Better business bureau essay scholarship

bts testing resume Resume keywords summary: TELECOM TESTING ,3G,2G,HSDPA,HSUPA,HSXPA,wireless,protocol testing ,BTS,RNC,NodeB. Profile/Cover Letter: Aswathy.S. Senior Software Engineer (Telecom Testing - RD) No.101, 3rd Cross, Shiv Ramaiyah Layout, Bangalore - 560083. Well versed in performing functional and technical testing of telecom (2G 3G) technology products with sound knowledge of better bureau essay, telecommunication protocols. Looking for an opportunity to work in wireless domain with a view to upgrade my skills and professional experience in a renowned organization. Professional Background and Strengths. 4+ years of experience in Telecom Testing in major RD projects of Nokia Siemens Networks and Alcatel Lucent Technologies. B.Tech in Instrumentation Control Engineering from , M.G University, Kerala, with distinction. Professional - Twice presented with the paper format, SPOT award for the commitment and better business bureau, dedication.

Operating Systems RHEL 5.3, Solaris 5.10 Windows 2000 / XP. Access Networks Elements RNC, BTS, BSC, and Node B. Core Network MSC VLR. Testing Tools Wireshark. Qualcom UE s like icon 410 Sierra card. Catapult and Lamp (RnC simulation of control (AAL5/SScop/NBAP) and user plane(AAL2) Nokia Siemens Specific tools like Emil. Essay To University! Bug Tracking Tool Bugzilla , Pronto DCT.

Change Management Tool JIRA. Version Control Tool IBM Rational Clearcase Subversion. Organization Alcatel Lucent Technologies. Duration May 2010 - Till date. Designation Senior Software Engineer. Name NodeB - RAN Model. Description Ran model introduces the new features coming as a part of the lucent Node B in synchronization with the 3Gpp standards, which Lucent is offering to its customers. Ranmodel testing scope validates the bring up and E2E call processing of lucent NodeB and the new features introduced as a part of the RAN MODEL.

Platform RHEL 5.3 SOLARIS 5.10. Testing Tools WPS,WAUT,UE simulators, LAMP CATAPULT. Test Management Tool Quality Center. Role TEST PRIME (Under SCRUM Methodology) Team Size 9 Members (Including SCRUM Master) Rephrase the old testing process of RAN model to adopt SCRUM methodology. Test cases preparation for each RAN model from the business essay scholarship, model document (synchronized 3Gpp) for each releases and baseline it for testing activities. Setting up and configuring NodeB as per research table of contents format the changes of RAN model in different backhauls (ATM,NIP HYBRID) Bring up of the WMS(3G operator) from scratch with the new RAN model and bureau, connecting the research paper table of contents, Lucent NodeB with the Operator. Better Business Scholarship! MIB building of the BTS and perform complete testing on BTS audit procedure.

RadioLink Reconfiguration ,Soft/Softer HandOvers,Compressed mode Tests,Capacity tests of the NodeB with the build supporting new RAN MODEL. Verifying the call processing and end to end call testing. Testing of the phd thesis, calls scenarios for ISS regression in all the 3 BTS backhauls to achieve the better scholarship, required for analysis attached. Updating the QC with all the Baselined Testcases with the latest execution status pass percentage before MS Submission. Writing Persuasive Or Argumentative! Analysing the BTS and RNC logs and traces to debug the failure scenarios and helping developers to fix the issues.

Name NodeB - External Log Storage of BTS Logs in Operator. Description The CEM and CCM cards on the BTS have limited space to store the trace messages. Hence the possibility of the logs getting overflowed by the time they are collected is higher. This results in better business bureau scholarship, increase in turnaround time for paper table of contents the bug fixes. Also as some of the bugs which occur in the field are not reproducible at better business scholarship, a test set up, they get closed without any resolution. Hence this feature shall provide provision to buffer the BTS logs on an external server, which is by default the Operator. Platform RHEL 5.3 SOLARIS 5.10. Testing Tools Lamp, Ubinetics(UE Simulator) , OPERA Qualcomm UEs Catapult.

Test Management Tool Quality Center , DCT JIRA. Phd Thesis! Role TEST PRIME (Under SCRUM Methodology) Team Size 5 Members (Including SCRUM Master) Testing owner of this feature. Better Bureau Essay! Testcases baseline from the essay for application, Architecture document and better business essay, updating JIRA. Validating R99,HSDPA,HSXPA calls with the Feature ON. Editor! Running Capacity ,Stability and Endurance Tests with RNC connectivity to achieve the feature compatibility and perfection. Alarm and Fault management Testing with the Feature ON.

Name NodeB - Sctp counters. Description This feature deals with the Introduced new IP NodeB counters which mirror and. complement the SCTP counters being introduced on the RNC and these are. collected in business, the performance management module on the CCM card to monitor. Success! Platform RHEL 5.3 SOLARIS 5.10. Testing Tools Wireshark ,RNC Simulator Aneue Tool. Test Management Tool Quality Center , DCT JIRA. Role TEST PRIME (Under SCRUM Methodology) Team Size 5 Members (Including SCRUM Master) Baseline the better bureau essay scholarship, Test scenarios from the Architectural Documents. Identified and implemented the how to test part of this feature. Essay For Application To University! Testing Counter pegging after BTS Audit ,Call scenario. Bureau Scholarship! Updating the research paper editor, JIRA. Organization Nokia Siemens Networks. Duration August 2009 - till date.

Designation RD - Software Engineer. Description This ng-RNC or next generation RNC is an attempt to bring up the 3 G solutions to integrate GSM, CDMA, HSDPA, and bureau essay, HSUPA for faster, smarter and better mobile utilities worth of paper of contents format, speech and data. Platform WINDOWS XP , C JAVA. Testing Tools Wire shark Emil. Test Management Tool Quality Center , DCT JIRA. Role RD - Engineer. Scholarship! Team Size 18 Members. Handle the tasks of research paper table format, testing mobile wireless technology by applying standard testing procedures. Better Business Bureau Scholarship! Responsible for developing test plans, interpreting product specifications, and debugging failures. Perform responsibilities of preparing regression scripts to automate testing as well as perform stress testing and gateway analysis.

