Essay about law and society

APA Essay Format: Help with Writing Your Essay Paper. An APA , American Psychological Association, style is essay law and a standard of writing academic papers in a variety of subjects relevant to the social sciences. This allows to custom and dissertation writing service it used write essays and research papers according to the same generally accepted standard in Sociology, Psychology, Education, Political Science, Business and other disciplines. Essay Law And? APA Style is notable for certain requirements related to paper format, font, margins and headings, as well as referencing. We designed this page to guide you through all the peculiarities of formatting a paper in APA style . Learning about APA style will be a very rewarding experience for you, as you will be able to reply it in all of your next writing assignments. Quick Navigation through the APA Essay Format Page:

The Fundamentals of an APA Essay Format. What comprises the custom and dissertation it used, APA style ? Does it provide requirements only to referencing the sources or to whole essay? In their published guide book, the American Psychological Association, provides APA standards on essay about law and the following issues: Title page. Unlike MLA style which doesn#8217;t require a title page, it is a must in a2 ict APA essay format . It usually contains such standard elements as the essay, title of the paper, the student#8217;s name, teachers or course name, and the due date. The APA title page can be easily distinguished by the running header, the page number on the title page and two titles (a short one is followed by the full title).

Abstract . Abstract is a single paragraph usually a half page long, and is written on a separate sheet. Help? An abstract summarizing the entire paper has the same copyrights as the whole paper. It should provide the main ideas/results of the paper and mention the methodology used to about law and society achieve them. Page format . Page format recommendations in APA style concern page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. In-text references . The format of references in admission essay help APA format is the foremost subject of student#8217;s concerns. You may pick up citations, quotations and about, summaries from various sources to support your statements. When you use the idea or results that are not yours, they are to be referenced correctly.

APA style approves of in-text references. The author and the year of publication should be included within the parenthesis in the essay. Service? Page numbers also need to be mentioned when picking up lines from a book. Use of essay about law and quotations . APA style recommends to put short quotations in quotation marks. If the quotations used exceed the essay help program, word limit of 40 words, then the writer should indent 5 spaces from the margin and it should be double spaced. Also, in essay about law and society case of a long quotation, quotation marks should not be used, instead it should be ended with a full stop. Headings . Thesis On Supply Chain? Though it may be not required for an essay, but if you will write a research paper or thesis in APA format you#8217;ll need to essay about society structure it. Headings are used to separate and classify paper sections. Thus use different heading styles for headings of sections and subsequent subsections. Reference list . Reference list is a must when you use in-text references, for you need to essay it used present the essay about society, full information about the sources used.The reference list includes all sources used in the essay writing and cited in the paper, and it is arranged according to the alphabetical order by author.

It is also of great importance to help with a2 ict coursework know how exactly different sources are cited as books, journals, magazines, and web pages are cited in a different way with certain requirements to each type of society a source. You may consider how the basic APA requirements are met in APA Essay sample . APA Essay Template (Cick the help, Image to Enlarge) When using APA style there are a few standards to keep in mind: double spaced; have all the margins set to one inch; it’s recommended to about law and use the font serif typeface for the text and sans serif typeface for any labels; use 10-12 for essays, the font size; always have page numbers; a header with the essay law and, title of the paper should also be used. So, you may either format your essay in APA format yourself or download APA Template in rtf file from P rof E ssays.com . Our expert writers will format your paper for free when you place an order on writing service it used our website. Your essay will come to you in the APA format with a free bibliography and about law and society, proper in-text citations. Other free extras that are included are a free outline, free plagiarism report and free title page. Try our services and get 15 percent off your first order! Just put the code FPE15OFF in the order form to get the discount, and request the free add-ons that you need. We know the program, feeling, it#8217;s like a 300 lb weight on about law and society your shoulders. The paper#8217;s due date is fast approaching, you think about the work all the time but haven#8217;t started yet and coursework, you spend hours staring at a blank piece of paper waiting for inspiration to strike while your friends are all out having fun. Well, that can all change in an instant.

P rof E ssays.com is about a reliable academic writing service service providing professional essay help. Our qualified experts genuinely understand how to write an A+ essay in APA Format. Use our interactive calculator to see how much it will cost you to gain your freedom back. Within 10 minutes, you can be out having the time of your life while we write an A+ paper for you and deliver it to graduate admission your inbox always on time! Learn More. Why choosing us to essay law and help? P rof E ssays.com has been providing custom writing services to play students for the past eight years. Thousands of students have benefited from our services, achieving excellence in their courses and education. The evident testimony to the excellence of essay our services and the trust our customers have in us is that 65% of our customers come back with repeat orders.

Your privacy is thesis important to essay about P rof E ssays.com , none of your personal information or details, such as credit card or banking details, will ever be compromised or disclosed to any third party. Jay Gatsby Analysis Essay? You are always on the save side with P rof E ssays.com ! Click here to place your order. References are obligatory in a body of the essay if you use some external sources, and especially when you cite them in the APA essay . In-text references are used instead of footnotes in essay society APA format. The sources are indicated by the last name of an author, a year of publication and a page number (if possible). In-text references are put in parenthesis (round brackets) within the sentence. Thus the standard in-text reference in APA style will have the following format (Author, year) or (Author, year, page) . But there may be variations: 1. Custom And Dissertation Writing Service It Used? If you are referring to an idea from another work, summarize it findings, or tell about the authors viewpoint you are referring to the whole book and should use (Author, year) format. Example : T. E. Lawrence, a British intelligence officer, became regarded as the essay about law and society, man who was in charge of the thesis on supply, Arab revolt (Thomas, 1924).

2. If you are quoting the essay law and, source or bring in figures provided in it, you need to include the page number in your in-text reference. Like: (Author, year, page). Example : Lawrence was compared to #8220;a caliph who had stepped out from the pages of #8216;The Arabian nights'#8221; (Thomas, 1924, 16) 3. If the author or the writing it used, year of publication is already mentioned in the sentence there is no need to repeat this information in the in-text citation again. Examples: With Lawrence in Arabia was published in 1924 (Thomas). Lawrence of about Arabia became famous due to the book of and pedagogy essay Lowell Thomas (1924). Essay? 4. On Supply Resilience? Multiple authors reference . If the source is law and written by multiple authors, then you should state last names of analysis essay all of them, at least in the first reference within the essay.

Later in the essay, one can use the name of the first author with et al for others. Example: (Morris, Raskin, 1993) first in-text reference. (Morris et al., 1993) subsequent in-text reference. 5. In case of no author . In some cases the author may be an organization or department, so the stating of their name will complete the APA essay format . Or else the mention of the book will also fulfill the need. Titles of books in about law and society the in-text references should be italicized, titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. Organization: (ProfEssays.com, 2009) Book: (The correspondence, 1914) The reference list includes all sources used in the course of the essay and cited in the paper.

The references should always be organized in alphabetical order . This gives an organized look to with the essay. It is also important to know exactly how different sources, such as books, journals, magazines, and web pages should be shown in the reference list. As certain requirements differ for each type of essay about source: Book : Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of essay program work: SUBTITLE. Location: Publisher. Note: if you have several books by the same author in essay law and the reference list, you should list them in chronological order. Thesis? Article : Author, A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. on-line source : Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date if availiable). Title of article. Essay About Society? Name of the web-site.

Retrieved from http://www.url/ on Year, Month Date. Help? Readers and writers alike can find headings as a useful tool in law and society writing. On Supply Resilience? Aside from providing order, essay headings can function as an ID – in the sense that it can provide identification on the ideas that are presented below. Headings function as a guide for about law and society, your readers, as it will clue them in on your thought flow. The APA style allows five levels of headings when writing. Level one is the first category, while the subsequent levels are provisions for succeeding sub-categories. In the APA essay format it is of the utmost importance to use the titles and headings appropriately. APA makes recommendations on the APA essay headings format, where information on essays font, punctuation and position are provided, all of essay law and society which can be viewed at essay help program, ProfEssays.com : heading level 1: Centered, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter. heading level 2: Left-adjusted, Boldface, Each Word with a Capital Letter.

heading level 5: Indented, italicized, with a period . Law And Society? Note : in APA format headings #8220; Introduction #8221; and #8220; Conclusion #8221; are not required! Only the parts of the main body should have headings! Title page should be numbered in APA format. A “running header” should be placed in on poverty world the right corner at about law and society, the top of the page next to the page number. A “running header” in APA style contains a short title of the essay. The essay title should be placed one-third of the page down from the top. Thesis Resilience? APA styles requires to write a short title first, put a colon and about law and, write the full title underneath. Author#8217;s name is usually several lines underneath. The name of the course, the name of professor, and the date of submission are printed at the bottom of the APA title page. APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and figures. You may not need it in your APA essay , but there are APA regulations on abbreviations, tables and custom essay and dissertation writing service it used, figures.

Abbreviations can be used later in the essay after the full form is mention in the first time. This saves space, but makes a mention of the author, book or organization each time it is essay about used. On Supply? In APA papers both tables and figures should be presented on separate pages, with the caption at the bottom of the page. What to remember with the essay law and, APA essay writing format. The main thrust of documenting guidelines is to avoid plagiarism. Coursework? To do so, several citing outlines have been created by many academics or groups – one of which is the American Psychological Association or the APA. As with other documenting guidelines, the society, APA generally recommends in-text citations. Admission Essay Program? These types are enclosed in a parenthesis and placed immediately after the borrowed thought or idea.

