Corporation (1) , both indicating that up to 20% of OIF/OEF personnel experience symptoms of PTSD.

These data suggest that hundreds of thousands of paper editor, individuals returning from Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from at least some posttraumatic stress symptoms. Although such estimates of risk for PTSD may seem inflated, it is reasonable to r l stevenson essayist expect that multiple deployments, the experiencing of numerous traumas, and the long periods of sustained threat associated with OIF/OEF deployment would increase the risk of developing PTSD. Research! When the sheer scale of these military efforts is taken into account, even more modest estimates of risk translate into large numbers of locator, individuals who may need mental health services. Even using the most conservative criteria, the number of troops returning with postdeployment PTSD will be in the tens of thousands. Such projected estimates raise public health concerns that may transcend the capacities of the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care systems. While efficacious cognitive-behavioral interventions for PTSD have been developed (4 , 5) , we need to improve methods for editor disseminating such treatments to community- and hospital-based clinics where mental health professionals provide day- to-day services to patients with PTSD. Although meeting the mental health needs of OIF/OEF personnel presents challenges, doing so provides new opportunities to refine our understanding of PTSD and continue to improve on methods of identification, engagement, and treatment of the disorder.

One important aspect of refining our understanding of combat-related PTSD may be to consider how theater-specific duties and experiences affect symptom presentation and warmin, treatment. Our clinical observation suggests that compulsive checking as a safety behavior may be a frequent component of OIF/OEF-related PTSD symptom presentation (25%–30% of research paper, OIF/OEF veterans diagnosed with PTSD who present to our clinic engage in compulsive checking); however, appropriate research has not been conducted to investigate this observation. The clinical sample that forms the stevenson, basis of these observations is not ideal for establishing base rates for checking behaviors in research, PTSD patients in general or for investigating the correlates of PTSD-related checking behavior. Such data are also difficult to gather without objective measures in place to assess checking behaviors in a reliable and valid manner or otherwise establish objective criteria for distinguishing general hypervigilance from compulsive checking. Global Warmin Essay! Very little is known about the most effective way to identify and operationalize this clinical presentation of paper editor, symptoms. Our goal in template, this article is to discuss how to conceptualize and treat what we believe to research paper editor be a common expression of PTSD in OIF/OEF veterans.

To that end, we present a case study overview of two veterans of the war in Iraq with combat-related PTSD served by essay paper a VA medical center in the southeastern United States. In addition to PTSD symptoms of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal, the veterans also presented with compulsive checking behaviors that were clearly influenced by the context of their traumatic event exposure. The compulsive checking behaviors did not qualify these patients for a concomitant diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) because the criteria for OCD specify that compulsions cannot be restricted to research paper the context of another axis I diagnosis—in this case, PTSD. The patients are not presented as unique idiosyncratic cases, but rather as two examples that appear to represent a sizable proportion of returning OIF/OEF veterans with PTSD—veterans with PTSD and global warmin essay, combat-specific compulsive checking behaviors. We then discuss these case presentations within the broader context of research editor, OIF/OEF-related PTSD, particularly with regard to implications of locator, compulsive checking behaviors for diagnostic considerations and treatment planning. Three instruments for diagnostic assessment and ongoing treatment planning were used in both of the research paper editor, cases presented: the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) (6) ; the PTSD Checklist–Military Version (7) , and the Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI) (8) . Both patients were treated with prolonged exposure therapy (9) , which included imaginal and in vivo exposure exercises, processing of traumatic events, and patient self-assessment using subjective units of distress (10) . In addition to traditional in vivo exposure, treatment also included the use of in vivo exposure with response prevention techniques (11 , 12) borrowed from the treatment literature on OCD to address compulsive checking symptoms. Exposure with response prevention involves exposure to stimuli that cause unrealistic fear or distress paired with an active preventing of the compulsive rituals that patients use to manage such stress (13 , 14) . The VA clinicians delivering treatment were clinical psychologists employed in the medical center’s posttraumatic stress clinical team. Most treatment was delivered on-site, but out-of-office visits (15 , 16) were also used to conduct in vivo exposure with response prevention within the ecological context of each patient’s target symptoms. A 24-year-old Caucasian Marine veteran with a history of one deployment to Iraq presented to the VA medical center to establish health care. On intake to primary care, he screened positive for as an PTSD and was referred for specialty services to the posttraumatic stress clinical team.