Handle the tasks of assisting development team in conducting test plans. Assigned responsibilities of research paper table format, identifying and troubleshooting various networking issues. Responsible for documenting failure scenarios and performing test as per customer requirement. Name Village Connection (VC) Description This ng-RNC or next generation RNC is an business essay scholarship attempt to bring up the 3 G solutions to integrate GSM, CDMA, HSDPA, and HSUPA for putin faster, smarter and better mobile utilities worth of speech and data. Platform WINDOWS XP , C JAVA. Testing Tools Wire shark Emil. Test Management Tool Quality Center , DCT JIRA.

Role RD - Engineer. Team Size 18 Members. Date of Birth 20th April 1985. Better Business! Language Known English, Hindi , Malayalam Tamil.

From the Editors: How to write a high-quality review. The peer review process is widely used by academic journals, including the Journal of International Business Studies ( JIBS ), to evaluate the quality of manuscript submissions relative to the journals’ scholarly goals. Our overview suggests that the best reviews also facilitate the introduction of new and important ideas to the field. Better Business. Content analysis of for application to university, 156 past JIBS reviews found that the best reviews (highly rated reviews written by reviewers who won the JIBS best reviewer award in better essay scholarship 2011 and bradford and smith essay, 2012) shared many key features, including a focus on the overall contribution (potential impact) of the manuscript, a positive tone and specific suggestions for improvement. We also surveyed current JIBS action editors and found that, despite the importance of high-quality reviews for the advancement of the better business field, few recalled being formally trained or mentored on how to write them. To better understand the features of a good review, the editors rated the in the US various features of the peer reviews on helpfulness, and they also rated how often these features are present in the reviews they receive. Based on bureau essay, the survey of action editors and the content analysis of previous reviews, this editorial offers detailed guidance for current and future reviewers on how to write helpful, developmental and essay, possibly even award-winning peer reviews.

The peer review process is a cornerstone for maintaining the business bureau essay standards of leading scholarly journals such as the writing essays Journal of International Business Studies ( JIBS ). We acknowledge the many criticisms of the process (e.g., Bedeian, 2004 ; Suls Martin, 2009 ; Tsang Frey, 2007 ) but agree with Miller (2006 : 425), who noted that “although this system of peer review is well accepted, it is far from better business, perfect. Many would characterize it just as Winston Churchill characterized democracy – ‘it is the worst possible system except for all others.’ ” While perhaps not ideal, peer review is a good system and one that can be improved through the persuasive quality of the reviews written. It is in this spirit that we investigated the characteristics of the best JIBS reviews in order to offer specific guidance on how to write high-quality reviews. JIBS is similar to other scholarly journals in its reliance on better bureau, reviewer anonymity, in our case through a double-blind peer review process. The procedure at JIBS is to phd thesis, place into the review process the submitted manuscripts that meet the “minimum JIBS norms for fit, quality, and contribution to IB” ( JIBS Statement of Editorial Policy) ( http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/jibs_statement.html ). Specifically, all manuscripts are read by the Reviewing Editor (RE), who forwards each paper to either the better business bureau essay scholarship Editor-in-Chief (EIC) or Deputy Editor (DE), depending on paper format, the topic area. This central editorial team (RE, EIC and DE) evaluates whether or not a manuscript is bureau, well developed enough to be sent out for review, and in for application particular whether it lies within the scope of the journal, which covers the domain of the international business field as set out in our Statement of Editorial Policy, as well as assessing a checklist against minimum standards. Based on this initial evaluation, the EIC or DE either desk rejects the manuscript or assigns it to one of the Area Editors (or in some cases a Consulting Editor) as the business bureau essay scholarship action editor.

Note that JIBS has a policy of desk reject and resubmit that allows authors to resubmit previously desk rejected manuscripts if they have been substantially revised according to writing persuasive essays, the editor's recommendations. The initial review process is concerned not just with the screening of manuscripts for their fit and suitability for the journal, but more importantly it has the objective of assessing what might be the likely impact of a paper on the field as a whole, from the perspective of international business scholarship in general. Better Business. A key aim we have for the journal review process is that it should combine constructive suggestions for revision to research paper editor, take account of subject and topic-specific concerns on a particular study from the better business bureau essay scholarship viewpoint of specialists in the relevant research area, along with the objective of developing articles that have the capacity to attract interest and attention among international business scholars more widely. 5 – Outstanding review (exceptionally high quality): This is reserved for cases where the review is of such high quality that the in the individual should be a candidate for JIBS Best Reviewer Award. 4 – Very good review: This review is insightful and truly developmental. 3 – Good review (average review): This review is critical but fair, constructive and better bureau scholarship, reasonably comprehensive. 2 – Acceptable (but below average) review: This review is sketchy and below average. 1 – Poor review: This review reserved for cases where the review is of such low quality that the individual should no longer be used as a JIBS reviewer. These scores, in paper part, comprise the business bureau scholarship data for determining the annual JIBS best reviewer awards. For this study, we used these scores to create a database of the best-rated and not so highly rated reviews over the past 2 years.

An analysis of how to in the US, these reviews along with a survey of JIBS Editors provided the better business essay scholarship data for this editorial. With it we hope to provide guidance for and smith essay current and business essay scholarship, future reviewers on how to write helpful, developmental and possibly even award-winning peer reviews. THE FEATURES OF THE MOST HELPFUL REVIEWS: A SURVEY OF EDITORS. To better understand the features of the most helpful reviews, we surveyed the current JIBS action editors (EIC, DE, Consulting Editors, RE, Special Issue Editors and Area Editors), asking them to provide ratings on the helpfulness of 20 features of and smith essay, peer reviews. Business Bureau Scholarship. These features, listed in Appendix A , were adapted from the persuasive or argumentative JIBS guidelines for peer reviews ( http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/reviewer_guidelines.html ). Seventeen action editors responded. The reviewer discloses any potential conflict of interest (usefulness mean=4.53). The review makes plausible suggestions for improving the manuscript (usefulness mean=4.47). The review offers advice on how problems in the manuscript could be addressed (usefulness mean=4.41).

The reviewer declines if he or she is feels unqualified to better bureau, judge (usefulness mean=4.35). The review indicates strengths (as well as weaknesses) of the manuscript (usefulness mean=4.35). The review provides comments on how to success in the US, the manuscript's overall contribution to the field (usefulness mean=4.24). The review suggests alternate ways to analyze the data (usefulness mean=4.00). The review indicates strengths (as well as weaknesses) of the manuscript (frequency mean=3.44).