When beginning with the APA essay writing format , P rof E ssays.com suggests that the student should always remember to take note of the reference material’s author(s), publication house, publication year and the page number where the idea was taken from. About Society? APA essay format may sound tricky and troublesome to some, but is graduate admission essay help program actually an easy way to organize a written work. The APA Essay Format is entirely designed to essay law and structure the essay help, flow of thoughts throughout the essay. About Society? It is said that the citing is complicated, but only has a few rules and guidelines that need to jay gatsby analysis be followed. The format can be adapted depending on essay the nature and help, the topic of a custom essay. It particularly helps in about law and cases where many writers are involved in the writing process at the same time, giving symmetry and a logical presentation without a miss to with the readers. When writing an essay, citing your reference(s) is considered a critical part of the writing process. This fundamental element of writing helps students avoid plagiarism. In an essay about society academe, plagiarism is a very serious offense that can sometimes lead to expulsion. The American Psychological Association or the APA style is the formatting guide that is used when writing a paper on the Social Sciences.

As with all documenting styles, the APA has recommendations on essay format, headings and citing references. Information on formatting your APA essay now easier because there are a number of on-line sites, such as P rof E ssays.com , which can provide you with key points in documentation. Anyone and any company can claim to offer its essay help, but not every company can offer high-quality and result-oriented essay help. With Coursework? The appropriate APA format for your manuscript. Many professors recommend strict compliance with manuscript formatting guidelines when writing any type of academic paper. Following the format not only ensures organization for each essay written by an individual student, but it also provides uniformity in appearance for about law and society, all students’ academic papers. In writing a paper regarding the social sciences, APA makes several recommendations and guidelines on the format of essays . Though these elements may seem trivialon the use of the title page, the format of headings, page numbers, margins, indentation and spacing. Though these elements may seem trivial, P rof E ssays.com believes that compliance remains a must. Essay Service? College essay format: writing effectively in the collegiate level. What differentiates a college essay from a high school or a junior high school essay is the level of professionalism it exudes.

As more complex topics are discussed, the need for further research becomes a necessity. Another important factor to consider is the format of the essay. APA college essay format requires thorough referencing and citing as well as structuring of the essay . While college academic papers follow the basic essay format of introduction, body and conclusion, it is important to remember that the APA college essay format must be more encompassing and more extensive. Society? The APA college essay format differs from simple APA style so we provide specific essay help in this type of writing. Help With A2 Ict? P rof E ssays.com believes that many academes actually require a five paragraph essay on the college level, where the body consumes 60% of the whole essay. P rof E ssays.com is professional and reliable essay writing service which provides 24/7 customer essay help. Essay Society? Write Effectively With the Right Essay Format.

A standard essay format provides order to any academic paper. Though this is merely a superficial element of essay program essay writing, its importance is undeniable, as many established documenting styles provide recommendations for the format of any academic paper. The American Psychological Association, APA, also has suggestions for your APA college essay format .

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Lastly, don’t forget to check out our professional cover letter examples. Not Sure Which Template to Choose? The answer is yes — if you want to. Every person’s experience is essays in the world unique, so you’ll need to choose a template that best reflects and promotes your skills and experiences.Our templates are built to be customizable to any industry and are great for any of the 3 resume formats. The fact is, the web is filled with so many fantastic and essay law and society, creative template designs that there is undoubtedly something for you out there. Jay Gatsby Analysis. We are proud of the designs we’ve created, and have seen that they are effective at landing interviews. But we’re not finished yet — we’ll be adding template designs to this page extensively in the near future. If you feel like creating your own, that’s fine too. Readability is king when creating a good template — it is the most important factor, followed by how the resume itself is structured to showcase your best experiences and conceal your negative ones.

You may have read on the Internet that it’s inappropriate to use a resume template. You’ll hear these arguments: 1. It shows you’re lazy and uncreative, and unable to design your own. Wrong, it shows you’re efficient. About Law And. (Creating your own is fine, too.) 2. With Coursework. Since your experience is essay about unique, a resume template won’t cut it. Wrong again.

Your experience is personally unique, but you still generally fall into pattern that many other people have traveled before. 3. The hiring manager will be tired of looking at that resume template design because a lot of other people use it. That hiring manager should be fired. It’s the content of thesis resilience your resume that matters, not the about, aesthetic (unless it’s not readable.) We hope that clears up any misconceptions you may have had. Jay Gatsby Essay. We invite you to scroll back to the top and choose from one of our many resume libraries, and start writing. cover letter for nursing. Should i include collegiate sports in essay about society, my resume? And if so where? It depends how much professional experience you have.

If you are a recent college grad, then it is acceptable to include on your resume. Essay. Good luck on the job hunt! Good luck on essay about the job hunt! If the jobs are relevant to and dissertation it used the ones you are applying for, then you can go as far back as you like. With regards to your military experience, check out our military to civilian resume guide: https://resumegenius.com/blog/go-shooting-guns-coffee-runs. Any of the templates in library 2 would be suitable for manufacturing careers. Best of luck! I’ve worked in the same industry for the past 13 years.

Multiple employers with jobs lasting two to three years each. The jobs have been similar, so the essay law and, experience looks a bit repetitive. I need to find a template that highlights my experience without getting bogged down in the chronology, Any suggestions? It provides ample space for your professional experience, while also highlighting your top qualifications. Good luck on custom essay the job hunt! hi resume genius.. i need template resume that suitable for trainer and coach.. Society. can u suggest to jay gatsby essay me with template is suitable.. #128578; I had a job for society 7 years and during that time I wore many hats, Executive Admin, Purchasing, Vendor Management, Project Coordination, etc. Graduate Essay Program. How would I write that on my resume? Perhaps the Company name and essay about society, then all the essays on poverty world, related roles under that and the times I did those jobs?

I was always the Executive Admin, but I did other jobs during that period. Yes, your suggestion is correct. Start with the essay law and, company name and included the related jobs with their own bullet points underneath. Good luck! Consider trying the ‘Job Hopper’ or the ‘Executive.’ They should able to fit all your jobs nicely.

Ive never had a job so what should I use? Most of the templates above would suit your situation, but we suggest trying the Career Changer template because it emphasizes skills over the dates of your professional experience. (https://resumegenius.com/resume-templates/career-level-life-situation-templates#career-changer-templates) Best of luck! We suggest using the ‘Gatsby’ Template. Good luck with grad school! As far as style, we suggest our ‘Professional’ template. In terms of format, if you want to include your restaurant experience, then you might want to consider using a functional format:https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats/functional-samples-writing-guide. Hope this helps! We suggest using our ‘Entry-Level’ template.

Good luck with the custom service, internship! Good Day Resume Genius.I’m a midwife by profession an has worked in a military hospital for 16 years in essay about law and society, KSA. I’m trying to apply as a home based ESL educator and an email respondent . Since I’m from the medical profession, I’m having difficulty in choosing the essays on poverty, perfect resume.The skill I know is more on the medical.,clerical which involes data entry for appointments and summary, interpreter and my part time informal english lessons to native speaking arabs. Essay. What template should I use? Try the ‘Murray’ template. Custom Essay Writing It Used. Good luck! Hello.

Which is good for cabin crew applicant? I have no many work experience in service. So i want to highlight the other things. Thanks #128578; Take a look at our Flight Attendant resume sample: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/flight-attendant-resume-example You can download it and input your own information. Which template would you recommend for essay about law and a career in on poverty world, education? Check out our teacher resume samples: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/teacher-resume-example You can download them and input your own experience.

Try using the law and, ‘Freeman’ template. Best of luck on the promotion! Hi! What resume template would you recommend for a college freshman trying to apply for a competitive summer program with the USDA and South Dakota State University? Sound like the ‘Entry-Level’ template would be a good fit for what you’re trying to essays in the do. Good luck with the summer program. Hi! Which resume template would you recommend for someone trying to tap into essay about the finance and accounting market. Looking for an entry-level position. You should go with the help a2 ict, ‘Entry-Level’ template.

Good luck with the about law and, job hunt. I have worked 32+ years as a nurse, the essays on poverty in the, last 4 years taking care of my elderly father and law and society, online work. Now seeking to get back into the job market for jay gatsby essay extra income, not necessarily in the health field, just to essay law and society earn some income and socialize. What resume do you suggest? Try the ‘Job Hopper’ template. Good luck with your job search! Hi! What resume template would you recommend for writing it used a 9th grader trying to society apply for a doctor (any)?? Apparently, resume making and interviewing is our project for the fourth quarter this year. I couldn’t find any clear examples on the web, and I was hoping you could help me out with what template I should use.. Try using the ‘Elegant 2.0’ template.

Good luck on your project. Yes, if you click the View all Resume Designs button and click the thesis on supply chain, download link for essay law and the template pack of graduate your choice. If you’ve never written a resume before, I’d recommend checking out our “How to Write a Resume” guide to essay about law and society get a clearer idea (it’s much more comprehensive than any answer I can give here). Graduate. https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume. Hit us up with any follow-up questions after giving that a read we’ll see if we can help further! Good luck! Hey there Margaret, In order to best understand which template works, it’s a good idea to check out which resume format fits your particular needs; then you can take it from there. https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats. All of the templates were created by professional resume writers, so it’s hard to go wrong with any of them — it just depends on about law and society your preference.

Good luck! It really depends on what job you’re applying for. Since you have substantial work experience, try quantifying that in your resume (think: any numbers that a hiring manager can look at and better understand what you accomplished during your time working there). Check out this page and choose the one you find most fitting, that should be a good start: https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats. Good luck on with the job hunt! Hey there hbil036, This way, you can focus on your skills qualifications critical to the job application. As an aside, you may want to essay about law and look into whether you’re qualified to get back into accounting after that many years outside of the field. Chain Resilience. I understand that some regulations and rules change over the years — it may just be a matter of taking a test or updating your certifications, but I’m not certain. If that doesn’t seem to be a problem then go with the functional resume for sure.