The patient reported that his primary combat duties included going from house to house and editor, clearing rooms one at a time to fire paper secure neighborhoods. In the research editor, context of that duty he reported being exposed to multiple life-threatening situations and firefights, witnessing dead and consciousness essay from, mutilated bodies, making many split-second life-or-death decisions, and losing two of editor, his friends to combat-related death. After returning to the United States he began to experience at least eight distinct intrusive memories and nightmares from these combat experiences. He engaged in avoidance through attempted thought suppression, excessive work, and alcohol abuse. Global Warmin! He avoided crowds and editor, social situations and dropped out of college because he felt unable to focus on his academic duties as a result of his symptoms. On presentation to the posttraumatic stress clinical team, he was diagnosed with PTSD according to the SCID, and he scored in essay writing about school, the clinical range on the PTSD Checklist (a score of 69 out of a possible 85) and editor, the BDI (a score of 30 out of a possible 63). In addition to his other symptoms, the patient reported engaging in compulsive checking behaviors. He reported checking his front door lock 10 to 30 times a day and peeking out of essay writing about, his window blinds 30 to research 50 times per consciousness essay higher perspective day. The patient also reported engaging in checking behaviors whenever he had an intrusive memory or nightmare, whenever he heard anything “suspicious” (e.g., a car door closing or a dog barking), and whenever he was about to relax, as a preemptive measure to assuage potential anxiety. One month before beginning prolonged exposure therapy, the patient was treated with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram at a maximum dose of paper editor, 40 mg daily.

Although SSRIs have established efficacy for treating OCD (17) and PTSD, the patient continued to have functionally impairing PTSD symptoms, including compulsive checking behaviors. The patient was an active participant in prolonged exposure treatment and presented to all 12 of his 90-minute sessions on time. The in-session imaginal exposure exercises consisted of vivid retelling and visualizations of the traumas he experienced as intrusive memories and nightmares. The imaginal exposures began with his most frequent and stevenson as an essayist, distressing intrusive memory and subsequently focused on less distressing intrusions as the patient began to experience symptom amelioration. The patient’s homework consisted of in editor, vivo exposures to safe situations that the patient had been avoiding (i.e., going to the post office to mail his bills or to locator the food court at the mall during a weekday). The patient’s intrusions responded fairly quickly with regard to both symptom frequency and intensity after in-session imaginal exposure exercises. After five sessions, the patient scored a 40 on the PTSD Checklist and paper, a 22 on essay writing school, the BDI, and he expressed having some relief from his intrusions. However, he retained a SCID diagnosis of PTSD and reported having difficulty habituating to his in vivo exposure exercises. During this period of treatment, the patient’s compulsive door and window checking were reduced as a result of the amelioration of intrusions, which were often the impetus for his checking in the first place. However, the paper editor, actual behavioral reinforcement of locator, checking whenever he did feel anxious continued and remained clinically significant. Paper Editor! The pattern sustained as treatment progressed—that is, the essay about, overall frequency and severity of the patient’s intrusions decreased, but his compulsive checking behaviors were maintained.

The treatment team hypothesized that the behavioral reinforcement he received via immediate anxiety reduction on checking was interfering with his progress on in vivo homework exposures. That is, the patient’s self-reinforcing checking behaviors in response to anxiety at home made it more difficult for him to tolerate any anxiety long enough to experience success outside the paper, home in regaining prepathological social functioning. Attempts to assign him in vivo homework not to warmin essay check were unsuccessful. As he explained, “It’s so easy to do [checking to relieve symptoms] and so hard to stop.” Attempts at cognitive restructuring were also largely unsuccessful, perhaps because the patient’s checking process was already ego-dystonic. As the research editor, patient explained, “Sitting here [in the clinic], I know that a bunch of Iraqi insurgents are not going to bust in my door, but at home when I’m amped up, I can’t help myself, I’m up and I’m checking.” The eighth treatment meeting consisted of an locator in-home exposure session where response prevention was added to the in vivo exposure paradigm. The patient and therapist sat in the patient’s living room and waited for naturally occurring sounds—car doors closing, dogs barking, trucks going over potholes, and the like—from the outside to induce anxiety. Research! When such a sound occurred, the patient was counseled and encouraged not to check the window or door lock. The patient used self-reported subjective units of distress and other skills he had learned via earlier imaginal and in vivo exposures to monitor his anxiety. Anxiety-inducing sounds occurred about global warmin, every 4 minutes on average.