The review makes plausible suggestions for improving the manuscript (frequency mean=3.38). The review provides comments on the manuscript's overall contribution to the field (frequency mean=3.37). The review offers advice on how problems in the manuscript could be addressed (frequency mean=3.37). The reviewer declines if he or she is better, feels unqualified to judge (frequency mean=3.08). The reviewer discloses any potential conflict of interest (frequency mean=2.44). The review suggests alternate ways to analyze the essay for application to university data (frequency mean=2.94). An assessment of the contribution to better essay, the field and writing or argumentative essays, theory … how important are the better business ideas?Assess the how to significance of the manuscript to the literatureAn assessment of the potential contribution to the field. This indicates to us that editors are at least as concerned with introducing innovative concepts to the field as they are with quality control. Information about directions for business bureau improving the manuscriptA sense of what can be done to improve the paper and what cannot be doneMake constructive suggestions for improving the manuscript. Identify and articulate the main strengths and weaknesses of a manuscript, both in the conceptual part and empirical partIdentification of the how to key shortcomingsIdentify fatal errors in research design/methods. In summary, the open-ended comments echoed the results of the survey, which focused on the importance of business scholarship, peer reviews identifying and helping to bring to the surface the most important contribution of the manuscript as opposed to simply erecting barriers that authors must overcome in order to see their work published.

That is, while quality control is important, it is not the overriding factor that editors are looking for in a review. THE FEATURES OF THE BEST PEER REVIEWS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS. As a complementary means of assessing the research paper format characteristics of high-quality reviews, we content analyzed the comments to authors sections of reviews received from better business bureau essay scholarship, July 2010 through June 2012 that met two criteria: (1) had quality ratings of either 4 or 5 and (2) were written by 1 of the 17 individuals who won the JIBS best reviewer award in 2011 and 2012 (10 awarded each year, 3 people won both years). Persuasive. Based on these criteria the JIBS Managing Editor removed identifying information and business scholarship, extracted the 78 reviews in this category, which comprised the best reviews received during this period. From the same 2-year time period, a random sample of 78 reviews was extracted that had quality ratings of either 1 or 2. Identifying information was removed and these reviews were included in the content analysis. The best reviews were longer. Best reviews were 1403 words on average, compared with 438 words in the less effective reviews. Persuasive Essays. It is not length per business bureau se that is the important aspect here, but that longer reviewers were indicative of more complete and to university, in-depth coverage of issues. Shorter reviews often covered as many points but in a fairly cryptic manner with little explanation. Scholarship. The longer reviews also tended to include full citations for the authors to consider referencing rather than offering a passing suggestion about other references (without specifics). The best reviews did not make an obvious recommendation in the comments to essay for application, authors (e.g., paper should be rejected).

None of the best reviews did this, compared with 6.5% of the less effective reviews. Better Business Essay. Reviewers are provided an opportunity to make a recommendation as to the disposition of the manuscript in success in the the evaluation form and in their confidential comments to the action editor. More often than not, reviewers do not agree on the appropriate outcome of the editorial process, and making this opinion known in comments to better business, authors is not helpful. The best reviews gave complete references to sources cited 17.9% of the time. The less effective reviews did this 6.5% of the time. Research Paper Format. This is just good form and indicates the kind of collegial and better bureau essay scholarship, conversational style that is prevalent in the best reviews as discussed ahead. The best reviews focused on the contribution or potential contribution 85% of the time. The less effective reviews did this 49% of the research paper time.

Again, this aspect of the review is most important to review quality. The best examples of this were very clear and better bureau scholarship, concise statements of how the manuscript could potentially influence the field and what the reviewer found interesting or unique about the potential contribution. It is important to note that this focus was evident even in reviews where the reviewer was recommending that the manuscript be rejected. The best reviews used a numbered or indexed format 89% of the time. Putin. The less effective reviews did this 38% of the better business time. Paper. Obviously, editors like this, because it makes it easier to better bureau essay scholarship, refer to specific comments in the reviews.

And it allows authors to be systematic in responses to reviewer comments. The best reviews used a more positive tone 55% of the and smith essay time and a more neutral tone 43% of the time. They used a negative tone only 2% of the time. The less effective reviews used a more positive tone 45% of the better business bureau essay time and a more neutral tone 31% of the time. They used a negative tone 24% of the time. Some of the less effective reviews were inconsistent in or argumentative essays tone at times (e.g., positive at outset and overly negative comments at the end).

Perhaps the best way to describe the tone of the best reviews is collegial. That is, they read like a discussion between colleagues who respect each other as opposed to a restaurant review where the critic did not like the meal. From the perspective of decisions, the better business bureau scholarship opinions of the persuasive or argumentative essays better reviews tended to align more closely with the editors’ opinions. The editors agreed with the business best reviews 89% of the time and and smith essay, 49% with the less effective reviews. This alignment is possibly the result of the fact that the better reviewers had taken the time to become more familiar with JIBS Statement of Editorial Policy. Certainly every reviewer should be very familiar with the journal's policies before conducting a review. It does not appear that the quality of the reviews affected rejection rates, which were comparable in both sets of reviews. The gap analysis of desired vs provided features of peer reviews indicated that the better business key areas on which editors focused were comments on the overall contribution to US, the field, advice on how problems in the manuscript could be addressed, plausible suggestions for improving the manuscript and suggestions for alternate ways to better essay scholarship, analyze the data.

Content analysis of reviews based on these themes, as well as themes derived from word frequency, indicated that the bradford essay best reviewers were much more focused on providing information that would be useful in surfacing the unique contribution of the manuscript as opposed to simply identifying deficiencies. And of course this is consistent with the goal of JIBS to publish research that is business bureau essay, insightful, innovative and putin phd thesis, impactful. GUIDELINES FOR WRITING AN EXCELLENT REVIEW. The following advice is derived from the qualitative assessment of bureau, top reviews and the survey responses of action editors on specific elements of excellent reviews. The top five are offered in the following: Focus the review on the potential contribution : The primary issue for peer reviewers should be the extent to which the manuscript has the potential to make a meaningful contribution to putin, the field of interest. In the case of JIBS , based on your knowledge of the field, identify for the editor (and author) where the better bureau essay scholarship potential contribution lies and what must be done to realize that potential. That is, how does or might the paper advance our collective understanding in international business from the lens of your field (e.g., marketing, finance, management)? Offer details about the strengths and the weakness of the paper : As guardians of the knowledge creation in our respective fields, we are trained to have critical and questioning eyes. Thus, identifying weaknesses is the easiest part of the reviewer's job. However, it is the strengths of the manuscript that provide the platform for development, so it is helpful to identify the strengths of the manuscript along with the weaknesses.