Good luck on essay law and the job hunt! If you are lacking in major experience, I’d recommend using a reverse chronological format for your resume. Our “Classic” template on admission essay program this page should do the trick: https://resumegenius.com/resume-templates/ Good luck at the job fair! I recommend you first check out our internship resume sample page: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/internship-resume-example. About Law And Society. Afterwards, feel free to choose any format – just use a comprehensive education section instead of a professional experience section, and you should be good. Good luck landing that internship! Share Free Downloadable Resume Templates Our code geeks and HR experts are proud to introduce our new Free Resume Builder software to help you land more interviews in today’s competitive job market. We provide HR-approved resume templates, built-in job description bullet point phrases to choose from, and jay gatsby analysis, easy export to MS Word and essay about law and, PDF.

Get awesome job opportunities sent directly to help with a2 ict coursework your inbox. By clicking Send Me Job Alerts, I agree to the Resume Genius Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Play the One-Minute Game That’ll Show You How to essay society Improve Your Resume. Think you can judge the quality of a resume within 6 seconds? The answer may surprise you.

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Colombian prisons as a core institution of authoritarian liberalism. Prisons and inmate population in Colombia (1994–2013) Population (annual average) Overcrowding (annual average) Source: National Bureau of Colombian Prisons (INPEC) [ 28 , 29 , 32 ] Prison capacity and law and inmate population 1994–2014 (March).

Source: National Bureau of Colombian Prisons (INPEC) [ 28 , 29 , 32 ] Crimes reported by the Colombian National Police Force (1994–2011). Source: Colombian National Police Force [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] Prison population per 100,000 inhabitants (and total inmate population) in essay writing service Latin American countries (1992–2013) Source: International Centre for Prison Studies (2013) Imprisonment rates (per 100,000 inhabitants) in Latin America (1992–2013). Source: International Centre for Prison Studies [ 33 ] The problem of about, incarceration in Colombia, which is thesis similar to essay about law and, that in other countries, is neither passing nor confined behind prison walls; it affects Colombian society as a whole because it mirrors its problems and internal conflicts.

Colombian prisons dramatically underscore how vast sectors within an exclusionary and unequal society are further marginalized through stigmatization and rejection as they are placed in the roles of essay, dangerous delinquents. Prisons, in Colombia and essay about law and society elsewhere, also exemplify how modern societies prefer to face their structural problems and social instability by means of repressive criminal policies; thus further contributing to what Simon calls governing through crime [ 57 , 58 ]. The feelings of essays in the, fear and society defenselessness that permeate many societies are channeled by governments into strategies which augment and intensify the tools and a2 ict coursework techniques for control and security. This combination of factors, especially during the past three decades, has given rise to a Culture of about society, Control [ 20 : 175] which affects the lives of thesis on supply resilience, every citizen and which inspires governmental policy at the global level in a wide diversity of essay, countries, in the Global North as well as in the Global South. It may be inaccurate to state that international homogeneity exists for punishment; in with fact, a wide variety of tendencies can be found worldwide- as authors such as Lacey [ 40 , 41 ], Whitman [ 64 ], Lappi-Seppala [ 42 ], Melossi et al. [ 43 ], Nelken [ 45 , 46 ] and essay Sozzo [ 59 ] have pointed out. There is, however, in many countries both of the Global North and South a trend towards penal convergence [ 5 : 438, 441], as witnessed by graduate, the overall growth of the inmate population brought about by increasingly harsh penal laws. The study, therefore, of the ‘crisis’ in Colombia’s prisons, as a paradigmatic example of a global tendency, cannot be approached from a reductionist viewpoint that attempts to be explained in essay about its own terms. On the contrary, it must be based upon a wider perspective, one which includes understanding the penal system as the in the, way state and society perceive crime and its respective forms of punishment. Punishment is not merely the way delinquents are treated; it is an essay about law and society, authentic social institution which helps to define, and which at with a2 ict coursework, the same time reflects, the nature of a given society, and the relationships and about law and society conflicts of essay and dissertation service it used, which it is made up [ 18 : 287].

Thus, the current management of prisons and the penal system provide a key to about law and society, understanding the transformation of Colombian society, along with its conflicts, during the past three decades, as well as to how social and power relationships have led diverse administrations into marginalizing an extensive sector of the essay writing service it used, population with the argument that by doing so they are protecting society. From a sociological standpoint on punishment and prisons -both to be understood as complex social institutions-, this article aims to provide a critical diagnosis of Colombian prisons, and of their political and cultural uses and meanings in Colombian society over about, the past 30 years. Towards this end, in the first part of the article (made up of the first two sections) I will present a critical analysis, based mainly upon official statistics, of the major features and transformations in Colombian corrections facilities and in their inmate populations, and on supply of the about law and society, criminal policies which legitimize their workings and existence. On Supply Resilience? In the society, second part (which is in the made up of the two following sections), by referring to aspects and changes in Colombian prisons, I will explain the political and cultural meanings and uses of prisons in essay about law and society contemporary Colombian society. The central thesis of thesis chain resilience, this essay is that prisons have been turned into core symbols and institutions of essay law and, authoritarian liberalism . This refers to a form of on supply chain, government, which has consolidated in the past three decades to a great degree due to about, its overlapping with a neoliberal political economy, but that nevertheless may not be reduced to a worldwide expansion of neoliberalism -as some authors, like Wacquant [ 63 ], claim, since it predates the arrival of neoliberalism to Colombia and Latin America during the eighties, and has features and dynamics of its own [ 35 , 36 , 38 ]. Analysis Essay? Authoritarian liberalism as a form of government protects the interests of the status quo -even if violence must be used- by sacrificing the rights of society’s poorest and essay law and society most vulnerable groups (which in Colombia is half the population). This state-sponsored defense of the predominant powers in Colombia has created a conspicuously exclusionary and unequal society, which, in large part, justifies the thesis on supply resilience, use and expansion of the essay society, prison system as a reaction to feelings of fear and vengeance. I will also show how this situation is not limited solely to Colombia (despite the admission essay program, fact that here it takes place in an extreme fashion), for about society, in numerous democratic nations (in Latin America and elsewhere), similar situations occur. Hence, I assess, particularly for the Colombian case, the thesis which claims that the globalization of the neoliberal economic and political model is accompanied by and dissertation writing, a specific punitive model that excludes the poorest social groups through the use of punishment with the aim of consolidating a new form of government [ 63 : xviii]. Law And Society? In the conclusion, I propose an alternative approach to this trend in criminal justice along with more inclusive modes for dealing with it, which implies redefining (and reducing) the political and symbolic roles that prisons play in contemporary societies.

Colombian prisons during the past three decades: a history of failure. In 1989, overcrowding in Colombian prisons was not excessively high: 166 corrections facilities, with capacity for 26,307 inmates, held 26,715 prisoners, which came to a 1.55 % overcrowding rate [ 6 : 230–231]. Essays On Poverty World? But, during the past twenty years the overcrowding rate has noticeably increased. Whereas, during the first part of the nineties prison capacity had increased by 6000 places, during the same period the inmate population rose by 18,000: in law and society just six years the overcrowding rate in jay gatsby analysis prisons went from 10 % (in 1993) to 40 % (in 1999) [ 27 ]. Percent of essay about, overcrowding in Colombian prisons (1994–2013). Source: INPEC [ 28 ] Over the past two decades, excessive overcrowding, combined with the chain resilience, growing number of about, prisoners, has overwhelmed Colombia’s obsolete corrections system and aggravated what have always been deficient prison conditions; at the same time, widespread chaos and violence have taken hold inside these facilities where the Colombian government has never really been in control [See 17 ]. Index of occupations and education programs among the Colombian inmate population 2002–2012.

Inmate occupations (2002–2012). Source: INPEC [ 28 , 31 ] A sizeable number of with a2 ict coursework, inmates occupy themselves with informal jobs, that is to say, with practically any kind of work -from selling food to essay about society, cleaning floors- which prison authorities recognize as meriting reduced prison terms. However, prisoners carry out these activities on their own and with their own resources, and receive no worthwhile support or training from the thesis on supply, institution [See 17 ]. In fact, according to a report from the essay about, National Office of the Comptroller ( Contraloria General de la Republica ), in 2006, the National Bureau of Colombian Prisons (INPEC) earmarked a mere 1.4 % of its overall budget for rehabilitation programs (including education), which was even less than what had been assigned the year before [ 50 : 4]. In so far as education is concerned, the other central pillar of rehabilitation, the panorama is similar: in thesis resilience 1999, 25 % of the inmate population participated in educational programs; in December 2005, the percentage stood at 39.56 %, and in September 2008 it had reached 39.83 %; Nevertheless, from about law and society December 2010 it has significantly decreased –to 33.84 % in essay and dissertation writing that year and to 33.45 % in December 2012. The average percentage of inmates who participated in educational programs between 2002 and 2012 was 37.99 % [ 25 , 27 ] (See Table 3 , Chart 5 ). Educational programs are mainly focused on basic levels, primary education above all; whereas secondary and university education programs, which could have significant demand considering the about, educational profile of the prison population (as will be shown in the following section), are hardly available. World? Subsequently, between 2004 and 2007, only 1.5 % of the inmate population officially certified their studies through the Colombian Institute for Higher Education (ICFES), and only 1 % took the requisite state exams that would allow them to enroll in university programs [ 50 : 4]. As is essay about society often the help with coursework, case with occupational activities, educational programs serve primarily as the means to shorten prison stays rather than serving as the foundation for essay, rehabilitating inmates so that they may become productive members of society. The most worrying trend is the increasing number of prisoners who are neither working nor studying in the past decade (particularly from play and pedagogy essay 2007), becoming the majority of the prison population in 2012: in 1999, 34 % of the inmate population did not participate in any rehabilitation programs; the percentage of which dropped to 25.97 % in 2005, and to 19.65 % in December, 2005. But from December, 2007 the number of about, not occupied inmates has increased steadily from 24.77 to 38.67 % in December 2012.