The patient was able to editor refrain from checking behaviors and also was able to habituate to normal neighborhood sounds within the session. Fire Essay Paper! The treatment team hypothesized that the patient was able to experience such success because of the research, increased support and accountability resulting from the therapist being present in the ecological context of his symptoms. Lab Report Template! Once the patient habituated to the normal sounds of his neighborhood in the presence of the therapist, the therapist went outside and periodically made additional noises. The patient knew the editor, therapist was going to do this and was instructed not to paper check the window. Although the patient knew the therapist was making the noise, he reported having a more difficult time not checking because the noise was “a little louder and paper, closer.” The patient described “muscle memory” involving springing toward the window on hearing the sounds and having to sit back down after he had “caught” himself unintentionally off of the couch. The therapist had also noticed such automatic movements during the earlier exposures. These movements may explain why cognitive restructuring, emotional processing of the patient’s traumas, and assigned in vivo homework had not led to extinction of the school, checking behaviors; the patient’s checking behaviors were ingrained enough to be “overlearned” and research paper, appeared to be operating, at least in part, independently of executive functioning. Essay Writing School! However, focused and repeated practice of in vivo exposure and response prevention led to research editor within-session extinction of the urge to check. The patient also reported that the warmin, home visit session helped him to begin decreasing his checking behavior by research paper himself. The remaining four sessions focused on consolidating treatment gains concerning the patient’s intrusions, strengthening his ability to refrain from fire paper, checking behaviors, and expanding his tolerance for participating in paper editor, social and functional activities that involved crowds.

Our hypothesis that the locator, checking behaviors at home interfered with the patient’s frustration tolerance while attempting out of home in vivo exposures cannot be empirically confirmed. However, subsequent to the home visit, the paper editor, patient was much more willing to engage in his in vivo homework assignments and experienced greater success in doing them. After the 12-session treatment the patient no longer met criteria for a SCID diagnosis of PTSD, his PTSD Checklist score was 23, and his BDI score was 9. A 38-year-old married black Army veteran of global, two deployments to Iraq presented to the VA medical center posttraumatic stress clinical team stating, “My commanding officer suggested that I get help.” The patient’s primary duties during both of his tours included providing security for truck convoys by patrolling alongside them in an armed Humvee. In the course of these duties he was exposed to multiple life-threatening situations, witnessed an paper improvised explosive device detonate during a convoy, witnessed dead and mutilated bodies, witnessed a motor vehicle run over a little girl, and was responsible for checking the convoy trucks and locator, accompanying vehicles for bombs. At the time of research paper editor, intake he was experiencing more than 10 distinct intrusive memories. He engaged in avoidance through attempted thought suppression, doing his errands late at from higher perspective, night to avoid people, and staying home as much as possible while not at work. On presentation to the posttraumatic stress clinical team, he was diagnosed with PTSD according to SCID criteria and scored in research paper editor, the clinical range on the PTSD Checklist (a score of 68) and the BDI (a score of 31). The patient also engaged in compulsive checking behaviors. He checked under his car and under the hood of his car for bombs every time he needed to drive (two to eight times per about day). He expressed insight that his car checking behavior was not normative and that he was embarrassed by it, but he felt that the danger of someone placing a bomb under his car was too great not to check.

The patient was treated with citalopram, at a maximum dose of 40 mg, for 7 weeks before beginning prolonged exposure therapy but continued to have a significant PTSD symptom burden, including compulsive behaviors. The patient was an active participant in prolonged exposure therapy and arrived on time to 15 sessions. Early in treatment, he evidenced an especially low tolerance to his PTSD-related physiological arousal during initial imaginal exposure exercises (e.g., speeding heart, shortness of breath, and research, tingling in his hands). Fire Prevention Paper! Accordingly, treatment incorporated interoceptive exposure (18) exercises to help desensitize the patient to paper these specific physiological symptoms. The interoceptive exercises involved helping the patient to become aware of and tolerate his physiological symptoms, without overinterpreting their significance as somehow dangerous or “out of control.” The exposures were conducted without the use of specific external trauma cues; that is, target physical symptoms were induced through doing jumping jacks, breathing through a straw, and rubbing both hands with force. Thus, the patient learned to sit with and tolerate the simulated feeling of his activated sympathetic nervous system.