Offer specific and constructive feedback for ways to address problems : The ability to critique, find fatal flaws, suggest alternative explanations and identify problems with methodology and theory are, collectively, half of the skill of essay, great reviewers. Better Business Bureau Essay Scholarship. The other, and often more difficult, half is to offer constructive suggestions on realistic ways to address a given concern ( Kohli, 2011 ). Evaluate your objectivity and ability to review before agreeing : For obvious reasons, it is important for potential reviewers to disclose any conflict of paper of contents, interest that might impair their objective judgment, such as familiarity with the better scholarship manuscript or a personal relationship with the bradford essay authors. It is often difficult for editors to know about professional relationships between, say, former advisors and bureau essay scholarship, advisees, or among co-authors and colleagues. And being overly familiar with a manuscript or its authors has the potential to impair objectivity. To preserve this objectivity, reviewers are encouraged not to try to identify authors by conducting an electronic search of their posted working papers, curriculum vitae and how to success US, conference presentations ( Hillman Rynes, 2007 ). At the same time, it is also acceptable to decline to review because you do not feel as though you have the expertise to make a fair judgment on the contribution. Improve the mechanics your review : Your review should follow a logical order.

Often, although not always, the business scholarship points are written in the same order of the manuscripts’ sections. It is helpful for putin phd thesis authors (and the editors) if points are numbered, allowing responses to flow more logically. If you are suggesting additional references, add the business scholarship complete reference to the review. And, please, do not indicate an editorial decision in editor the comments to authors. Of course these suggestions alone are insufficient, as writing an excellent review is as much art as it is science and requires striking a balance between being positive and constructive yet critical and challenging. And it also involves offering ways of bureau essay scholarship, resolving research problems while respecting the objective and goals of the author. 1.

IMPLICATIONS FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL TRAINING. Writing high-quality peer reviews, while critical for JIBS and other scholarly journals, is a skill rarely trained, coached or developed. Senior scholars are encouraged to mentor future potential referees “to develop and writing persuasive or argumentative essays, reinforce peer review skills and capabilities” ( Carpenter, 2009 : 191). Curious to learn how senior scholars learned to write reviews, we asked the action editors the open ended question, “How did you learn to write peer reviews?” If this group of action editors is representative of the larger body of better business scholarship, reviewers, it seems that most learn of bradford and smith, us learn from experience, one review at a time. Most of the bureau editors wrote that they learned how to write reviews “by doing them”; some further refined this “learning by doing,” describing that they reviewed for conferences to gain experience. Others refined “learning by doing” by reflecting on essay, how their reviews compared with the editor's letter and other reviewers’ comments on the papers they reviewed. Many reviewers learn how to bureau, conduct reviews by mimicking the style of the most helpful reviews they have received. About two-thirds of the editors learned how to review by reading the reviews of their own papers. Some of the action editors (5 of the 17) credited their graduate school training or their advisors in preparing them for how to essay for application, write a review. They recalled having sessions on how to write reviews in their PhD seminars, having to business, write mock reviews and receiving feedback on their early efforts.

Offer formal training on how to write a peer review. Offer feedback on first reviews, perhaps comparing actual reviews with practice reviews. Encourage graduate students to review for conferences – and offer feedback their comments. Teach an approach for continually developing reviewer skills (how to evaluate the reviews received on for application to university, one's own work, how to compare one's review with other reviews for the same manuscript, how to compare one's review with the editors comments on the review conducted). Mentor young scholars on the mechanics of business essay, how journals are managed from an persuasive or argumentative editorial perspective (e.g., getting on editorial boards, the importance of conducting ad hoc reviews, the way in which reviews are rated). Excellent reviewers are a “scarce and valuable resource” ( Marchionini, 2008 ). Better Business Bureau Essay. Northcraft (2001) found that more senior scholars with the greatest levels of expertise are less likely to agree to ad hoc reviewing. However, Rynes (2006) found a negative relationship between reviewers’ professional age and review quality and suggested that the bradford and smith mix of more professionally junior and senior reviewers would balance innovation with established wisdom. Bureau Essay Scholarship. Whether the reviewers are senior or junior, encouraging excellence in reviews is putin, of critical importance to continuing to better business scholarship, advance our field with breakthrough ideas along with attention to how to, theoretical and methodological rigor. A list of 20 review features is offered in business bureau Appendix A . These could provide a guide for the training of junior scholars to build skills as effective reviewers. In writing this editorial we drew on the expertise of the putin current set of JIBS editors as well as an analysis of some of the best (and not so good) reviews by better, JIBS reviewers over writing persuasive the past 2 years. Reviewing papers for JIBS is a voluntary activity but an activity that goes to the heart of maintaining and enhancing the field of international business.

It was a privilege to read some of the better essay best reviews conducted by JIBS reviewers over the past few years and to contrast them with their more run-of-the-mill cousins. We hope our synthesis and report of this activity will be helpful as we all try to perfect our skills in this important endeavor. We thank the JIBS EIC for reminding us of this. The review is completed in the time allotted. The review uses the correct perspective and does not offer an editorial opinion (accept, reject, revise) in comments to the author.

The review provides suggestions for missing citations. The review is essay for application to university, separated into major and minor points. The points in the review numbered or indexed in some way. The review provides comments on the manuscript's overall contribution to the field. The review comments on the suitability of the manuscript for JIBS . The review indicates strengths (as well as weaknesses) of the manuscript. The review offers advice on how problems in the manuscript could be addressed. The review makes plausible suggestions for better business bureau improving the manuscript. The review corrects grammatical and typographical mistakes.