The average percentage of unoccupied inmate population between 2002 and 2012 was 28.98 % [ 25 , 27 , 31 ] (See Table 3 , Chart 5 ). Therefore, the statistics cited above clearly indicate that the rehabilitation programs proclaimed as institutional pillars of the penitentiary system from the with, time of its creation, have failed. Prison neither reforms nor educates. Essay About Law And Society? We may ask then: What kind of person and crimes does the on supply chain resilience, Colombian penal system tend to punish? Does it operate in a selective manner, affecting certain social groups and specific illegal activities more severely? These questions will be answered in the following section. Personal profiles and crimes committed by those who go to essay, prison. Length of inmates’ prisons sentences (number of prisoners) (1999–2013-April). Source: INPEC [ 26 , 30 , 31 ] Length of inmates’ prisons sentences (percentages) (1999–2013-April). Chain? Source: INPEC [ 26 , 30 , 31 ] In April, 2013, out of a total inmate population of 117,015, when grouped by gender, 92.42 % were men and 7.58 % were women.

Even though there has been an essay, increase of the proportion of women inmates (in 2008 94 % were men and 6 % women), this proportion has remained constant over time: between 1989 and 2008 there was practically no variation [ 6 : 41; 27 ]. Inmate education levels (1989–2013). Source: INPEC [ 31 ] Lastly, the percentage of repeat offenders has stayed relatively stable during the essay program, last decade (where data is available). According to about society, INPEC data the average percentage of help, repeat offenders among the Colombian inmate population between 2002 and 2013 stands at 15.02 %. The foregoing data confirm a worldwide tendency regarding the demographic features of the prison population: in the overwhelming majority of about law and, contemporary capitalist societies, those who end up in prison are almost always young men, who often come from urban centers and marginalized environments, with scant education, and, as a rule, are unemployed or working in graduate admission program the informal economic sector [See 19 : 1160–1161; 20 : 90–93; 21 : 5; 60 , 61 , 63 , 66 ; for the case of Latin America, See 14 , 15 , 39 , 62 ]. Crime statistics, prisoners’ profiles and the crimes for which they are imprisoned are useful in understanding the selective manner in essay which the criminal justice system works, and for which the penitentiary provides the final phase and receptacle. Statistics serve to identify which crimes are the most likely to be prosecuted by the state and what kind of individuals will most probably end up in prison. Total number of crimes reported per 100,000 inhabitants (1994–2011). Source: Colombian National Police Force [ 9 ] Prison population per 100,000 inhabitants (1994–2011). Essay? Source: INPEC [ 30 ] Percentage break-down of crimes committed by Colombian prisoners (1977–2013). Source: Colombian Ministry of Justice [ 6 ], INPEC [ 27 , 31 ] By 1989, 33.75 % of the law and society, inmate population had been imprisoned for crimes against property and 30.75 % for essay and dissertation it used, homicide and aggravated assault; 1.5 % was being held on a combination of both types of essay about law and, crime.

Consequently, in 1989, 66 % of Colombian prisoners were behind bars for homicide, aggravated assault and crimes against property (Ibid.: 83, 84). Drug-trafficking accounted for essay help, 15.5 %, followed by crimes against essay law and society, state security forces (such as terrorism and related offenses, and the illegal possession of weapons) at 3.25 %; sexual assaults made up 2.5 %, and essays crimes against essay about society, the rule of constitutional law (particularly rebellion and sedition) comprised 0.25 % of the total (Ibid.: 87) (See Chart 11 ). In December, 1999, the majority of prisoners in chain Colombian corrections facilities had been accused or sentenced for homicide, aggravated assault (31.09 %), or crimes against essay, property (28.59 %), which came to a combined total of 59.68 % [ 27 ]. Next, were those crimes related to drug-trafficking (10.2 %), those committed against state security forces- -which include terrorism and related offenses- (7.08 %), sexual assaults (5.45 %), crimes against individual liberty -mainly kidnapping- (5.33 %), and chain crimes against the rule of constitutional law -especially, rebellion-(2.33 %). (Ibid.) (See Chart 11 ). In 2008, homicides and aggravated assault along with crimes against law and, property continued to rank first and second at 26.66 %, and 24.82 % of the total, respectively. Subsequently, when added together they represented more than half (51.48 %) of and pedagogy essay, all crimes that had been committed by inmates in Colombia in that year [ 27 ]. The list continued with drug-trafficking (17.18 %), sexual assault (9.54 %), crimes against public security forces -including terrorism and related offenses- (8.45 %), crimes against individual liberty -including kidnapping and forced disappearance- (5.59 %), and crimes against the constitutional rule of law -in particular, the crime of affiliation with illegal armed groups (3.03 %) [ 27 ] (See Chart 11 ).

By April 2013, the same pattern continued -crimes against property (22.16 %) together with homicide and assault (17.34 %) made up the majority of crimes that ended up in prison (39,50 %), even though is worth noting that they no longer make up more than half of crimes. This is due to the important increase of drug-trafficking (which doubled with respect to 2008, with 14.50 %) and the larger proportion of offenses against about law and society, individual liberty (7,98 %) [ 31 ] (See Chart 11 ). As the abovementioned numbers reveal, starting in 1989 the resilience, proportion of inmates being held for homicide and assault as well as for drug-trafficking and terrorism went up conspicuously as a result of the country’s armed conflict and the war on drugs, most notably against the Medellin cartel -from the latter part of the eighties until the first part of the about society, nineties- a group notorious for violent and terrorist acts, and custom essay service which was in the throes of about, its demise [ 36 ]. The growth of cocaine-trafficking has also intensified the armed conflict in Colombia as it provides immense capital resources which both the guerrilla and in the world paramilitary militias use to procure arms for their troops, to battle one another and to law and, maintain control over most of the coca growing regions in the country [See 4 , 48 , 54 ]. On the basis of the foregoing, it can be concluded that, in general terms, the and pedagogy, intensification of violence and essay about law and society armed conflict coupled with the social and economic crisis that held sway during the essays on poverty in the, decade of the about society, nineties is reflected in Colombia’s prison statistics, made up primarily of individuals indicted on and sentenced for crimes related to these calamities (crimes against property, homicide and essay and dissertation service aggravated assault, drug-trafficking and essay society offenses against law enforcement). The abovementioned data, which cover three different decades, reveal the fact that those imprisoned for homicide and aggravated assault, as well as for crimes against graduate essay help program, property, constantly comprise the law and, largest portion of the Colombian inmate population (between 39.50 and 75 %). These categories are persistently followed by that which includes individuals accused of or sentenced for drug-trafficking (nearly 15 % of the total inmate population), whose numbers doubled during the eighties -precisely when all-out war was declared on drugs- going from custom service it used 6.91 % of the total inmate population in 1977 to 15.5 % in essay society 1989, and play and pedagogy essay again between 2008 and 2013, and which rose as a consequence of the repressive criminal justice policy upon which the state instituted its war on drugs, organized crime and essay the various illegal militias operating within the country [See 36 ]. It is also worth noting the significant increase of inmate held for sex crimes (which increased from 2.50 % in 1989 to 7,65 % in 2013 -the proportion trebled). Thesis On Supply Chain Resilience? Sex Crimes, in Colombia as elsewhere, have become a common target of penal populism [see 63 : 209–239]. The selectivity of the Colombian penal system and its relation to authoritarian liberalism. On the basis of the statistics analyzed in the section above, it may be concluded that the essay about society, Colombian inmate population has not significantly varied during the past three decades, neither its basic features: it is a relatively young population, overwhelmingly masculine, with scant education and and pedagogy unemployed or working at low-paying jobs before entering prison. Hence, it is apparent that the majority of the essay law and, inmate population comes from marginalized sectors of Colombian society, where high levels of exclusion and poverty prevail. Government policies directed towards that part of the play and pedagogy, populace deemed delinquent, which Feeley and Simon [ 16 ] label as the essay law and, New Penology , aim not to reduce crime and eliminate its causes, but rather to manage and control social groups looked upon as problematic.

Additionally, this approach to government has tended to be associated during the past two decades, in the Global North as well as in the Global South, with the neoliberal agenda. That is to say, it is based upon the free market and deregulation of the economy, along with the downsizing of the welfare state which provides social benefits to marginal social sectors, and the broadening of the prison state, which through a system of punishment, maintains control over these same sectors [ 63 : xviii]. 3. Some authors, particularly from the Global North, as Lacey [ 41 : 789], suspect that, since Latin American countries are more economically dependent upon and share closer political ties with the United States, they are probably more susceptible to being pressed into implementing the same corrections policies as those in use in the United States. More detailed research on particular Latin American countries, such as Sozzo’s analysis of the Argentinian case [ 59 ], show that, even though the influence of neoliberalism in admission help program political, cultural and economic aspects of Latin American societies is undeniable, the features and transformation of their crime control fields respond to essay about society, the particular and local dynamics of each society, rather than the play essay, influence or pressure exerted by the United States. Furthermore, the last two decades have witnessed important transformations in Latin America, particularly in the political landscape, the most important being the political realignment of Latin American countries between left and right. Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and about Nicaragua are undergoing intense political processes under the lead of leftist governments, which, at least at the discursive level, defend socialism in radical terms. On the other hand, countries like Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and El Salvador have been led mostly by right-wing governments with a neoliberal tendency and a with a political and economic interest in having close ties with the United States.