The interoceptive exercises were completed by both the patient and global, the clinician, improving rapport, encouraging levity in the treatment process, and instilling a sense of teamwork. Additionally, as suggested by earlier work investigating augmentation of research paper editor, PTSD-oriented exposure therapy with other cognitive-behavioral techniques (19) , the interoceptive exposures were done in addition to imaginal and in vivo exposures. That is, overall treatment time was expanded to accommodate the added component of the interoceptive exposures without encroaching on consciousness essay from perspective, time devoted to imaginal and in vivo exposures. After the patient experienced success at anxiety reduction through the interoceptive exercises, he more eagerly approached the imaginal exposures to the traumatic memory in session. The patient’s reexperiencing symptoms often manifested as a rapid succession of intrusive memories. That is, he reported that whenever one intrusive memory was cued, all of them would “cycle through.” Because the intrusive memories seemed related and were experienced with high levels of distress at research paper, the same time, it would often take the patient 2 or 3 weeks to realize that he had not experienced a distinct intrusive memory subsequent to writing about exposure and processing. This aspect complicated treatment progress because the patient was not comprehending or experiencing positive reinforcement (i.e., the knowledge of symptom amelioration) for engaging in prolonged exposure therapy. Research! Nonetheless, the patient and therapist maintained good rapport, and the patient began to realize significant decreases in intrusive memories by the ninth session (PTSD Checklist score=45, BDI score=19). Locator! At the research editor, same time, however, the patient was making little progress in limiting his car checking behaviors or in successfully habituating to, or completing, in vivo exposure activities. The 10th treatment session consisted of in-home in vivo exposure and response prevention exercises.

The patient and therapist practiced leaving the patient’s home and getting into his car without checking under the car or the prevention paper, car hood for bombs. Research! Much like the first patient described above, this patient also exhibited an overlearned “muscle memory” for the checking behavior evidenced by a quick jerky hand movement toward the hood release latch while opening the essay school, car door. Research Paper! After 30 consecutive trials of getting into the car and prevention essay paper, getting out paper, of the car without checking, the patient was able to get into from his car and start the engine without experiencing distress. The patient’s behavior logs over the next 5 weeks indicated a successive decrease in research paper editor, car checking behavior, going 7 days in a row without checking by global warmin essay the last week of treatment. The patient also began to experience success in his in vivo community exposure exercises—shopping during the day, going to church, and taking his wife out on dates. Research Editor! At the 15th session the patient scored 32 on the PTSD Checklist and 17 on lab report template college, the BDI. The PTSD-related compulsive checking behaviors presented here appear to research paper editor have a functional role similar to general PTSD hypervigilance. Both behaviors are negatively reinforced as a means of anxiety control, and the impetus for both can be explained by a failure to r l stevenson as an essayist completely process traumatic experiences.

The distinction between the two may be important only inasmuch as it can inform differential treatment delivery and outcomes. In theory, in vivo exposure (to address hypervigilance) and exposure with response prevention (to address compulsive checking) differ only in paper editor, that the latter focuses on preventing a patient’s specific compulsive response(s) to anxiety-provoking stimuli. However, in fire prevention essay paper, practice, in research editor, vivo exposure also prevents a patient’s behavioral response to anxiety, which typically involves avoidance and withdrawal. Furthermore, working from the basic principles of nonavoidance and anxiety tolerance to template college objectively safe stimuli, any experienced exposure therapist would encourage his or her patients with PTSD not to repeatedly check locks or check cars for bombs. However, one potentially important distinction for treatment is that there is a robust OCD literature and history concerning the benefits of conducting in vivo exposure and response prevention within the ecological context of the symptoms by using out-of-office therapist-assisted sessions (14 , 15) . Although in vivo exposure, by definition, emphasizes the need to address symptoms within the context in which they occur, the technique is usually assigned to patients as “homework,” to be done without the direct presence and support of a therapist. Often patients excel at completing and habituating to their homework assignments, especially if the in paper editor, vivo exposure hierarchies are graded appropriately (10) . However, many patients who, like those presented in these two case studies, have more severe symptoms and less intrinsic coping skills have a difficult time tolerating anxiety by themselves long enough to succeed at or even sincerely attempt in vivo homework assignments. For such patients, out-of-office therapist visits can be a useful tool to help them address their checking behaviors and increase tolerance for essay order perspective anxiety. Research Paper Editor! Expert consensus in the treatment of OCD converges on higher, the usefulness of home visits for research patients with particularly severe symptoms (14) . While this question is stevenson as an not addressed in the PTSD literature, clinicians treating PTSD can borrow knowledge from the OCD literature on effective ways to address treatment-resistant, negatively reinforced checking behaviors. Research Paper Editor! Parenthetically, the cases presented here provide anecdotal evidence that even one home visit can yield significant positive clinical outcomes. The adaptation of compulsive checking measures, such as the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (20) , for use in PTSD populations may give researchers a useful tool for assessing the impact of home visits on compulsive checking behaviors. The cases presented, and the observed frequency of such cases in OIF/OEF veterans in warmin, general, are also of interest from the perspective of historical context.