The review suggests alternate ways to analyze the data. The review provides an explanation of why a particular comment was made. The review is honest in the “comments to the author” (i.e., does not provide a different opinion to to university, you from what is written to the authors). The review is written in a way that is sensitive to manuscript submissions from business essay, authors whose native language is not English. The review is written in putin phd thesis language that is polite and respectful. The comments are directed to the manuscript (as opposed to the author). The review is free of better bureau, personal or professional (discipline) biases. The reviewer discloses any potential conflict of interest. The reviewer declines if he or she is feels unqualified to judge. Paula Caligiuri 1 Email author David C Thomas 1. D'Amore-McKim School of Business, Northeastern University Boston USA.

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10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals. How do you express numbers in your writing? When do you use figures (digits) and when do you write out the number in words (letters)? That is, when do you write 9 and when do you write nine ? 1. Number versus numeral . First things first, what is the difference between a number and a numeral? A number is an better, abstract concept while a numeral is a symbol used to express that number. #8220;Three,#8221; #8220;3#8221; and #8220;III#8221; are all symbols used to express the putin phd thesis, same number (or the concept of business bureau essay scholarship #8220;threeness#8221;). One could say that the difference between a number and its numerals is paper table of contents format, like the business essay scholarship, difference between a person and her name. 2. Spell small numbers out . Persuasive Or Argumentative? The small numbers, such as whole numbers smaller than ten, should be spelled out.

That#8217;s one rule you can count on. Better Business Bureau Scholarship? If you don#8217;t spell numbers out it will look like you#8217;re sending an how to success US, instant message, and you want to be more formal than that in your writing. Bureau Scholarship? 3. No other standard rule : Experts don#8217;t always agree on other rules. Some experts say that any one-word number should be written out. Two-word numbers should be expressed in figures. That is, they say you should write out twelve or twenty . But not 24 . Research Paper Table? 4. Using the comma . Better Bureau Essay Scholarship? In English, the comma is used as a thousands separator (and the period as a decimal separator), to make large numbers easier to read. Bradford And Smith Essay? So write the size of Alaska as 571,951 square miles instead of 571951 square miles. In Continental Europe the opposite is true, periods are used to separate large numbers and the comma is used for decimals. Essay Scholarship? Finally, the International Systems of Units (SI) recommends that a space should be used to separate groups of writing essays three digits, and both the comma and the period should be used only to denote decimals, like $13 200,50 (the comma part is business bureau essay, a mess#8230; I know). 5. Don#8217;t start a sentence with a numeral . Make it #8220;Fourscore and seven years ago,#8221; not #8220;4 score and 7 years ago.#8221; That means you might have to rewrite some sentences: #8220;Fans bought 400,000 copies the first day#8221; instead of #8220;400,000 copies were sold the first day.#8221; 6. Centuries and decades should be spelled out . Use the Eighties or nineteenth century . 7. Research Paper Format? Percentages and recipes . With everyday writing and recipes you can use digits, like #8220;4% of the children#8221; or #8220;Add 2 cups of brown rice.#8221; In formal writing, however, you should spell the business essay, percentage out for application like #8220;12 percent of the players#8221; (or #8220;twelve percent of the players,#8221; depending on your preference as explained in point three). Better Bureau Essay? 8. If the number is paper editor, rounded or estimated, spell it out . Rounded numbers over a million are written as a numeral plus a word.

Use #8220;About 400 million people speak Spanish natively,#8221; instead of #8220;About 400,000,000 people speak Spanish natively .#8221; If you#8217;re using the exact number, you#8217;d write it out, of better course. 9. Two numbers next to each other . It can be confusing if you write #8220;7 13-year-olds#8221;, so write one of research table of contents format them as a numeral, like #8220;seven 13-year-olds#8221;. Pick the business bureau essay, number that has the fewest letters. 10. Ordinal numbers and persuasive essays consistency . Don#8217;t say #8220;He was my 1st true love,#8221; but rather #8220;He was my first true love.#8221; Be consistent within the same sentence. If my teacher has 23 beginning students, she also has 18 advanced students, not eighteen advanced students. Subscribe to better business essay scholarship, Receive our Articles and Exercises via Email. You will improve your English in only 5 minutes per day, guaranteed! Subscribers get access to editor, our exercise archives, writing courses, writing jobs and much more!

You'll also get three bonus ebooks completely free! Try It Free Now. 207 Responses to #8220;10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals#8221; I#8217;ve always spelled out better business bureau essay scholarship any number less than ten, since that is essay for application, what I was definitely taught by my wonderful journalism teacher in high school. What I#8217;m curious about today, is how to correctly write #8220;3+#8221; as in you need three or more years of experience. (Did I just answer my own question? Ha!) Also, when expressing whole dollar values, you do not add the decimal sign with two zeros. For example, you would write $10/hr. or $10 per hour, omitting the decimal sign and better scholarship zeros. Linda asks, #8220;Oh, and why does no one here put the period inside the closing quotation mark? So many comments here have it outside.

That is U.S. standard. U.K. would put the period outside the quotation mark. Just asking! Too many U.S. folks get this wrong!#8221; We prefer to use the term #8220;conventions#8221; rather than #8220;rules#8221; of or argumentative right or #8220;wrong#8221;. The problem with the US #8220;standard#8221; for placing the end punctuation inside quotation marks is that it is inconsistent and illogical. Business Essay Scholarship? The #8220;rule#8221; was established when type was set by in the US, hand and business essay the little #8220;.#8221; would have fallen out how to in the US if it were not wedged under the #8221; #8221; #8221; symbol. In the 21st century, when little is printed and certainly very, very, very little is typeset by hand went out with Molly RIngwald hairstyles and leg warmers of the 80s it is time to place the punctuation logically and consistently. Examples: Did the better business bureau scholarship, document contained the and smith, word #8220;the#8221;? The document contained the word #8220;the#8221;.

Dear #8216;van on July 31, 2007 9:06 am#8217;, both are numerals, too#8230; I am calculating numbers for a math/physics problem to unprecidented precision. Prior precision was typically no more than 14 digits, so all published papers so far have no problem reporting such numbers. Very typically, my numbers are well over 100 digits and my best is 502 digits. Do you have any recommendations for how to business essay, report such numbers in a meaningful way? Tables are too boring, and no one would actually ever use every digit (from a printed text). I was thinking about reporting the how to in the, first twenty and business the last ten, with a pointer to a web-stored file. But, that is only an idea.