At the centre of the political spectrum there are countries like Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile that have been ruled by leftist governments that have accepted market capitalism rules and principles as part of their political and economic agenda [ 37 ]. Considering all these important transformations, it is very likely that crime control fields have undergone important changes in countries like Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and help with a2 ict Nicaragua, which are experiencing intense social and political conflicts that affect violence and about society crime rates, 4 as well as penal policies and imprisonment rates. Actually, in many of the essay, countries that are undertaking structural leftist reforms, imprisonment rates have increased, even though official data has become hard to get in many of these (like Venezuela, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Bolivia). 5. Even if most of Latin American countries share a common history and display cultural, economic, political and essay society social similarities, they also have their own historical trajectories, which merit a detailed and nuanced analysis in order to establish resemblances as well as differences. Thus, compared and jay gatsby case study analyses on Latin American crime control fields 6 are needed in essay law and order to assess the jay gatsby, similarities of these fields (such as high crime –and particularly homicide- rates, increasing imprisonment rates, the essay about society, hardening of criminal policies), how they came into being, their connections, as well as an explanation of their differences and divergent trajectories [ 37 ]. For the same reasons, though it may be reasonable to say that there is a certain drift towards penal convergence –and a harsh one, in many of the Latin American countries, regardless their political leaning to the right or left, there remains the task to explain to which degree such convergence is due to thesis, shared or different political and economic processes, or maybe to a combination of both. Regarding the global debate on the expansion of neoliberalism, the essay law and, previous thoughts should warn us against the notion that, because of the analysis, influence of neoliberalism in political, cultural and economic aspects of Latin American societies, the features and transformations of their crime control fields respond exclusively or mainly to the influence or pressure exerted by neoliberal policies and law and society doxa -US style. Such caution is of special interest for thesis chain resilience, the analysis of the Colombian case, for Colombia has had close political and economic ties to the United States, something that is evident in essay law and the configuration of the Colombian crime control field during the last three decades, in great measure due to the US led war against drugs [ 36 ]. Thus, it is not surprising that neoliberal technologies and discourses regarding crime control have influenced the Colombian crime control field [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 52 , 53 , 56 ]. Help? But, at the same time, one should bear in mind that Colombia, like every other Latin American country, has its own historical trajectory, and essay about law and that the configuration of its crime control field, even though influenced by neoliberalism and close cooperation with the United States, predates it and presents its own features and processes. Elsewhere [ 35 , 36 , 38 ] I have used the term authoritarian liberalism as a concept that synthetizes the main features of the Colombian crime control field during the second half of the custom service, Twentieth century and the first two decades of the Twentieth First century. Essay About Law And Society? These basically point to the intensive use of punishment discourses and technologies to uphold, through violent means, a highly exclusive political and economic order to the benefit of help, elite groups of Colombian society.

Although this may be regarded as a long-lasting feature of the about law and, Colombian crime control field, authoritarian liberalism strategies, discourses and practices have changed over and pedagogy essay, the years and have not been left untouched by the changes experienced by essay about, an increasingly globalized world. Authoritarian liberalism has changed and adapted to different political, economic, and thesis on supply chain resilience social circumstances throughout late modernity, just as the Colombian political system and society have undergone fundamental transformations. Though positive changes have occurred during this period of essay about, time, authoritarian liberalism stubbornly remains. On Poverty In The? Governments of different political persuasions, be they conservative or liberal, have resorted insistently to punishment and penal institutions to defend the establishment from what it perceives as threats to about society, its interests, and even to its very existence. Nevertheless, the politics of penal institutions have responded through time to different social, economic, and political contexts, as well as framing different enemies.

For explanatory purposes the politics of the Colombian crime control filed during the last three decades shall be organized in three distinct historical periods – the eighties, the nineties and the new millennium [ 35 , 36 ]. The eighties in Colombia were marked by the war against drugs. The virulence of drug cartels -as well as US pressure- persuaded Colombian governments to concentrate their efforts on fighting the illegal drugs trade [ 36 : 80–87]. The Colombian and US governments regarded narcotrafficking as a serious criminal problem that also threatened the national security of both countries. According to such a view, ruthless criminal organizations were the cause of the drugs problem and they had to be neutralized through repressive means. This interpretation of narcotrafficking as both a criminal issue and a matter of national security, led to the war on a2 ict coursework drugs rhetoric, and the consequent conflation of penal and military technologies to fight it. The crime control field was the about society, site where both techniques blended, resulting in a highly repressive penal system where the subjugation of the enemy, rather than the establishment of thesis, penal responsibility under the rule of law, was the main objective. Nevertheless, most of the society, people who ended up in prison under drug trafficking offences, were the rank and help with a2 ict file of drug cartels or minor scale dealers, mostly young men from urban ghettos, hardly connected to drug kingpins, and who most of the times resorted to drug dealing as a way of survival in law and an informal market.

During the late eighties and early nineties Colombia experienced important political and economic transformations. On the one hand, legal and constitutional reforms, spearheaded by the 1991 Constitution, led to the strengthening of democratic institutions and the rule of in the, law. On the other hand, the Barco (1986–1990) and Gaviria (1990–1994) administrations undertook economic reforms that liberalized the Colombian economy and placed it in about society the sphere of globalization and neoliberalism. The democratization of Colombian politics and the adoption of the neoliberal model intensified the fractures and struggles of Colombian society. For one thing, alternative political parties and social movements that entered the political scene and play and pedagogy essay clamored for their rights, enshrined in the new Constitution, threatened the political hegemony, particularly of local and regional elites. For another, the new economic model mainly benefited the upper classes while excluding the most vulnerable and marginalized social groups, which in Colombia make up almost half of the population. About Society? Thus, poverty remained unchallenged and social inequality increased [ 36 : 115–153]. During the last two decades the Andres Pastrana (1998–2002), Alvaro Uribe (2002–2010) and Juan Manuel Santos (2010–2014) administrations have embraced neoliberalism, though with different political and play ideological leanings, as the prevailing political and economic model of the new global order.

Furthermore, they may be seen as the peak in the development of such a model in Colombia’s late modern history. Pastrana’s Plan Colombia to about society, fight narcotrafficking, which included drug cartels, guerrillas and jay gatsby analysis essay paramilitaries [ 36 : 179–227], Uribe’s Democratic Security to essay about law and society, defeat the guerrillas, narcotrafficking and terrorism (ibid: 229–304), and Santos Democratic Prosperity, as he called his plan to consolidate the previous government’s achievements on security (while reaching for peace and the post-conflict), though supposed to be democratic in analysis essay the sense of society, protecting all citizens without distinction, are actually different policies with a similar aim: protecting investment, wealth, and economic growth, which mainly favor a minority of the population. Reported Robbery Acts 2004–2013. Source: Ministry of Defence [ 44 ] Murder rates per 100,000 inhabitants (2004–2013). Source: Ministry of Defence [ 44 ] Both the Uribe and Santos administrations have used very similar measures, which rely on and pedagogy essay zero tolerance and the hardening of the penal system through the criminalization of society, conducts, the chain, increase of prisons sentences, and the reduction of penal benefits, particularly access to alternative measures to prison, such as probation and essay law and society parole, house detention, and electronic surveillance. Regarding law and order ( seguridad ciudadana ) policies, the Uribe government passed to thesis chain, Congress two main proposals, which became Law 890 of 2004 and Law 1142 of essay about law and, 2007.

Law 890 of 2004 raised minimum sentences by one third and maximum sentences by half for all kinds of legal offences. Thus, the maximum prison sentence in Colombia went from 40 to 50 years, and to 60 years for graduate admission essay help, multiple crimes. Law 1142 of 2007 ( Ley de Convivencia y Seguridad Ciudadana ) granted greater flexibility in determining what constituted sufficient grounds for preventive detention. Law And? All that may be necessary is for the presiding judge to take into account the gravity ( gravedad ) and means ( modalidad ) by play, which the punishable conduct was carried out when determining the presumptive danger of the accused, independent of any extenuating circumstances or of the defendant’s profile and background [ 24 : 245]. This law also restricted the possibility of substituting prison detention for other forms of detention, such as house arrest, with the argument that the 21 offences for which such alternatives were prohibited (including among others domestic violence, theft and grand larceny, and fraud) “gravely affected the foundations of coexistence and public safety” [ 24 : 239–240]. Similarly, Law 1098 of essay law and society, 2006 declared that for any person accused of committing sexual crimes against custom essay writing service, a minor, the only detention measure permitted would be that of preventive imprisonment. Essay About? The same measure was included in Law 1474 of 2001 (the Anticorruption Statute) to be applied to a number of offences, particularly those related to public administration. Law 1142 of 2007 also raised minimum sentences for twelve offences for which there had formerly been no preventive detention (including domestic violence, usury, threats and voting fraud).

As to Santos, after taking office in in the 2010, he claimed that his criminal and society security policies would make a special emphasis on fighting urban common criminality, which was a main concern of urban voters, whose perception was that security levels were decreasing in thesis resilience the main cities, especially in regards to crimes against essay about law and society, property and personal integrity (robbery, assault, injuries). Thus, the Santos government passed a law through Congress, which became Law 1453 0f 2011 ( Ley de Seguridad Ciudadana ). Following on the steps of Law 1142 of essay, 2007, this statute also eased the law and, requirements to impose prison detention and limited the access to penal benefits for several offences and for individuals with previous convictions. For instance, sex offenders, people convicted for drug related offences, aggravated conspiracy to commit a crime, terrorism, illegal possession of weapons, and money laundering, were completely excluded from parole (they would have to serve the full prison sentence). Thesis On Supply? Simultaneously, the law established that parole could be granted only after serving two thirds of the prison sentence, instead of the three fifths previously established, which means longer periods of essay, incarceration for all the sentenced population. According to essays on poverty in the world, INPEC, between June 2011 (when the law was enacted) and February 2014, the essay about law and society, prison population under Law 1453 of 2011 increased 13.4 % (5632 inmates), mainly for analysis, drug related offences (2701 inmates) and illegal possession of weapons (2457 inmates) (INPEC [ 32 ]). According to essay law and, a report by play, the Grupo de Derecho de Interes Publico (Public Interest Law Group) –G-DIP, of the Law Department of Universidad de los Andes, the changes introduced by Law 1453 of 2011 meant that approximately 21 % of the prison population (25,058 inmates) sentenced for four different types of offences, would have to serve their full prison sentences, for they were excluded from parole and about law and electronic surveillance. (G-DIP 2013). These policies have led to a spectacular increase of the prison population and jay gatsby analysis essay overcrowding levels during the last 12 years; a situation that is law and society due not only to the fact that inmates spend longer terms in prison, but also to the fact that criminal suspects are more frequently held under preventive detention.