The patient described in the first case took part in paper editor, multiple forceful home intrusions as part of his military duties, and these experiences subsequently had an lab report impact on his sense of safety at home. Behaviors that started as executive functioning decisions to check his windows and research editor, doors turned into overlearned automatic reactions to anxiety. By the time the behaviors were ingrained, it was not only fire paper, thoughts about paper, his home being invaded that spurred checking, but anxiety of any kind. Similarly, the patient in the second case routinely checked under cars for bombs as part of his duty. That behavior directly translated into car checking after he returned home. The military context, the essayist, rigid following of procedures and orders that the military ingrains and relies upon for the survival of its troops, may also play a role in symptom presentation and research editor, maintenance. Whereas a civilian victim of violence with PTSD may find himself rechecking locks or scanning the environment, in template college, most cases these behaviors were never socially and professionally reinforced. Multiple, repetitive, and sustained manifestations of hypervigilance are rewarded in paper editor, many OIF/OEF combat situations, by both superiors and peers.

This reward structure may operate as a parallel process to consciousness from order PTSD which encourages the manifestation of PTSD symptoms as repetitive checking behaviors and socially ingrains those behaviors so as to make extinction more difficult. We presented these cases to stimulate discussion on what we believe to be an increasingly common expression of combat-related PTSD (i.e., PTSD with combat-specific compulsive checking behaviors). It will be important for clinicians and researchers to remain mindful of how OIF/OEF veterans present with symptoms and how they subsequently respond to paper editor traditional treatments for the disorder. As noted in the case presentations, the inclusion of response prevention within the ecological context of lab report template, each patient’s symptoms appears to have resulted in significant treatment gains that may not have occurred otherwise. Furthermore, the paper editor, manifestation of consciousness higher, specific compulsive checking behaviors is of interest from a broader historical perspective.

Military historians have noted that the context and circumstances in which traumas occur can influence symptom presentation and how we conceptualize the disorder (21) . That is, while combat exposure can obviously cause significant distress and pathology, there is reason to research paper believe that specific reactions to combat are to some degree mediated by historical context and military culture. Historical reviews indicate that the prevalence of combat-related PTSD and particular symptoms can change over time within a population, and these changes are only partly explained by improvements in diagnostic procedures (21 – 24) . The nature of the locator, conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan creates unique role challenges for our veterans that will likely shape symptom presentation and clinical outcomes. Variations in symptom presentation can in turn complicate mental health efforts to identify and appropriately address PTSD-related public health concerns. We encourage ongoing consideration of the cases and issues presented here in order to ensure that OIF/OEF veterans receive mental health services that are appropriately tailored to their needs. Received Sept. 3, 2008; revision received Jan. 3, 2009; accepted Jan. 21, 2009 (doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091315). From the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Post Traumatic Stress Clinical Team, Charleston, S.C.; the Department of research paper editor, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of essay about school, South Carolina, Charleston; and the Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Address correspondence and reprint requests to research paper Dr.

Tuerk, Charleston VAMC, Mental Health 116, 109 Bee St., Charleston, SC 29401; Tuerk@musc.edu (e-mail). Drs. Tuerk and Grubaugh report no competing interests. Dr. Hamner has received research grant support from Janssen, Organon, and locator, Otsuka and editor, holds stock in Merck and Pfizer. Dr. Foa reports research support from writing, Pfizer, Solvay, Eli Lilly, SmithKlineBeecham, GlaxoSmithKline, Cephalon, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Forest, Ciba Geigy, and Kali-Duphar. She has also been a speaker for Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Forest Pharmaceuticals, and Jazz Pharmaceuticals and a consultant for Acetelion Pharmaceuticals. We have redesigned the delivery of The American Journal of Psychiatry’s continuing medical education courses (AJPCME). AJPCME courses are available through the American Psychiatric Association’s online education portal.

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