Another secondary issue is that for one problem, I have calculated over 8000 such numbers, but those are only for application to university, good to 60 digits. Documenting those numbers (to be verifiable in business bureau, a printed journal) seems impossible (because of the sheer number of paper table digits). Perhaps an md5sum of a file holding them all? Any ideas? People report algorigthms for calculating pi (not their trillions of digits), but that isn#8217;t really possible for my numbers, at better business bureau essay scholarship, least in a simple way. #8221; Why would you say someone is 183 cm, when you can say he’s six feet? #8221; Your point is?

I can ask the same question, why would you say someone is 5ft and 10.8 inches, when you can say he is 1.80m? If current system works for better for US it is fine, but this is not a valid argument. #8220;Do I type “a” or “an” before the number 120? Why would you ever use “an” before 120? “An one-hundred and twenty”, “an hundred and or argumentative essays twenty”. Better Business Essay Scholarship? “An one two zero”. Any would be equally wrong.#8221; Not equally wrong, an #8220;an#8221; is required preceeding a word that phonetically starts with a vowel, e.g. an eight, an SAP company, an eight hundred pound man. However i will give you the point, and it is beyond my understanding why would yo need to express an one hundred, when you can say a hundred, but that is another discussion. By the and smith essay, way I am from Mexico where we use the better business, metric system. Which is correct English? 1 of 10 or 1 out of 10. Essay For Application? Reed Proctor on December 30, 2014 2:53 pm.

You don#8217;t use AM/PM for military time. 0800 AM is redundant. Better Bureau Essay Scholarship? That would be like saying it#8217;s 8 a.m. a.m. That#8217;s what military time notation was designed for to eliminate the putin, question #8220;Is that a.m. Bureau Scholarship? or p.m.?#8221; In skimming through the for application, responses I did not see a suggestion for an eleventh rule: spell out numbers within quotes and dialogue based on the notion that we speak in words and not in symbolic numerals. For example, #8220;Jack said #8216;I saw about four hundred of them on better business essay, my last trip,'#8221; rather than #8220;Jack said #8216;I saw about 400 of them on my last trip.'#8221; Dale Wood wrote, #8220;(i.e. they are being paid).#8221; Dale, you seem very competent in your grasp of bradford and smith punctuation, but I see you do not include the comma after i.e. Is this an business, British-English standard? In US English, we include the comma to reflect the ubiquitous (or is and smith, it obligatory) pause after #8220;for example.#8221; I can hear the argument for exclusion of the comma (e.g., conservation or #8220;It#8217;s shorthand, dummy!#8221;), but is business bureau essay scholarship, there a different unknown to research paper editor, me (is that even possible)? I have never seen so much ado about so little. One rule applies every time and it is absolute in better business bureau essay, writing, #8220;Spell out essays any number less than ten#8221;.

Oops, had to fix that. R.E. Chuck Slay, if you had legal documents, then it would be appropriate to place the numbers, such as forty-seven (47), like I did in this sentence. Otherwise, just follow these guidelines. I have a question concerning the slash marks that run through certain numbers when written, such as the better essay scholarship, number seven and zero. and in fact what is the proper way to write numbers in general? we have had quite the debate at work. I have always placed marks through my number sevens and zeros as well as through my letter Z#8217;s. Rule # 9 is there a set rule to that? I used to be taught that you either had to use all numbers or use all spelling. Essay? Your ten rules has shed some light for me. Other than these suggestions is there anything cast in stone like i before e except after c? Otherwise it leaves a lot of ambiguity to some study I am doing. Thank you for your help.

Great web site. I think #8220;We celebrated our ninth birthday parties together.#8221; is correct. There are two parties that were combined into one celebration, so they are referred to in the scholarship, plural. Diana Ann Bisares on December 22, 2013 7:11 pm. I#8217;m not sure if it#8217;s worth mentioning, but there#8217;s an exception for rule #1: dates. We say #8220;December 9#8221; and not #8220;December nine.#8221; Unless I#8217;m not aware of some other rules?

Anyway, thanks for this article, Michael. For non-native speakers like me, it#8217;s very helpful to have easy access to grammar guidelines like this. #128578; I am helping a police officer apply for a promotion. Editor? He has worked 33 years in narcotics. He has made over 1000 arrests. Is it proper to write, #8220;I have worked thirty-three (33) years in narcotics and made one-thousand (1000) arrests.#8221; I#8217;ve often seen numbers written out and then parenthetically clarified. Is this proper usage? In German, the business essay, abbreviation #8220;z.B.#8221; includes the paper, capital #8220;B#8221; because all nouns are capitalized in German. z.B. = #8220;zum Beispiel#8221;, and Beispiel is better business bureau scholarship, a noun. Research Editor? In the bureau, case of #8220;Bundesrepublik Deutschland#8221;, this is a proper noun. Translated into to university, English, it becomes the Federal Republic of better bureau essay scholarship Germany, and that is abbreviated F.R.G. with all capitals because it represents a proper noun.

Formerly, there was an awful place called the D.D.R., the #8220;German Democratic Republic#8221; in English, which was neither democratic nor a republic. That was as bad as the Holy Roman Empire, which was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire! Concerning Steve Parker: #8220;Also, I would rarely use full points in abbreviations#8221;. Success In The US? That is just an oddity of British English that you ought to get rid of. Business Essay Scholarship? In North American English, we just the essay for application, periods just as they do in French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Latin, etc.: Mr., Mrs., Dr., Fr., a.m., p.m., e.g., etc., i.e., Hon., Jr., Sr., Sra., u.s.w., z.B.

Notes: Dr. means #8220;Doctor#8221; in English, Spanish, or German. Also, in business bureau, Spanish, there is for application to university, #8220;Dra.#8221; for a doctor who happens to be a woman, and these abbreviations inclue dentists, professors, and so forth. Fr. is the abbreviation for #8220;Father#8221; a Catholic priest. a.m., p.m., e.g., and i.e. are correctly not capitalized because they are abbreviations for better business essay, Latin phrases that are not capitalized. For example: a.m. How To In The? = #8220;ante meridian#8221;. Business Bureau? Sr. means #8220;senior#8221; in English, but it means #8220;Senor#8221; in Spanish, with a tilde over the #8220;n#8221;. Sra. means #8220;Senora#8221; in research paper, Spanish. In German, u.s.w. means #8220;und so weiter#8221;, and that it the scholarship, German for #8220;and so forth#8221;. This is used instead of research paper etc. In German, z.B. means #8220;zum Beispiel#8221;, which means #8220;for example#8221;.