In 2002, when Uribe took office, the thesis resilience, prison population was 51,276 inmates (overcrowding was 15.6 %); by the end of Uribe government, the prison population was 79.730 -an increase of 55,5 % (28,454 new inmates), and an overcrowding level of essay about society, 40 %, even though this administration built 10 new prisons which created around 12,597 new places (INPEC [ 32 ]). After four years of the Santos administration, the play and pedagogy, Colombian prison population is made of 118,968 inmates, with an historic peak in the overcrowding level of 56.16 %. Thus, under the Santos administration, prison population in Colombia increased 49.2 % (39,238 more inmates) in just four years -very similar figures to those of the Uribe government. All these things considered, it may be said that a closer scrutiny of the crime control policies of the Santos administration places it, in essay society the best of jay gatsby analysis, cases, as a center- right government, compared to the extreme right-wing stance that Uribe embodies. Therefore, authoritarian liberalism, though it has undergone important changes over the last twenty years, is still a key feature of the law and, Colombian crime control field and has expanded its scope for and pedagogy essay, its rhetoric and essay society methods are no longer restricted to fighting organized crime and illegal armed groups but also common urban criminality, under a zero tolerance stance akin to that imposed in other countries with a neoliberal political economy. In the help with a2 ict coursework, Colombian case, it may be claimed that the establishment of a political economy with a neoliberal leaning during the last 25 years has had a negative impact on social and essay economic equality and custom essay and dissertation service it used its crime control field, which has become even more punitive and exclusionary, particularly towards the urban poor young males, who have become a prime target of law and order policies [ 13 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. The social and political policies, as well as the neoliberal state models that have tended to take hold in Colombia and significant parts of Latin America with the aid of hegemonic capitalistic globalization, have heightened exclusion and reduced opportunities for specific social groups, particularly for the very poor, who are the most vulnerable. The opening up of the Colombian economy to international markets has affected its social structure [See 34 : 100–116]. The impact of these policies, which were instituted during the nineties, is very telling: the about law and, country’s political and economic elite has benefitted from market liberalization, whereas poverty, inequality, social instability, and world economic crisis have hit the most vulnerable social classes the hardest -precisely those social groups who are excluded from financial and labor markets, as well as from about law and public assistance programs [See 2 ].

During the first decade of the new millennium, the poorest 20 % of the population received 2.5 % of national income, whereas 20 % of the essay, richest received 61 % [ 65 ]. Out of essay about law and society, a total population of 41.2 million inhabitants (10.3 million of help a2 ict coursework, whom lived in rural areas), 2313 individuals (around 1.08 % of the essay about law and, total number of property owners) possessed 53 % of rural land [ 49 : 16], and some 300 stockholders own 74 % of shares traded on the Colombian stock market [ 3 ]; the ten largest companies in the country consumed 75 % of financial market resources, which constitutes a Gini equity coefficient (which measures the concentration of equity ownership) of 0.93 [ 49 : 17]. Inequality, which has always been pronounced in Colombia, has gone up even more during the recent past: between 2002 and 2005, the percentage of the national income for admission essay help program, the poorest 40 % fell from 12.3 to 12.1 %; meanwhile, over the same period, the essay law and, percentage for the richest 10 % rose from 38.8 to 41 % [ 3 ]. The traits listed above show that key aspects of the neoliberal model were introduced in Colombia from the nineties and that such model fitted well with the political economy of authoritarian liberalism. The neoliberal agenda, like authoritarian liberalism, pursues the development of free markets and protects financial capital by implementing, among other institutional tenets, an expansive and intrusive penal system which employs drastic disciplinarian power over these social sectors marginalized from help labor and essay about law and society financial markets. It follows under this authoritarian penal dogma, that those who belong to marginalized groups should be given harsh treatment, since they alone are presumed to be responsible for their criminal acts, independent of the context and motives [ 63 : 306–309]. Such tropos of individual responsibility has become the dominant viewpoint in criminal policy as well as in a significant part of Colombian scholarship. During the coursework, eighties, the sociological perspective, defended by scholars leaning towards a leftist ideology, explained violent acts (political and common), and about the crime associated with them, as the result of the high levels of poverty, inequality and exclusion that typified Colombia [See 10 , 23 : 22]. Starting in the late nineteen eighties, this theoretical model came under fire, particularly on the part of those who advocated analyzing crime and graduate essay violence from the economic standpoint. According to this latter group of essay about law and society, economists –many of them educated in US elite universities during the nineties, the sociological point of jay gatsby analysis, view made claims that were not sufficiently backed by empirical data, and which therefore did not provide a realistic picture of the situation.

Subsequently, they stressed that the law and, equation: ‘the greater the play essay, poverty, the greater the crime’, is essay misleading when the pertinent variables are scrutinized. The rational economic-actor model is commonly applied to these kinds of studies; according to resilience, which an individual decides to essay law and society, commit an unlawful act based upon a cost/benefit analysis. Such studies come to the conclusion that the high rates of crime and violence in Colombia are primarily due to the state’s weak response (by law enforcement and the criminal justice system) to lawlessness; therefore, these responses should be tougher and/or more efficient, meaning that, the price for crime should go up [See 55 : 111; 22 : 14, 15]. More of the same: the expansion of the corrections system. As it has been shown in previous pages, the configuration of the Colombian crime control field, under the spell of authoritarian liberalism and its upgraded version of on supply chain, neoliberalism during the last 25 years, has resulted in the vertiginous increase of the prison population. In order to confront such critical condition of the corrections system, Colombian governments have opted to increase prison quotas, by enlarging those facilities now in service and by building new ones, for which $523.5 billion Colombian pesos (approximately $US242.5 million dollars) were allocated in essay about law and society the national budget between 1998 and 2003, and with which 16,443 new places for prisoners were created (See National Council on play and pedagogy Social and about law and society Economic Planning—CONPES—2004: 8,12). Although the corrections system has expanded significantly, it is still unable to house a large number of prisoners (as witnessed by the high percentage of overcrowding which in 1998 was 31.1 % and in 2010 had reached 40 %), whose ranks have constantly swollen during the past ten years (from 43,259 prisoners in 1998 to custom and dissertation writing, 79,730 in 2009--an increase of 84.3 % in just one decade) (See Table 1 and essay Chart 1 ). Faced with high rates of prison overcrowding, in 2006 the Colombian government was forced to reassess its strategy. Under the new plan, 24,731 new places for inmates (3131 in analysis existing facilities and 21,600 in eleven new penitentiaries) were created [ 11 : 19; 12 : 6–7] at a lower cost. However, the funds allocated for essay, the plan were reduced in 2004 7 since it was felt that it would be cheaper to admission essay help, commission prison construction under public works rather than through concession to essay, private contractors [ 12 : 6–7].

The most questionable aspect of this situation is that the expanded corrections facilities have not alleviated (not even in terms of space) the living conditions of the great majority of inmates; due to the fact that the new places have arrived too late and have been too few to house the multiplying prison population. As of thesis on supply chain resilience, December, 2006, only 5992 new places of which “5046 (84.2 %) were built in essay law and society existing facilities and the remaining 946 (15.8 %) in new complexes included in previous expansion plans (Apartado in jay gatsby analysis Antioquia) or as part of the Justice and Peace Program (Tierra Alta in Cordoba)” [ 50 : 7]. Additionally, out of the new places created in 2008, 3441 had not been adequately used “due to a lack of requisite foresight, planning, and budgeting to essay about law and, put them in service” (Ibid). Of the nine new prisons planned for 2004, only six were under construction in 2007 and in thesis on supply chain resilience September of that same year, the average progress on essay about law and construction was at 4.66 % (Ibid: 8). In the custom essay it used, plan’s final stage, the Uribe administration promised to construct 10 new prisons that would create 23,000 new inmate places.

In March, 2010, President Uribe presided over the opening of two of these prisons (in Yopal and Cucuta, which added up to 2222 new places) and he promised to finish construction of the others before the end of his term (in August, 2010). 8. The expanding penitentiary program, which dominates the rhetoric on corrections policy, pushes firmly ahead, despite its inefficiency and about law and detriment to prisoners’ basic rights. As Ariza points out [ 1 ], in Colombia this program has been dubbed the new penitentiary culture , whose guiding ideological principles and financial backing are provided by the US government, whose main objective is to essay, base the growth of corrections facilities on administrative efficiency. About Society? Consequently, instead of endeavoring to essays on poverty in the world, ensure inmates’ basic rights, such a system strives to enhance the availability of resources and training for prison personnel and to essay law and society, comply with international ISO quality standards (which apparently correspond to market dictated parameters).

These efforts, in turn, lead to the efficient and economical control of prisoners. In light of the foregoing, and in spite of the fact that the Uribe administration promised a sweeping reform of the Colombian corrections system by constructing new prisons and bringing overcrowding down to 0 %, the future of essay help program, Colombia’s prisons and their inhabitants is essay none too promising. Colombia’s criminal justice system seems not only to with a2 ict, be enraptured by essay law and, the need to punish, but with the idea that incarceration should rule (for those accused as well as those tried and sentenced) as the means to incapacitate prisoners and extract social revenge on play essay them, instead of collectively rehabilitating and essay society pardoning them. As long as the essays on poverty world, number of individuals behind bars continues to constantly rise, there will not be enough prisons in which to lock them up. Such a policy is shallow and expensive both in social and economic terms. What is more, even though the number of law and, prisons may someday be sufficient, they would still be illegitimate and unjust since, given the characteristics of play, Colombian society, punishment will continue to be heaped upon the poor who are excluded in law and society a disproportionate and play essay vengeful way.

While social and economic status, or race and ethnic origin, remain factors that ratchet up the probability of being sent to prison, punishment based on such factor will never be morally or politically justified. So that this situation may change, first, society’s economic relations must change, along with its power structure, not just simply the corrections system. Although the latter is a fundamental social institution it alone cannot be changed without also changing the essay about, environment wherein it is planted. According to INPEC (National Bureau of Colombian Prisons) statistics, the average number of inmates during the eighties came to 28,000; the average number in the nineties was 38,391; from the custom and dissertation writing service it used, year 2000 to 2014 (March) the law and, average was 72,906. See, INPEC [ 25 , 27 , 32 ].

For example, while imprisonment rates have quadrupled in the United States during the admission help, past three decades, crime rates have tended to go down during the past twenty years. In England, the essay law and society, inmate population has gone up considerably, by some 60 % over the past three decades; however, crime rates have tended to jay gatsby analysis, go down since 1990 [See 20 : 208–209]. Considerable discussion is taking place in essay law and the fields of criminology and sociology on the neoliberal state and help coursework its relationship to highly punitive and essay about law and exclusionary corrections systems. Loic Wacquant’s book, Punishing the Poor: the Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity [ 63 ] has provoked international debate on the subject. For example, an issue of the journal, Theoretical Criminology 14 (1), 2010, was dedicated to critical analysis of Wacquant’s writings by writers from several different countries. Venezuela is a case in point.

The murder rate has increased from 8 per 100,000 inhabitants in 1996, to 33 in 2000, 44 in 2003, 45 in 2006, and 79 in 2013 (the third highest in the world after Honduras and El Salvador). Between 1998 (when Chavez rose to power) and 2013, the murder rate in Venezuela quadrupled [ 47 ]. Since the rise of Chavismo , the imprisonment rate also increased notably, from 97 inmates per 100,000 inhabitants in 1998, to 169 in 2011 -the latest official data available. In Nicaragua it increased from 85 in 1992 to 119 in 2007; in admission essay Ecuador, from 75 in 1992 to about law and, 127 in 2007; in Uruguay from 100 in 1992 to 257 in 2010; in Brazil from 107 in 1995 to on poverty, 253 in 2010; in Argentina from 62 in about 1992 to 153 in 2011; in Bolivia from 69 in analysis 1996 to about, 92 in 2010 [see Table 2 and 33 ]. Sozzo’s analysis of the Argentinian case [ 59 ] is a good example. From Col$1,456,448 billion pesos (nearly US$675 million dollars) to Col$972,293 million pesos (nearly US$450.5 million dollars) [ 12 : 6–7]. See “Uribe Opens New Prisons in Yopal and Cucuta”, in El Tiempo (01-04-2010). I would like to extend special thanks to Steve Bayless who translated a previous version of this article from Spanish into custom essay and dissertation writing, English, and to Leonardo Martinez who helped me gathering the essay society, data included in graduate essay help program this paper. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and law and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and thesis on supply chain resilience indicate if changes were made.

Manuel Iturralde 1 Email author 1. Law Department Universidad de los Andes Bogota Colombia. .RIS Papers Reference Manager RefWorks Zotero. .BIB BibTeX JabRef Mendeley. .RIS Papers Reference Manager RefWorks Zotero. .BIB BibTeX JabRef Mendeley.

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la dissertation La dissertation obit des types de plans qu'on peut ramener quatre : Si le plan dialectique canonique est un plan en trois parties, les jurys préfèrent deux parties solidement charpentées à des troisièmes parties répétitives ou privées de justification. About! On aura intérêt pour cela à réfléchir à ce qu'est une véritable synthèse ou à envisager parfois un plan concessif , aux ambitions plus rduites, mais qui présente l'avantage, en deux parties, de développer un raisonnement cohérent. Attention, ce plan doit nanmoins inclure une pese critique des termes et des notions convoqus par la citation-sujet, l'intrieur des parties du dveloppement. Voici plusieurs sujets de dissertations. Quel type de plan choisiriez-vous pour les traiter ? (Remplissez les cases vides du tableau ci-dessous avec les numros des sujets qui vous semblent pertinents.) Que reprsentent pour vous les hros ? Vous vous demanderez ce que signifie ce besoin d'admirer des tres rels ou de fiction, de les aimer ou de les imiter, et vous appuierez votre rflexion sur des exemples pris dans vos lectures et dans votre exprience personnelle. Qu'est-ce qu'une #156;uvre engage? « Nous n'avons pas besoin de connatre l'auteur pour comprendre et aimer son #156;uvre. On Poverty In The World! On peut lgitimement se passer de tout recours ce que l'on sait de l'auteur en dehors de son #156;uvre pour examiner celle-ci. Essay Society! » (F. Custom Writing Service! Van Rossum-Guyon, Critique du roman ).

Vous direz ce que vous pensez de ce jugement en vous appuyant sur des exemples prcis tirs de vos lectures. Un personnage mdiocre peut-il tre un hros de roman ? Que veut-on dire lorsque l'on parle du « style » d'un crivain ? « Il n'y a pas de vrai sens d'un texte. About Law And! Pas d'autorit de l'auteur. And Pedagogy! Quoi qu'il ait voulu dire, il a crit ce qu'il a crit. Law And! Une fois publi, un texte est comme un appareil dont chacun peut se servir sa guise et selon ses moyens.»

Comment comprenez-vous cette opinion de Paul Valry ? A La Rochefoucauld qui dclare : «Il est plus ncessaire d'tudier les hommes que les livres», George Sand semble rpliquer lorsque, dans son roman Mauprat , elle recommande comme moyen de formation «l'tude des lettres, qui n'est autre que l'tude des hommes.» Quelles rflexions vous suggrent ces prises de position ? Il vous est sans doute arriv de prfrer au «hros» vertueux d'un roman, d'un conte ou d'un film le personnage odieux (le méchant) dont il finit par triompher. Quelles sont, selon vous, les raisons qui expliquent l'attrait qu'exercent ces personnages odieux ? Dans une enqute sur le livre et la lecture en France, on jay gatsby peut lire cette rflexion sur le roman : «Sujet permanent de discussions entre ceux qui professent que le roman doit exprimer ou reprsenter la vie et ceux qui, l'inverse, estiment qu'il doit l'inventer. Essay About Law And! » Dans un dveloppement compos, vous direz si les romans que vous connaissez vous paraissent reprsenter la vie ou l'inventer. Un diteur contemporain prsente ainsi une collection d'ouvrages littraires : « La modernit n'a rien voir avec la date de parution. Graduate Essay Program! Des textes crits il y a plusieurs sicles sont rsolument modernes. Essay About Society! Ils rpondent parfois mieux que des ?uvres plus rcentes nos proccupations et notre soif de beaut. Essays On Poverty! » Partagez-vous cette opinion ? Vous appuierez votre rponse sur des analyses tires de vos lectures. Un auteur contemporain crit : «Apporter un message aux hommes et vouloir diriger le cours du monde ou le sauver, c'est l'affaire des fondateurs de religions, des moralistes, des hommes politiques. Essay Law And! Une ?uvre d'art n'a rien voir avec les doctrines.»

En vous rfrant des #156;uvres que vous connaissez, vous direz ce que vous pensez de cette conception de l'art et de l'artiste. Pour la phase essentielle de prparation, nous vous proposons quatre exemples d'une dmarche progressive sur les sujets marqus plus haut du signe : mise en place du sujet et recherche ordonne des principaux arguments et exemples pour le plan dialectique, puis pour les plans thmatique, analytique et comparatif (page suivante). Le plan dialectique demande d'examiner un jugement, d'en montrer les limites, voire de le rfuter, avant d'noncer une position personnelle. Un personnage mdiocre peut-il tre un hros de roman ? Les termes du sujet : prciser dans l'introduction le sens du mot mdiocre (latin medius , qui est au milieu.) Ainsi mdiocre dsigne ici ce qui est sans clat. Play Essay! Le sujet prsuppose donc que le roman n'admet pas de hros « moyens », ce qui s'oppose la conception classique (« Des hros de roman fuyez les petitesses », conseille Boileau aux potes dans son Art Potique .)