This is used instead of e.g. Depending on essay scholarship, the context, Sr. can also mean #8220;Sister#8221; in putin, English in business bureau essay scholarship, other words, a Catholic nun like #8220;Sr. Margaret Maples#8221;. There really is something positive to say about putin phd thesis, something that is standard across many languages. Business Essay? I agree with Venax completely:

#8220;Is the paper editor, correct time 8:22 or 28:22?#8221; Really cannot say. Really can say!! 28:22 is never the better, correct time anywhere on the planet Earth. There are only 24 hours here, so it’s never 28 o’clock. That’s not an English rule, just a natural one. The expression #8220;28:22#8221; was actually a mistyping of #8220;20:22#8221; (in the previous) comment, but that should have NEVER been allowed to happen.

The #8220;28:22#8221; is a glaring error, and it should have been caught and corrected immediately. Essay To University? Days have exactly 24 hours in better business bureau essay, them, by definition. Writing Or Argumentative Essays? My point is that we have millions of writers nowadays, including professional journalists (i.e. Essay? they are being paid) who do not recognize glaring errors when they see them. Their skills at math, science, and logic are just that poor. I think that students aspiring to table format, degrees in journalism should be required to pass courses in mathematics, chemistry, phyiscs, biology, and statistics. We live in a world of science and technology, and people who aspire to important positions ought to be required to learn the basics of these. Venqax said: #8220;Isn’t it about time that the USA moved on from imperial measurements to metric? We did, for scientific measures, which is the only place it makes sense.#8221; In the United States, the metric system is used in bureau, pharmaceuticals, electricity, alcoholic beverages, and other such places. Essay For Application To University? The metric system is the business bureau essay scholarship, only one that is used for electricity (volts, amperes, ohms, watts, etc.) We electrical engineers know this! Wine and distilled liquors are sold in bottles measuring 400 ml, 500 ml, 750 ml, one liter, two liters, and so forth. There was an for application to university, antique measurement in North America called #8220;a fifth#8221;.

It was defined as one fifth of an better scholarship, American gallon. NOW, a fifth is defined as 750 ml exactly. Also, soft drinks are very often sold in bottles that are one liter, two liters, or three liters in size. I mentioned these specifically because they are NOT scientific items at all. The automotive industry in North America uses parts and tools calibrated in the metric system. This is extremely useful especially since parts and assemblies for cars and trucks are often make in putin phd thesis, one country but then assembled into complete vehicles in the other. For example, the General Motors Corporation exists in both countries, and it is very strong in Ontario in Canada, as well as in the Great Lakes states of the United States. There are also thousands of different subcontractors for vehicles. Also, when it comes to their engines, their displacements are often worked out in liters instread of cubic inches. For example, there are engines of 1.6, 2.0. 2.4, 3.0, 4.0 liters in displacement, et cetera.

We all use the same size wrenches, etc., on our cars and trucks, all calibrated in metric sizes in millimeters. American and Canadian military, naval, and business essay scholarship air force items designed and built on metric standards especially to enhance cooperation with our European allies in NATO, and in phd thesis, the case of the United States, our allies in Australia, Japan, South Korea, South America, etc. Military and naval commanders measure distances in meters and business essay kilometers, and many weapons systems have standard meausrements like 9.0 mm (pistols), 20 mm, 30 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 81mm, 90 mm, 105 mm, 155 mm, and 175 mm. It is true that these standard bores are based on American measurements: 5.56 mm (22 caliber), 7.62 mm (30 caliber), 12.7 mm (50 caliber), and 203 mm (six inches). Many of these standards date back a long way. The standards for artillery in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps were metric back during WW II. (The standard 75 mm bore for cannons was adopted from the French Army.) Also, early during WW II the putin, U.S. Navy needed much-improved antiaircraft weapons rapid-fire cannon. The Navy adopted two foreign designs, and the owners were paid fair-and-square for the licenses to make them in the U.S.A.: a 20 mm cannon from Oerlikon in Switzerland and a 40 mm cannon from Bofors in Sweden. Carol Wallace asked on February 23, 2012: In a document using the digits 4000, should it be 4000 or 4,000.

Is there a preferred useage? Thank you. According to the rules of the International System of Units (the S.I.), four-digit integers (i.e. the ones from 1000 to better scholarship, 9999) may be written with or without the comma or any other kind of a mark between the digits. Hence, numbers like 1760 and 5280 and 7,777 are just fine with or without the comma. Sometimes it just pays to use scientific sources for such things. When I did my PhD (in English literature), the style guide we adhered to insisted on #8216;nineteenth-century novels#8217; (hyphenated, lower case when used adjectivally) but #8216;novels in bradford and smith essay, the Nineteenth Century#8217; (unhyphenated, upper case when used nominally). This is now ingrained in better business scholarship, me, and research any other variant makes me uncomfortable. Interesting article.

I didn#8217;t know the rules varied. I just assumed numbers should all be written out. Good to know. Thanks for sharing. It#8217;s true that writing techniques are an important art to master if you want your writing to be taken seriously.

Steve Parker on December 31, 2012 1:23 pm. When I started in journalism in the UK, we were taught #8220;25 per cent#8221; not #8220;25 percent#8221; (although percentage is of course one word). Presumably because #8220;per#8221; and bureau essay scholarship #8220;cent#8221; are two words in Latin, in the same way as you would use #8220;per annum#8221; not #8220;perannum#8221;. Is this not the essay for application, case in the USA? Also, I would rarely use full points in abbreviations – so, 10pm, not 10P.M.; Dr Smith not Dr. Smith; TV, not T.V. Fewer characters, little chance of scholarship ambiguity, also avoids the problem of the missing full point at the end of the sentence above. Exceptions are when it#8217;s a proper noun, of course, when it#8217;s up to the creator of the name. isn’t it about time that the USA moved on phd thesis, from imperial measurements to bureau scholarship, metric?

We did, for scientific measures, which is the only place it makes sense. Why would you say someone is 183 cm, when you can say he’s six feet? Everyday measures are much better for everyday things. Why wouldn’t you say it’s 3 miles away when everyone knows what that means? A 200-pound man is or argumentative essays, a big man. 90 kgs? Sounds too much like a 90-pound weakling, which is an Am English colloquialism for a wimpy little man. Simply no reason to adopt metric outside the laboratory. And, of course, metric is irredeemably French which speaks alone of its suspect nature.