La position de la problmatique : elle pourra partir de l'une des constantes du romanesque qui repose souvent sur l'exceptionnel et se demander si la mdiocrit peut y avoir sa place. Le libell du sujet : La question pose sous cette forme rhtorique semble rpondre par la ngative. Society! Implicitement, une thse s'exprime ici, qui nie que le roman puisse admettre des personnages mdiocres. Le domaine d'application : le genre romanesque. La recherche du plan : Il convient donc de suivre ici un plan dialectique o vous valuerez la thse implicitement propose (thse /antithse/ synthse). I - LE ROMAN A BESOIN DE HROS : de destins exceptionnels (Julien Sorel dans Le Rouge et le Noir de Stendhal) de personnalits hors du commun (Mme de Merteuil dans Les Liaisons dangereuses de Laclos) de passions absolues (Des Grieux dans Manon Lescaut de Prvost) le rythme romanesque et la ncessit de susciter l'intrt obligent rendre exemplaire le destin de personnages pourtant mdiocres (Gervaise dans L'Assommoir de Zola). II - POURTANT CERTAINS PERSONNAGES SONT DES MDIOCRES : c'est le cas des personnages des romans ralistes qui ont choisi une peinture objective des milieux et des tres : Georges Duroy dans Bel-Ami , Jeanne dans Une vie de Maupassant, les hros de Zola, pour qui « le premier homme qui passe est un hros suffisant » ( Deux dfinitions du roman ). Essays In The! le personnage peut tre destin illustrer la contingence, l'absurde (Meursault dans L'tranger de Camus, Roquentin dans La Nause de Sartre, Bardamu dans Voyage au bout de la nuit de Cline). Essay! le Nouveau Roman a choisi d'abolir le hros et de confier la reprsentation d'un monde nigmatique des individualits transparentes (L'poque actuelle est plutt celle du numro matricule crit Robbe-Grillet). III - LE ROMAN N'ADMET LA MDIOCRIT QU'A CERTAINES CONDITIONS : si le personnage peut tre un mdiocre, il convient de faire la part de l'poque : cette esthtique n'est que celle du XX° sicle et certains thoriciens du nouveau roman l'ont abandonne (romans de Le Clzio). Custom And Dissertation Writing It Used! il ne faut pas ignorer le got lgitime du public pour des #156;uvres o la cration artistique lui vite de rencontrer des voisins de palier (Meursault lui-mme accde peu peu un destin exceptionnel). « Eh ! bon Dieu, nous ne voyons que trop autour de nous la triste et dsenchanteresse ralit : la tideur insupportable des demi-caractres, des bauches de vertus et de vices, des amours irrsolus, des haines mitiges, des amitis tremblotantes, des doctrines variables, des fidlits qui ont leur hausse et leur baisse, des opinions qui s'vaporent ; laissez-nous rver que parfois ont paru des hommes plus forts et plus grands, qui furent des bons ou des mchants plus rsolus ; cela fait du bien.» (Vigny, Rflexions sur la vrit dans l'art ). Essay About! de toutes faons, le roman a pour privilge de rendre la mdiocrit unique et certains mdiocres de la littrature sont devenus de vritables mythes (Emma dans Madame Bovary de Flaubert). Un diteur contemporain prsente ainsi une collection d'ouvrages littraires : « La modernit n'a rien voir avec la date de parution.

Des textes crits il y a plusieurs sicles sont rsolument modernes. Thesis! Ils rpondent parfois mieux que des #156;uvres plus rcentes nos proccupations et notre soif de beaut.» Partagez-vous cette opinion ? Vous appuierez votre rponse sur des analyses tires de vos lectures. Les termes du sujet : le terme de modernit , sans poser de problme particulier, peut tre utilement rapproch de celui qu'utilisait Baudelaire : il n'est pas synonyme d' actualit , mais signale un accord, dans l'intemporel, avec le temps prsent, ce que confirme la dernire phrase : seront juges modernes les #156;uvres, mme anciennes, qui savent correspondre aux centres d'intrt de notre poque et nos tempraments. About Law And! Une acception plus simple du mot moderne pouvait fournir quelques arguments opposer l'auteur. La position de la problmatique : en quoi consiste la modernit d'une ?uvre littraire ? Est-elle lie sa date de parution ou l'cho qu'elle est capable de susciter auprs de toutes les gnrations ? Le domaine d'application : la critique littraire, le got, le rle du lecteur dans la postrit de l'?uvre. La recherche du plan : le libell est ici sans ambigut. Jay Gatsby Analysis Essay! Il s'agit bel et bien d'observer un plan dialectique.

I - DES TEXTES ANCIENS PEUVENT TRE RSOLUMENT MODERNES : ceux qui mettent en scne les sentiments ternels : l'amour, la mort, l'interrogation mtaphysique (voir la persistance des crivains classiques, des tragiques grecs); restent aussi modernes les #156;uvres qui se signalent par la beaut de leur forme (l'alexandrin de Racine, la phrase de Bossuet n'ont pas vieilli). II - MAIS BEAUCOUP D'#140;UVRES SONT MARQUES PAR LEUR TEMPS : les proccupations des auteurs anciens sont-elles encore les ntres ? Bien des allusions socioculturelles accusent le vieillissement des #156;uvres (voir par exemple les textes engags de Sartre); au contraire, des #156;uvres rcentes sont sur ce plan plus proches de nous; les critres de beaut, eux aussi, peuvent varier : la tragdie nous parat aujourd'hui un genre plutt ennuyeux et nous lui prfrons le drame, comme nous prfrons les formes libres en posie. III - LES #140;UVRES RESTENT MODERNES PAR LEUR PART D'INTEMPORALIT : les chefs-d'#156;uvre savent encore nous parler et nous mouvoir par leur universalit. Essay! Ils ont su parler de l'Homme dans une forme pure et simple que l'art classique a codifie : sans souci des modes, il s'agit de formuler avec justesse ce que chacun aurait pu dire; au contraire, les #156;uvres qui cdent aujourd'hui aux gots du temps sont condamnes vieillir vite. Play And Pedagogy Essay! Est ainsi moderne l'artiste qui a su rejoindre l'intemporel par le recul esthtique qu'il a manifest par rapport son poque (Stendhal). Il est frquent dans le plan dialectique de commencer la confrontation des thses par l’examen de celle qui est propose par le sujet (souvent l’opinion d’un auteur enferme dans une citation). About Law And! Mais cela n’est nullement obligatoire.

Il convient plutt de construire la premire partie du devoir autour de l'opinion la plus simple et la plus rpandue (ce qu'on appelle la doxa ), ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas, loin s’en faut, des opinions que l’on soumet votre rflexion ! Ainsi la dissertation ira vraiment du plus simple au plus complexe en examinant d’abord les reprsentations plus ou moins convenues qui ont amen l’auteur s’en dmarquer. > Par exemple, dans le sujet suivant : « La lecture que l'on fait soi-mme d'une ?uvre est prfrable l'audition de la mme ?uvre enregistre.» Partagez-vous cette opinion ? on aura intrt observer la progression suivante : Thse : la connaissance d'une ?uvre littraire est meilleure par la lecture personnelle (thse implicite dans le sujet; c'est aussi la doxa). Analysis Essay! Antithse : une ?uvre bien lue ou mise en scne pallie les carences ventuelles d'une lecture personnelle. > Mais dans ce sujet : « La laideur est une source d'inspiration pour le pote, au mme titre que la beaut. About Law And! » Dans quelle mesure peut-on souscrire ce jugement ? on commencera plutt par la thse la plus souvent admise, qui n'est pas celle que prsente le sujet : Thse : le pote est m avant tout par la recherche du Beau. Antithse : la posie est aussi voue la peinture de ralits repoussantes, capables de soulever le lecteur. Ainsi, dans le traitement des sujets suivants, quelle thse examineriez-vous d’abord ? A propos de l'criture de sa vie, Jean-Claude Carrire crit: « On peut dire [. Analysis! ] que la description d'une vie n'a d'intrt que si cette vie est commune, que si d'autres peuvent s'y reconnatre ou deviner, selon les gnrations, ce que furent les sentiments, les sensations de leurs parents et grands-parents ».

Dans quelle mesure cette affirmation dfinit-elle l'intrt des ?uvres biographiques et autobiographiques ? Vous tayerez votre rflexion par des exemples puiss dans le corpus, dans les textes tudis en classe et dans vos lectures personnelles. « La posie [. Essay Society! ] n'a pas d'autre but qu' Elle-mme », crit Baudelaire. On Supply Chain Resilience! En prenant appui sur les textes du corpus, sur les pomes que vous avez lus et tudis et sur votre culture personnelle, vous vous interrogerez sur cette dclaration et vous vous demanderez si elle correspond votre dfinition de la posie. Dans le Dictionnaire goste de la littrature franaise , Charles Dantzig affirme : « La posie ne se trouve pas que dans les vers ». Essay About Society! Vous direz si vous partagez son point de vue dans un dveloppement argument, en vous appuyant sur les textes du corpus, sur ceux que vous avez tudis en classe ou lus personnellement. Le texte littraire doit-il tre srieux pour dnoncer une injustice ou dfendre une cause ? Eh bien moi, je suis amoureux de ces divisions et de ces rassemblements, qui me rendent capable de parler et de penser. Thesis Resilience! Et si je pense que quelque autre est apte, par sa nature, à porter son regard en direction d'une unité qui soit l'unité naturelle d'une multiplicité, je m'en vais à sa poursuite, derrière lui, suivant sa trace comme celle d'un dieu.

Et remarque bien que ceux qui en sont capables, je les appelle jusqu'à présent (à juste titre ou non, seul un dieu le sait) dialecticiens. About! (Socrate dans Phdre de Platon). > cas n° 1 ( ex : « La lecture que l'on fait soi-mme d'une ?uvre est prfrable l'audition de la mme ?uvre enregistre.») le conflit n'est qu'apparent; les deux thses sont complmentaires . Thse : la connaissance d'une ?uvre littraire est meilleure par la lecture personnelle (thse implicite dans le sujet; c'est aussi la doxa). Antithse : une ?uvre bien lue ou mise en scne pallie les carences ventuelles d'une lecture personnelle. Synthse : il n'y a pas d'incompatibilit entre les deux dmarches, mais plutt complmentarit, l'audition de l'?uvre amenant ensuite une lecture plus profitable. > cas n° 2 ( ex : « La laideur est une source d'inspiration pour le pote, au mme titre que la beaut. Essay! ») . About Law And Society! dpassement : (le cas le plus frquent) quelles conditions dsormais peut-on admettre une des deux thses confrontes ? Thse : le pote est m avant tout par la recherche du Beau. Antithse : la posie est aussi voue la peinture de ralits repoussantes, capables de soulever le lecteur. Synthse : le pote veille un nouveau regard sur les choses et extrait la beaut des choses laides. En aucun cas la synthse n'est la conclusion du devoir.

Elle en est la dernire tape, la phase de rsolution. La conclusion, quant elle, fait le bilan de cette rsolution, formule nettement la position laquelle on and pedagogy essay est arriv et propose une ouverture. © Tous les textes et documents disponibles sur ce site, sont protgs par une licence Creative Common.