A.m. and scholarship p.m. already have periods (full stops, in proper English Well, not in proper English 200 years ago when period was the phd thesis, common English word for better business essay scholarship, the dot after this word. Once again, “the British” decided to change the language for some trendy slang, and then tried to pretend it was the august original. Sorry, old trick. In a legal document, what is table of contents format, proper: ten inch (10?) nails or ten (10) inch nails. That’s a question for legalese, not regular English. Like mathematical and business scholarship scientific standards and lots of the queries on research editor, here. Specialized areas don’t use standard English grammar rules. Never have. I don’t even know why nails of any kind would be in a legal document, except maybe to hold it on the wall. Is it like “pricking” a sheriff’s writ?

“3300? is bureau scholarship, sometimes read (for what purpose I know not), “thirty three hundred”. Would that person read “330? by writing persuasive essays, saying, “thirty three tens”? No. They wouldn’t read eleven as one-teen or tenty-one, either. It’s called idiom and English is full of it (meaning it has many of them). Using hundred in such a context, e.g., “The Forty-Four Hundred” is business bureau essay, very old, established usage in English (not in mathematics). How should I use nought? Is it true that I need to say it if there’s a zero after a point for decimals? for example 0.002 You shouldn’t use it ever, unless you find yourself in 1889. Naught is at best archaic or poetic, and at essay for application to university, worst dialectical though I don’t know where.

Use the word “zero”. Business Essay? It means zero. Or use the word nothing. It means nothing. Research Paper Table? Point zero zero two. Better Business Bureau Essay? Or zero point zero zero two if there is some chance of confusion. I would like to know, when spelling a number in any document should we also write the number in and smith, parat. ex : I bought six (6) dresses.

It entirely depends on business bureau essay, what kind of document you are writing. In contracts, e.g., it is common to research, write a numeral followed by the written word in bureau essay, parentheses to paper table of contents, avoid confusion. “You have 3 (three) days to file your reply with proper grammar.” Irregardless of better bureau essay this rule telling you to spell it “6th Street”, if its name is “6th Street”, write it as “6th Street”. Except at the beginning of a sentence. Then you have to write Sixth Street, regardless. And NEVER take advice about essay, English from someone who uses irregardless regarless of anything. I’d want to interpret “three hundred seven” as two numbers: 300 and 7. Why? That would not make sense.

Would you interpret twenty-five as two numbers, 20 and 5? You wouldn’t say twenty and five, unless you were writing a poem. It’s exactly the opposite: One would interpret three-hundred seven as the number 307, and three-hundred and seven as two numbers, like calling lottery numbers. “300” followed by “7”. “out of the 24 cheques given 15 cheques were cashed”..i am sure this usage is not correct..please do tel me the correct usage. Better? Certainly, “Out of the 24 checks given 15 checks were cashed.” BTW, you could write out twenty-four and fifteeen too, if you wanted to. Glad to help. Do I type “a” or “an” before the number 120? Why would you ever use “an” before 120? “An one-hundred and twenty”, “an hundred and twenty”. To University? “An one two zero”. Bureau? Any would be equally wrong.

The most “mistakes” in research paper table, writing come from the adaptations used in the “colonies”.American English, for example, differs greatly, not only that, the better business bureau essay, spelling has changed, and the problem now is that American readers believe British authors can’t spell. Research Paper Table Of Contents Format? Arguably they can’t. If you take the position that the older is the better, in many cases it’s the better business, British spelling that has changed and the American that has remained the phd thesis, same (what the British used to be, too). If you don’t want to accept that the 2 are separate dialects with distinct standards, then British has to justify at better business, least as many alterations from the 17th, seventeenth, or XVII century as American does. Take the research table of contents, word “because”; the corect abbreviation is – cos’#8230; In the USA, it is – cause In the USA cuz is often used in dialogue as short for because. Cause is better bureau essay scholarship, not used as a short form of because. Robben Wainer on March 17, 2012 7:43 am The Zodiac, The I-Ching and editor The kabbalah use a form of… degenerative and depressive actions in better bureau essay scholarship, thinking.

Thank you for that, Robben Wainer. What board were you looking for? Is the and smith essay, correct time 8:22 or 28:22 ? Really cannot say. Really can say 28:22 is never the correct time anywhere on the planet Earth. There are only business essay scholarship, 24 hours here, so it#8217;s never 28 o’clock. That’s not an phd thesis, English rule, just a natural one. Better Business? The 24-hour or “military time” equivalent of 8:22 in the evening would be 20:22. Usually said, “twenty-hundred twenty hours”, or “twenty twenty-two hundred hours”. The morning equivalent would be 08:22 or “Oh eight-hundred” or “zero eight hundred” etc.

Rajesh Chaudhary on October 22, 2012 12:29 am. How about paper of contents format, when we write for the molecular lab procedure? For example, we use 15 microliter of some sample and better business essay scholarship mix with 100 ml of water. So, does it mean that the rule of thumb should be applied to lab procedure also? or to the recipe we make? Copyright 2017 Daily Writing Tips . All Right Reserved.

Free Book Reports Essays and Research Papers. Feature and business Opinion, Assignment Qualities of a Book Review # Introduction – Definition A book review is a description, . critical analysis, and research table of contents format an evaluation on better business essay scholarship, the quality, meaning, and significance of a book , not a retelling. Editor! * It should focus on the book's purpose, content, and bureau essay authority. * A critical book review is essay for application to university, not a book report or a summary * It should include a statement of what the author has tried to do, evaluates how well (in the essay, opinion of the reviewer) the writing essays, author. A Great Way to Care , Book report , Book review 1050 Words | 4 Pages. Holiday Essays and business essay scholarship Term Papers on Holiday Topics Research Papers, Term Paper Help, Dissertation Writing, Essays on Holiday Subjects, Book . Putin! Reviews, and Thesis Writing Holidays essays We can provide you with an better bureau, excellent paper on any topic . Persuasive Essays! . . including Holiday! FOUR (4) Different Dissertation Writing Service Options Holiday term paper For over business seven years, our Holiday essay experts have assisted college students worldwide by providing the most extensive, lowest-priced service for Holiday. Academic publishing , Book report , Publishing 854 Words | 3 Pages.

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